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李光耀lǐ guāng yào - xīng qù 'àihào
lǐ guāng yào
xīn jiā pō qián zǒng lǐ lǐ guāng yào zhī shí yuān bó， xīng qù guǎng fàn。 lǐ guāng yào cóng xiǎo shòu yīng wén jiào yù， yòu nǔ lì xué xí huá yǔ hé fāng yán mǐn nán huà。 yóu qí xǐ huān xué xí jí bèi sòng zhōng guó rén de sì zì chéng yǔ。 xǐ huān páo bù、 yóu yǒng， ài hē zhōng guó chá。
lǐ guāng yào duì shù xué gé wài gǎn xīng qù。 zǎo zài shàng dà xué shí qī， lǐ guāng yào jiù zhuān xiū guò shù xué， cóng zhèng hòu shù xué bāng liǎo tā de dà máng， wú lùn shì zài guó jiā jīng jì de hóng guān jué cè shàng， hái shì zài jù tǐ jìhuà zhì dìng fāng miàn， tādōu yào jīng xīn cèhuà， jīng xīn jì suàn。
lǐ guāng yào zài yǔ yán fāng miàn， yě xiǎn shì liǎo chū zhòng de cái huá。 tā jì jīng tōng yīng yǔ， yě dǒng mǎ lái yǔ， hái zhǎng wò liǎo rì yǔ、 tài mǐ 'ěr yǔ。 lǐ
guāng yào de yīng wén shuǐ píng shì xǔ duō rén wàng chén mò jí de， tā bù jǐn néng kuài sù yuè dú yīng wén shū jí， ér qiě néng yòng yīng wén xiě zuò， yòng yīng wén fā biǎo yǎn shuō， 30 suì yǐ hòu yòu kāi shǐ xué xí huá yǔ。 tā néng shǐ yòng duō zhǒng yǔ yán jìn xíng jiāo liú， zhè duì yú shí xíng zhǒng zú xié diào dǎo shì zhì guān zhòng yào de。 yě xǔ hěn shǎo yòu rén zhī dào， lǐ guāng yào hái tè bié xǐ huān shēng wù xué， tā hěn shàn yú guān chá gè zhǒng shēng wù de shēng huó xí guàn。
lǐ guāng yào duì wén yì yě pō yòu xīng qù， tā huì chàng gē、 tiào wǔ， huì wán duō zhǒng yuèqì。 zài yī cì wén yì wǎn huì shàng， wèile huó yuè huì chǎng qì fēn， tā jí xí chàng liǎo yī shǒu kè jiā shān gē。 lìng rén tè bié jīng yà de shì， tā jìng néng yòng yīng wén bǎ zhè shǒu gē fān yì chū lái。
lǐ guāng yào - cóng zhèng jīng lì
1978 nián 11 yuè， dèng xiǎo píng chū fǎng xīn jiā pō， lǐ guāng yào jiē jī
1954 nián 10 yuè， lǐ guāng yào yǔ yī xiē cóng yīng guó huí lái de huá rén、 dāng dì shòu huá wén jiào yù de zuǒ pài xué shēng hé gōng huì lǐng xiù chéng lì rén mín xíng dòng dǎng， cān jiā cì nián jǔ xíng de shǒu cì xuǎn jǔ。 zhè cì xuǎn jǔ zhōng lǐ guāng yào běn rén shùn lì dāng xuǎn lì fǎ yì yuàn yì yuán， kāi shǐ yǔ xīn jiā pō de gòng chǎn dǎng hé zuò zhēng qǔ dú lì。
1959 nián xīn jiā pō qǔ dé zì zhì dì wèi， zài zì zhì zhèng fǔ de shǒu cì xuǎn jǔ zhōng rén mín xíng dòng dǎng chéng wéi lì fǎ yì yuàn dì yī dà dǎng， lǐ guāng yào chū rèn zǒng lǐ， cǐ hòu lǐ guāng yào yī zhí xī wàng néng gòu yǔ mǎ lái yà hé bìng chéng lì“ dà mǎ lái xī yà”， yǐ qǔ dé zhèng shì de dú lì， tóng shí yě kě yǐ wéi xīn jiā pō jīng jì fā zhǎn tí gōng bǎo zhàng， zuì hòu hái kě yǐ chǎn chú zài dāng dì rì jiàn dé shì de gòng chǎn dǎng huó dòng。
1961 nián lǐ guāng yào wéi shǒu de fǎn gòng fèn zǐ yǔ dǎng nèi de qīn gòng fèn zǐ jué liè， lǐ guāng yào jiān chí xīn jiā pō yìng yǔ
mǎ lái yà hé bìng。 1963 nián 7 yuè， lǐ guāng yào zài lún dūn yǔ mǎ lái yà zhèng fǔ dá chéng xié yì， shuāng fāng zhèng shì hé bìng。 hé bìng hòu de mǎ lái xī yà lián bāng zhèng fǔ yǔ lǐ guāng yào zhù dǎo de xīn jiā pō zhèng fǔ cǎi qǔ xíng， dài bǔ liǎo xīn jiā pō de duō míng gòng chǎn dǎng gāo céng。 dàn shì hé bìng hòu hěn kuài lián bāng zhèng fǔ yǔ xīn jiā pō zhèng fǔ jiù zài jīng jì děng duō xiàng zhèng cè shàng fā shēng yán zhòng fēn qí， lǐ guāng yào zuò wéi xīn jiā pō zhōu cháng， zài mǎ lái xī yà guó huì chàng dǎo jiàn lì“ mǎ lái xī yà rén de mǎ lái xī yà” ér bù shì mǎ lái rén de mǎ lái xī yà， yǐn qǐ shǒuxiàng dōng gū de bù mǎn。
gū wāng huì tán
1964 nián xīn jiā pō fā shēng zhǒng zú sāo luàn， lǐ guāng yào zhèng fǔ zhǐ zé mǎ lái xī yà lián bāng zhèng fǔ shì tú tuī xíng“ zhǒng zú shā wén zhù”， mǎ lái rén zài lián bāng nèi xiǎng yòu tè shū dài yù， bìng shān dòng xīn jiā pō de mǎ lái rén fǎn duì dāng dì huá rén zhèng fǔ， zhè zuì zhōng dǎo zhì liǎo xīn jiā pō zài 1965 nián 8 yuè tuì chū mǎ lái xī yà lián bāng。
dú lì hòu lǐ guāng yào jī jí tuī dòng jīng jì gǎi gé yǔ fā zhǎn， chéng gōng shǐ xīn jiā pō zài sān shí nián nèi fā zhǎn chéng wéi yà zhōu zuì fā dá de guó jiā zhī yī， zài qí rèn nèi tuī dòng liǎo kāi fā yù láng gōng yè yuán qū、 chuàng lì gōng jī jīn zhì dù、 chéng lì lián zhèng gōng shǔ、 jìn xíng jiào yù gǎi gé děng duō xiàng zhèng cè。 jīn tiān de xīn jiā pō de zhèng fǔ yǐ gāo xiào、 lián jié 'ér wén míng， rén mín shēng huó shuǐ píng jiào qí tā yà zhōu guó jiā wéi gāo。
1990 nián lǐ guāng yào cí qù zǒng lǐ zhí wù， dàn shì liú rèn nèi gé zī zhèng zhì jīn。 cǐ wài， gēn jù 2003 nián shǒu cì pī lù de xīn jiā pō zhèng fǔ tóu zī gōng sī dǒng shì huì， lǐ guāng yào qí shí xiè rèn zǒng lǐ hòu jiù yī zhí dān rèn zhe gāi gōng sī de dǒng shì cháng zhí wù。 gāi gōng sī fù zé guǎn lǐ xīn jiā pō de zhèng fǔ wài huì chǔ bèi， què yī zhí shì gāi guó zuì shén mì de gōng sī。 tā shǐ zhōng tí chàng“ yà zhōu jià zhí guān”， rèn wéi yà zhōu guó jiā bù xū yào wán quán yǐ zhào xī fāng de jià zhí guān xíng shì。 lǐ guāng yào yīn cǐ yě yī zhí duì xī fāng guó jiā duì tā zhuān zhì de pī píng bù jiā lǐ huì， rèn wéi xī fāng mín zhù bù néng qiáng jiā gěi yà zhōu rén mín。
lǐ guāng yào - jiā tíng jiǎn jiè
zǐ nǚ qíng kuàng
lǐ guāng yào yǔ qī zǐ kē yù zhī gòng yù yòu sān gè zǐ nǚ： zhǎngzǐ lǐ xiǎn lóng hòu lái chéng wéi xīn jiā pō zǒng lǐ， cháng xí hé jīng xiàn rèn xīn jiā pō guān fāng zuì zhòng yào de tóu zī kòng gǔ gōng sī -- dàn mǎ xī kòng gǔ gōng sī zǒng cái； nǚ 'ér lǐ wěi líng zài chén dǔ shēng yī yuàn quán guó nǎo shén jīng xué yuàn dān rèn fù zhù guǎn； cì zǐ lǐ xiǎn yáng rèn xīn jiā pō diàn xìn gōng sī zǒng cái。
ài qī shì shì
xīn jiā pō zhèng fǔ 2010 nián 10 yuè 2 rì wǎn duì wài xuān bù， xīn jiā pō nèi gé zī zhèng lǐ guāng yào de fū rén kē yù zhī dāng tiān shì shì， xiǎng nián 89 suì。 xīn jiā pō zhèng fǔ de xīn wén gǎo shuō， kē yù zhī yú xīn jiā pō dāng dì shí jiān 2 rì xià wǔ 5 diǎn 40 fēn“ zài jiā zhōng 'ān rán lí shì”。 kē yù zhī de zàng lǐ jiāng yú 6 rì jǔ xíng。 kē yù zhī 2008 nián 5 yuè céng huàn zhòngfēng， bèi sòng wǎng yī yuàn jiē shòu zhì liáo， dāng shí tā de bìng qíng yán zhòng， jīng guò nǎo bù sǎo miáo jiēguǒ fā xiàn“ yòu nǎo dà liàng chū xuè”。
lǐ guāng yào - gè rén róng yù
lǐ guó zhāng， lǐ guāng yào、 chén jiā 'ěr、 chí tián dà zuò、 tián jiā bǐng
zuò wéi xīn jiā pō de zǒng lǐ， zài zhè gè tóu xián zhī xià， lǐ guāng yào bù jǐn fā qǐ liǎo fǎn duì suí dì tù tán、 jiáo kǒu xiāng táng、 wèi yǎng gē zǐ de yùn dòng， hái jìn zhǐ luàn rēng lā jī、 zài gōng gòng chǎng suǒ xī yān hé shuō cū huà zàng huà， bìng zhì dìng liǎo yán gé de fǎ lǜ。 tā hái qiáng liè tuī guǎng liǎo jǐ xiàng tā zuì wéi chàng dǎo de xíng wéi： wēi xiào、 lǐ mào dài rén yǐ jí zài gōng gòng cè suǒ zhù dòng chōng shuǐ。 zhèng shì yóu yú tā zài zhǐ dǎo gōng zhòng xíng wéi fāng miàn suǒ zuò de zhǐ lìng xìng yán jiū， lǐ guāng yào huò dé liǎo 1994 nián de gǎo xiào nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng xīn lǐ xué jiǎng。
yóu yú lǐ guāng yào zǔ bèi jūn wéi kè jiā rén， gù qí běn rén yì bèi shì zuò wéi kè jiā zú yì de jié chū dài biǎo zhī yī。 jiàn yú qí duì shì jiè kè jiā shì wù de yǐng xiǎng hé gòng xiàn， lǐ guāng yào bèi tè bié pìn qǐng wéi xīn jiā pō zuì dà de kè shǔ tuán tǐ（ zǔ zhì） héng héng xīn jiā pō chá yáng ( dà bù ) huì guǎn de yǒng yuǎn róng yù zhù xí yī zhí。
2000 nián 12 yuè 7 rì， xiāng gǎng zhōng wén dà xué xīn jiā pō nèi gé zī zhèng lǐ guāng yào bān fā liǎo róng yù bó shì xué wèi。 bān shòu xué wèi yí shì yóu xiāng gǎng zhōng wén dà xué xiào cháng lǐ guó zhāng zhù chí。 zhōng dà zài duì lǐ guāng yào de zàn cí zhōng， xíng róng lǐ guāng yào shì jìn bǎi nián nèi zuì jié chū de zhèng zhì jiā zhī yī。 bìng xíng róng tā“ yǐ lián fǎn tān”、“ yǐ fǎ qù luàn”、“ zhù zhòng hé píng 'ér bì miǎn chōng tū”、“ xié diào zhǒng zú 'ér jū chú chóu shì”、“ dài lǐng xīn jiā pō zǒu xiàng fù qiáng zhī lù” děng。
2005 nián 5 yuè 17 rì， shàng hǎi fù dàn dà xué shòu yú 82 suì de lǐ guāng yào míng yù bó shì de xué wèi。 fù dàn dà xué xiào wù wěi yuán huì zhù rèn qín shào dé jiào shòu zài shòu zhèng yí shì shàng shuō， shòu yú lǐ guāng yào míng yù bó shì xué wèi， shì yīn wéi tā duì cù jìn zhōng xīn liǎng guó guān xì fā zhǎn suǒ zuò chū de gòng xiàn。 lǐ guāng yào zài shòu zhèng yí shì shàng zuò liǎo tí wéi《 zhōng guó fù xīng zhōng shàng hǎi de juésè》 de zhù tí yǎn jiǎng。 tā shuō， wèi lái 30 nián， zhōng guó hé yìn dù de jué qǐ jiāng huì bǎ shì jiè de zhōng xīn cóng dà xī yáng zhuǎn yí dào tài píng yáng hé yìn dù yáng。 ér zhōng guó de fù xīng jǐn kào jīng jì lì liàng shì bù gòu de， hái xū yào wén huà děng ruǎn lì liàng de zēng qiáng，“ shàng hǎi zé yòu jī huì chéng wéi zhōng guó ruǎn lì liàng de zhōng xīn”。 lǐ guāng yào shuō， zhōng guó fù xīng zài qǔ dé jīng jì fā zhǎn de jù dà chéng jiù de tóng shí， yě yào tōng guò fù xīng chóngxiàn zhōng guó wén huà de huī huáng，“ dǎ zào yī gè 21 shì jì bǎn de zhōng guó wén míng”。
xiāng gǎng dù suō fū rén là xiàng guǎn lì yòu yī zūn lǐ guāng yào de là xiàng（ zhì zuò nián dài bù xiáng）。
lǐ guāng yào - rén wù píng jià
jiǎng jīng guó and lǐ guāng yào fū fù
lǐ guāng yào zài xīn jiā pō yòu hěn gāo wēi wàng， zài guó jì shàng yě xiǎng yòu měi yù， duō wèi zhèng tán míng rén rú sǎ qiē 'ěr fū rén、 jī xīn gé duì tā lián míng、 gāo xiàolǜ de zhèng fǔ biǎo shì zàn shǎng。 dàn shì yě yòu hěn duō xī fāng yú lùn zhǐ zé xīn jiā pō méi yòu zú gòu de zì yóu， zhèng zhì shàng bìng bù mín zhù， wén huà fā zhǎn yīn zhèng zhì xū yào 'ér bèi shòu yā yì。
lǐ guāng yào běn rén de liǎng gè 'ér zǐ dōuzài zhèng fǔ zhōng dān rèn zhòng yào zhí wù， dà 'ér zǐ lǐ xiǎn lóng wéi xīn jiā pō xiàn rèn zǒng lǐ， xiǎo 'ér zǐ lǐ xiǎn yáng céng rèn zuì dà guó yíng qǐ yè xīn jiā pō diàn xìn（ dàn mǎ xī kòng gǔ qí xià） de zǒng cái jiān CEO（ 2007 nián 4 yuè 1 rì xiè rèn）。 nǚ 'ér lǐ wěi líng zài chén dǔ shēng yī yuàn quán guó nǎo shén jīng xué yuàn dān rèn fù zhù guǎn； lǐ xiǎn lóng de qī zǐ hé jīng zài 2002 nián chū rèn zhèng fǔ cái zhèng bù de zī jīn guǎn lǐ gōng sī dàn mǎ xī kòng gǔ de dǒng shì hòu， zhù míng de cái jīng méi tǐ Bloomberg fā biǎo wén zhāng yǐng shè gāi xiàng rèn mìng shì“ wéi mǎn zú lǐ shì jiā zú lì yì huò mǒu zhǒng yǔ jiā huì lǐ shì jiā zú lì yì yòu guān de fǔ bài dòng jī”， zāo dào lǐ guāng yào de bó chì bìng yú yǐ kòng gào。 kě yù qī dì， lǐ guāng yào huò dé zuì zhōng de shèng sù， dàn shì cǐ lèi pī píng yǐ rán cún zài。 2004 nián 9 yuè， lǐ guāng yào zhī zǐ lǐ xiǎn lóng jiē rèn zǒng lǐ hòu， yīng guó《 jīng jì xué jiā》 zá zhì zài dù fā biǎo wén zhāng， zhǐ zé xīn jiā pō zhèng zhì zhōng cún zài de qún dài guān xì。 lǐ guāng yào wēi xié yào sù zhū fǎ lǜ， dàn hòu lái gāi zá zhì kān dēng liǎo gōng kāi de dào qiàn xìn yǔ péi cháng。 dàn shì xīn jiā pō fǎn duì dǎng zhǐ《 jīng jì xué jiā》 yīn zài xīn jiā pō shè yòu dì qū zǒng bù， yīn cǐ xīn jiā pō de fǎ lǜ duì cǐ yòu sī fǎ guǎn xiá quán， suǒ yǐ cái pò shǐ《 jīng jì xué jiā》 dào qiàn。
lǐ guāng yào
lín qīng xiáng zài dǎ jī zhèng dí fāng miàn lǐ guāng yào háo bù shǒu ruǎn， zì dú lì hòu jiù yī zhí wéi chí yòu xiào de《 guó nèi 'ān quán fǎ》 shòu yú zhèng fǔ zài bì yào shí“ bù jīng shěn pàn” jí dé yǐ“ wú xiàn qī jū jìn” wēi hài guó jiā 'ān quán de rén shì。 yī xiē zǎo nián céng yǔ lǐ guāng yào hé zuò de xīn gòng lǐng dǎo rén jí yīn gāi fǎ bèi jū jìn 20 duō nián， qí zhōng zuì yòu míng de zhèng zhì fàn shì xīn gòng lǐng xiù lín qīng xiáng。 cǐ wài tā tòu guò sī fǎ shǒu duàn dǎ yā fǎn duì de shēng yīn， xǔ duō fǎn duì pài yīn cǐ bèi pò tuì chū zhèng tán huò yí mín tā guó。 zài xīn jiā pō guó nèi， suī rán fǎn duì pài de shēng yīn yī zhí cún zài， què shǐ zhōng bù néng chéng wéi zhù liú。
cǐ wài， hái yòu hěn duō guó jì méi tǐ zhǐ zé lǐ guāng yào shì gè bù zhé bù kòu de jīng yīng zhù yì zhě， céng chàng dǎo dà xué bì yè de nǚ xìng yīnggāi yǔ shòu tóng yī jiào yù shuǐ píng de nán zǐ jié hūn， yǐ què bǎo tā men de xià yī dài yě yōng yòu“ gāo zhì shāng”。 zhè xiàng zhèng zhì xuān chuán zhōng yīn guó nèi guò dà de fǎn duì shēng yīn（ zhù yào shì lái zì zhè qún xuǎn zé dú shēn de gāo xué lì nǚ xìng） ér zuò bà， lǐ guāng yào běn rén què yǐ rán jiān chí qí lì chǎng zhèng què， bìng zài qí zì chuán zhōng yǐn yòng jiàn qiáo dà xué jiào shòu de yán jiū wéi zuǒ zhèng lái zhī chí zì jǐ de kàn fǎ。
jué dà duō shù xīn jiā pō rén què hái shì zūn zhòng tā duì guó jiā， yóu qí shì zài jīng jì shàng de gòng xiàn。
lǐ guāng yào - xiōng qiāng gǎn rǎn zhù yuàn
2010 nián 9 yuè 29 hào wǎn jiān， xīn jiā pō nèi gé zī zhèng lǐ guāng yào， yóu yú xiōng qiāng gǎn rǎn rù yuàn。
lǐ guāng yào de zhù shǒu shuō， kě néng shì tā chū fǎng huí guó hòu chū xí duō xiàng huó dòng， tài guò láolèi， yī shēng zhèng jìn yī bù zhěn chá。 zhù shǒu yòu tòu lù， lǐ guāng yào zhōu yī huí guó hòu， bù xiǎo xīn diē dǎo， niǔ shāng liǎo jiǎo， yě céng dào yī yuàn jiǎn chá。 gāng yú liǎng xīng qī qián 87 suì shēng chén de lǐ guāng yào， 08 nián jiǔ yuè shí， céng chū xiàn xīn lǜ bù zhěng， jiē shòu zhì liáo hòu kāng fù。 lǐ guāng yào céng jīng dān rèn xīn jiā pō zǒng lǐ 31 nián， 1990 nián zhuǎn wéi nèi gé zī zhèng hòu， réng rán huó yuè yú xīn jiā pō yǐ zhì shì jiè zhèng tán， bù shí huò yāo yǔ zhōng guó jí měi guó děng guó jiā yuán shǒu huì miàn， jiāo huàn dì qū jí shì jiè zhèng jú de kàn fǎ。
As the co-founder and first secretary-general of the People's Action Party (PAP), he led the party to eight landslide victories from 1959 to 1990, oversaw the separation of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965 and its subsequent transformation from a relatively underdeveloped colonial outpost with no natural resources into a "First World", Asian Tiger. He has remained one of the most influential political figures in South-East Asia.
Singapore's second prime minister, Goh Chok Tong, appointed him Senior Minister in 1990. He currently holds the advisory post of Minister Mentor, created by his son, Lee Hsien Loong, when the latter became the nation's third prime minister in August 2004. With his successive ministerial positions over 50 years, Lee is also one of history's longest serving ministers.
Family background
In his memoirs, Lee refers to his immigrant background as a fourth-generation Chinese Singaporean: his Hakka great-grandfather, Lee Bok Boon (born 1846), emigrated from the Dapu county of Guangdong province to the Straits Settlements in 1862.
His elder son Lee Hsien Loong has been Prime Minister of Singapore since 2004.
The eldest child of Lee Chin Koon and Chua Jim Neo, Lee Kuan Yew was born at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, in a large and airy bungalow. As a child he was strongly influenced by British culture, due in part to his grandfather, Lee Hoon Leong, who had given his sons an English education. His grandfather gave him the name "Harry" in addition to his Chinese name (given by his father) Kuan Yew. He was mostly known as "Harry Lee" for his first 30 or so years, and still is to his friends in the West and to many close friends and family. He started using his Chinese name after entering politics. His name is sometimes cited as Harry Lee Kuan Yew, although this first name is seldom used in official settings. Lee and his wife Kwa Geok Choo were married on 30 September 1950. His wife passed away on 2 October 2010 in her sleep. They have two sons and one daughter.
Several members of Lee's family hold prominent positions in Singaporean society, and his sons and daughter hold high government or government-linked posts. His elder son Lee Hsien Loong, a former Brigadier General, has been the Prime Minister since 2004. He is also the Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC), of which Lee himself is the chairman. Lee's younger son, Lee Hsien Yang, is also a former Brigadier General and is a former President and Chief Executive Officer of SingTel, a pan-Asian telecommunications giant and Singapore's largest company by market capitalisation (listed on the Singapore Exchange, SGX). Fifty-six percent of SingTel is owned by Temasek Holdings, a prominent government holding company with controlling stakes in a variety of very large government-linked companies such as Singapore Airlines and DBS Bank. Temasek Holdings, in turn, is run by Executive Director and C.E.O. Ho Ching, the wife of Lee Hsien Loong. Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, runs the National Neuroscience Institute. Lee's wife, Kwa Geok Choo, used to be a partner of the prominent legal firm Lee & Lee.
Early life
Lee was educated at Telok Kurau Primary School, Raffles Institution (where he was a member of the 01 Raffles Scout Group), and Raffles College (now National University of Singapore). His university education was delayed by World War II and the 1942-1945 Japanese occupation of Singapore. During the occupation, he operated a successful black market business selling tapioca-based glue called Stikfas. Having taken Chinese and Japanese lessons since 1942, he was able to find work transcribing Allied wire reports for the Japanese, as well as being the English-language editor on the Japanese Hodobu (報道部 — an information or propaganda department) from 1943 to 1944.
After the war, he briefly attended the London School of Economics before moving to Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, where he studied law, graduating with Double Starred First Class Honours. (He was subsequently made an honorary fellow of Fitzwilliam College.) He returned to Singapore in 1949 to practise as a lawyer in Laycock and Ong, the legal practice of John Laycock, a pioneer of multiracialism who, together with A.P. Rajah and C.C. Tan, had founded Singapore's first multiracial club open to Asians.
Early political career – 1951 to 1959
Pre-People's Action Party (PAP)
Lee's first experience with politics in Singapore was his role as election agent for John Laycock under the banner of the pro-British Progressive Party in the 1951 legislative council elections. However, Lee eventually realised the party was unlikely to win mass support, especially from the Chinese-speaking working class. This was especially important when the 1953 Rendel Constitution expanded the electoral rolls to include all local-born as voters, resulting in a significant increase in Chinese voters. His big break came when he was engaged as a legal advisor to the trade and students' unions, which provided Lee with a link to the Chinese-speaking, working-class world. Later on in his career, his People's Action Party (PAP) would use these historical links to unions as a negotiating tool in industrial disputes.
Formation of the PAP
On 12 November 1954, Lee, together with a group of fellow English-educated middle-class men whom he himself described as "beer-swilling bourgeois", formed the "socialist" PAP in an expedient alliance with the pro-communist trade unionists. This alliance was described by Lee as a marriage of convenience, since the English-educated group needed the pro-communists' mass support base while the communists needed a non-communist party leadership as a smoke screen because the Malayan Communist Party was illegal. Their common aims were to agitate for self-government and put an end to British colonial rule. An inaugural conference was held at the Victoria Memorial Hall, attended by over 1,500 supporters and trade unionists. Lee became secretary-general, a post he held until 1992, save for a brief period in 1957.
In opposition
Lee comprehensively won the Tanjong Pagar seat in the 1955 elections. He became the opposition leader against David Saul Marshall's Labour Front-led coalition government. He was also one of PAP's representatives to the two constitutional discussions held in London over the future status of Singapore, the first led by Marshall and the second by Lim Yew Hock, Marshall's hardline successor. It was during this period that Lee had to contend with rivals from both within and outside the PAP.
Lee's position in the PAP was seriously under threat in 1957 when pro-communists took over the leadership posts, following a party conference which the party's left wing had stacked with fake members. Fortunately for Lee and the party's moderate faction, Lim Yew Hock ordered a mass arrest of the pro-communists and Lee was reinstated as secretary-general. After the communist 'scare', Lee subsequently received a new, stronger mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents in a by-election in 1957. The communist threat within the party was temporarily removed as Lee prepared for the next round of elections.
Prime Minister, pre-independence – 1959 to 1965
Self-government administration – 1959 to 1963
In the national elections held on 1 June 1959, the PAP won 43 of the 51 seats in the legislative assembly. Singapore gained self-government with autonomy in all state matters except defence and foreign affairs, and Lee became the first Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June 1959, taking over from Chief Minister Lim Yew Hock. Before he took office, Lee demanded and secured the release of Lim Chin Siong and Devan Nair, who had been arrested earlier by Lim Yew Hock's government. Lee faced many problems after gaining self-rule for Singapore from the British, including education, housing, and unemployment.
A key event was the motion of confidence of the government in which 13 PAP assemblymen crossed party lines and abstained from voting on 21 July 1961. Together with six prominent left-leaning leaders from trade unions, the breakaway members established a new party, the pro-communist Barisan Sosialis. At its inception it had popular support rivalling that of the PAP.
35 of the 51 branches of PAP and 19 of its 23 organising secretaries went to the Barisan Sosialis. This event was known as The Big Split of 1961. The PAP's majority was now 26-25 in the legislative assembly.
In 1961, the PAP faced two by-election defeats as well as the defections and labour unrest by leftists.
Lee's government was near collapse until the 1962 referendum on the issue of merger, which was a test of public confidence in the government.
Merger with Malaya, then separation – 1963 to 1965
Main article: Singapore in Malaysia
After Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed the formation of a federation which would include Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak in 1961, Lee began to campaign for a merger with Malaysia to end British colonial rule. He used the results of a referendum held on 1 September 1962, in which 70% of the votes were cast in support of his proposal, to demonstrate that the people supported his plan.
On 16 September 1963, Singapore became part of Malaysia. However, the union was short-lived. The Malaysian Central Government, ruled by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), became worried by the inclusion of Singapore's Chinese majority and the political challenge of the PAP in Malaysia. Lee openly opposed the bumiputra policy and used the Malaysian Solidarity Convention's famous cry of "Malaysian Malaysia!", a nation serving the Malaysian nationality, as opposed to the Malay race.
The 1964 race riots in Singapore followed, such as that on Muhammad's birthday (21 July 1964), near Kallang Gasworks, in which 23 people were killed and hundreds injured as Chinese and Malays attacked each other. It is still disputed how the riots started, and theories include a bottle being thrown into a Muslim rally by a Chinese, while others have argued that it was started by a Malay. More riots broke out in September 1964, as rioters looted cars and shops, forcing both Tunku Abdul Rahman and Lee Kuan Yew to make public appearances in order to calm the situation.
Unable to resolve the crisis, the Tunku decided to expel Singapore from Malaysia, choosing to "sever all ties with a State Government that showed no measure of loyalty to its Central Government". Lee was adamant and tried to work out a compromise, but without success. He was later convinced by Goh Keng Swee that the secession was inevitable. Lee signed a separation agreement on 7 August 1965, which discussed Singapore's post-separation relations with Malaysia in order to continue co-operation in areas such as trade and mutual defence.
The failure of the merger was a heavy blow to Lee, who believed that it was crucial for Singapore’s survival. In a televised press conference on television that day, he broke down emotionally as he formally announced the separation and the full independence of Singapore:
"For me, it is a moment of anguish. All my life, my whole adult life, I... I believed in Malaysian merger and unity of the two territories. You know that we, as a people are connected by geography, economics, by ties of kinship... It literally broke everything that we stood for.... Now, I, Lee Kuan Yew, as Prime Minister of Singapore, in this current capacity of mine do hereby proclaim and declare on behalf on the people and the Government of Singapore that as from today, the ninth day of August in the year one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five, Singapore shall be forever a sovereign democratic and independent nation, founded upon the principles of liberty and justice and ever seeking the welfare and happiness of the people in a most and just equal society."
On that same day, 9 August 1965, just as the press conference ended, the Malaysian Parliament passed the required resolution that would sever Singapore's ties to Malaysia as a state, and thus the Republic of Singapore was created. Singapore's lack of natural resources, a water supply that was beholden primarily to Malaysia and a very limited defensive capability were the major challenges that Lee and the Singaporean Government faced.
Prime Minister, post-independence – 1965 to 1990
In his biography, Lee stated that he did not sleep well, and fell sick days after Singapore's independence. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied:
"Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard..."
Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations (UN) on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between Singapore and Indonesia.
Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism.
Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious materials in Malay.
Decisions and policie
Lee had three main concerns — national security, the economy, and social issues — during his post-independence administration.
National security
The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources including the communists and Indonesia with its Confrontation stance. As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He declared a policy of neutrality and non-alignment, following Switzerland's model. At the same time, he asked Goh Keng Swee to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel, for advice, training and facilities.
Government policie
Like many countries, Singapore was not immune to political corruption. Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families.
Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. In 1994 he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector.
In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a vigorous 'Stop-at-Two' family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates.
In 1983, Lee sparked the 'Great Marriage Debate' when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly-educated women as wives. He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. Nevertheless, a match-making agency Social Development Unit (SDU) was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates, schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful 'Stop-at-Two' family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. By the late 1990s, the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the 'baby bonus' scheme.
Corporal punishment
Main article: Caning in Singapore
One of Lee Kuan Yew's abiding beliefs has been in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning. In his autobiography The Singapore Story he described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He wrote: "I bent over a chair and was given three of the best with my trousers on. I did not think he lightened his strokes. I have never understood why Western educationists are so much against corporal punishment. It did my fellow students and me no harm."
Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. By 1993 it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 and to 6,404 in 2007.
It was in 1994, with the intensely publicised caning, under that vandalism legislation, of the American teenager Michael Fay, that judicial caning came to the notice of the rest of the world.
School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and this is in widespread use to discipline disobedient schoolboys, still under 1957 legislation. Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces, and Singapore is one of few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline.
Relations with Malaysia
Mahathir bin Mohamad
Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir bin Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia, Lee invited Mahathir (through the then President of Singapore Devan Nair) to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Mahathir asked Lee to cut off links with the Chinese leaders of the Democratic Action Party; in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans.
In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River.
Senior Minister – 1990 to 2004
Lee Kuan Yew (middle) meets with U.S. Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen and Singapore's Ambassador to the U.S. Chan Heng Chee in 2000.
After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong. He was then the world's longest-serving Prime Minister.
This was the first leadership transition since independence.
When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister and played a role he described as advisory. In public, Lee would refer to Goh as "my Prime Minister", in deference to Goh's authority. In practice, it is said, that Lee's opinions still carry much weight with the public and in the cabinet. He has continued to wield much influence in the country and is ready to use it when necessary; essentially, still maintaining power as an autocratic dictator. As he said in a 1988 National Day rally:
"Even from my sick bed, even if you are going to lower me into the grave and I feel something is going wrong, I will get up."
Lee subsequently stepped down as the Secretary-General of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong in November 1992.
Minister Mentor – 2004 to present
Since the early 2000s, Lee has expressed concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans. In one of his parliamentary speeches, he said: "Singaporeans must learn to juggle English and Mandarin". Subsequently, in December 2004, a one-year long campaign called 华语 Cool! (Huayu Cool!) was launched, in an attempt to attract young viewers to learn and speak Mandarin.
In June 2005, Lee published a book, Keeping My Mandarin Alive, documenting his decades of effort to master Mandarin, a language which he said he had to re-learn due to disuse:
"...because I don't use it so much, therefore it gets disused and there's language loss. Then I have to revive it. It's a terrible problem because learning it in adult life, it hasn't got the same roots in your memory."
In an interview with CCTV on 12 June 2005, Lee stressed the need to have a continuous renewal of talent in the country's leadership, saying:
"In a different world we need to find a niche for ourselves, little corners where in spite of our small size we can perform a role which will be useful to the world. To do that, you will need people at the top, decision-makers who have got foresight, good minds, who are open to ideas, who can seize opportunities like we did... My job really was to find my successors. I found them, they are there; their job is to find their successors. So there must be this continuous renewal of talented, dedicated, honest, able people who will do things not for themselves but for their people and for their country. If they can do that, they will carry on for another one generation and so it goes on. The moment that breaks, it's gone."
In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with US Deputy Secretary of State, James Steinberg, on 30 May 2009 were among the US Embassy cables leaked by WikiLeaks. In a US Embassy report classified as 'Secret', Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep concern about the leaks, especially when read out of context, and the need to protect confidentiality of diplomatic correspondence.
Legacy and memoir
Legacy
During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from being a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia, despite its small population, limited land space and lack of natural resources. Lee has often stated that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. He is widely respected by many Singaporeans, particularly the older generation, who remember his inspiring leadership during independence and the separation from Malaysia.
On the other hand, many Singaporeans have criticized Lee as being authoritarian and intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous mostly successful attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express an unfavorable opinion. International media watchdog Reporters Without Borders has asked Lee, and other senior Singaporean officials, to stop taking libel actions against journalists
Memoir
Lee has written a two-volume set of memoirs: The Singapore Story (ISBN 0-13-020803-5), which covers his view of Singapore's history until its separation from Malaysia in 1965, and From Third World to First: The Singapore Story (ISBN 0060197765), which gives his account of Singapore's subsequent transformation into a developed nation.
Award
Lee has received a number of state decorations, including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Order of the Crown of Johore First Class (1984), the Order of Great Leader (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967).
Lee was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in 1994.
In 2002, Lee was formally admitted to the Fellowship of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry, and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the UK.
In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra, albeit amid protest from students and staff.
In October 2009, Lee was conferred the first Lifetime Achievement award by the U.S.-Asean Business Council at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C.. In his tribute, former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Dr Henry Kissinger said:
"He has become a seminal figure for all of us. I've not learned as much from anybody as I have from Mr Lee Kuan Yew. He made himself an indispensable friend of the United States, not primarily by the power he represented but by the quality of his thinking.
Meeting the U.S. President at the White House Oval Office a day later, President Barack Obama introduced him as:
"... one of the legendary figures of Asia in the 20th and 21st centuries. He is somebody who helped to trigger the Asian economic miracle."
On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009.
On 29 April 2010, Lee was named to the TIME 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world.
Health
On 13 September 2008, Lee, then 84, underwent successful treatment for abnormal heart rhythm (atrial flutter) at Singapore General Hospital, but he was still able to address a philanthropy forum via video link from hospital. On 29 September 2010, he was hospitalized for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Balaji Sadasivan.
Controversie
Devan Nair
Devan Nair, the third President of Singapore and who was living in exile in Canada, remarked in a 1999 interview with the Toronto The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. He also remarked that Lee is "an increasingly self-righteous know-all", surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Devan Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court. Lee argued that Nair's counterclaim disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the government of Singapore. However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out Nair's counterclaim, holding that Lee had abused the litigating process and therefore Nair has a reasonable cause of action.
Defamation judgment
On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore, in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li, ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER) magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan" meant that Lee Kuan Yew "has been running and continues to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as T. T. Durai operated the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and he has been using libel actions to suppress those who would question to avoid exposure of his corruption." The court sentenced FEER, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. FEER appealed but lost the case when the Court of Appeal ruled in October, 2009 that the Far Eastern Economic Review did defame the country's founder Lee Kuan Yew and his son Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.
Secondary source
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Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. 2009. Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India
Gordon, Uri. 2000. Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime
Josey, Alex. 1980. Lee Kuan Yew — The Crucial Years. Singapore and Kuala Lumpur: Times Books International.
King, Rodney. 2008. The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality. 2nd Edition, Insight Press.
Kwang, Han Fook, Warren Fernandez and Sumiko Tan. 1998. Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings.
McCarthy, Terry (23 August 1999). "Lee Kuan Yew". Time Asia (Hong Kong).
Minchin, James. 1986. No Man is an Island. A Study of Singapore’s Lee Kuan Yew. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.