měi guó xiàn dài měi guó  (1932nián)

 shì jiè lì shǐ World History： 《xī yáng xiàn dài shǐ》 yuèdòuluó bó tè pà kè sī dùn Robert Paxtonzài历史大观dezuòpǐn!!!

　　luó bó tè · pà kè sī dùn（ RobertO.Paxton）， měi guó zhèng zhì jí lì shǐ xué zhě， zhuān yú “ èr zhàn ” shí qī fǎ guó wéi xī zhèng quán、 nà cuì zhù yì jí 'ōu zhōu shǐ。 1932 nián shēng yú fú jí ní yà zhōu de liè kè xīng dūn shì。 xiān hòu huò dé niú jīn dà xué shuò shì、 hā fó dà xué bó shì xué wèi。 céng rèn jiào yú jiā lì fú ní yà dà xué bó kè lì fēn xiào hé niǔ yuē dà xué shí xī fēn xiào， hòu jìn rù gē lún bǐ yà dà xué rèn jiào， wéi gāi xiào lì shǐ xì shè huì kē xué méi lóng jiǎng zuò róng xiū jiào shòu。 qí zhù yào zhù zuò yòu： kāi chuàng xìng de《 wéi xī fǎ guó： lǎo wèi duì hé xīn zhì xù， 1940-1944》（ VichyFrance:OldGuardandNewOrder， 1940-1944， 2001），《 fǎ guó nóng mín de fǎ xī sī zhù yì sī xù》（ FrenchPeasantFascism， 1996），《 fǎ xī sī zhù yì pōu xī》（ TheAnatomyofFascism， 2004）。 tā hái shì duì“ fǎ xī sī zhù yì” yī cí zuò chū quán wēi jiè dìng zhě zhī yī。 2009 nián 4 yuè， fǎ guó zhèng fǔ shòu yú qí“ fǎ guó róng yù jūn tuán xūn zhāng”。

　　Robert O. Paxton (born 1932 in Lexington, Virginia) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism and Europe during the World War II era.
　　
　　BiographyPaxton was born in Lexington, Virginia, and studied at Washington and Lee University for B.A. He earned his M.A. at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his Ph.D. at Harvard University.
　　
　　Paxton taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the State University of New York at Stony Brook before joining the faculty of Columbia University in New York, where he is now Mellon Professor Emeritus of Social Science in the Department of History.
　　
　　Paxton was called to testify at the trial of Maurice Papon (1910–2007), who was convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.
　　
　　In April, 2009, the French government awarded Paxton the Legion d'honneur.
　　
　　 Academic WorkPaxton is best known for his 1972 book Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944, in which he argued that Vichy collaboration with Germany was a voluntary program entered into by the Vichy government, not forced upon it by German pressure. It is considered one of the path-breaking works on France in the Vichy era. Its thesis has earned respect among both American and French historians. Paxton was the co-writer of Claude Chabrol's The Eye of Vichy.
　　
　　Additionally, Paxton has put forward a definition of fascism:
　　
　　"Fascism may be defined as a form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victim-hood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion."