yuèdòuyuē hàn · tuō lán John Tolandzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||||
shì měi guó zhù míng lì shǐ zuò jiā。 1912 nián， tuō lán shēng yú wēi sī kāng xīn zhōu yī gè chuán tǒng de jī dū jiào kē xué pài jiào tú jiā tíng。 zhōng guó dú zhě shú xī de《 rì běn dì guó de shuāi wáng》、《 cóng qǐ gài dào yuán shǒu》、《 màn cháng de zhàn dǒu》、《 zhàn lǐng rì běn》 děng shū jūn chū zì tā shǒu。 1997 nián， bā shí wǔ suì gāo líng de tuō lán chū bǎn liǎo tā de zìzhuàn《 lì shǐ bǔ yǐng： yī gè lì shǐ xué jiā yǎn zhōng de hùn luàn shì jì》， huí yì liǎo tā de chuàng zuò shēng yá。
qīng nián shí dài de tuō lán gēn běn méi yòu xiǎng guò huì chéng wéi lì shǐ xué jiā， tā nà shí de mèng xiǎng shì chéng wéi bǎi lǎo huì de jù zuò jiā。 zài dà xué zhōng， tuō lán xué de jiù shì xì jù chuàng zuò。 dà xué bì yè hòu， tā bèi qǐ xíng náng zǒu biàn liǎo měi guó， dú zì dú chuǎng shì jiè。 sì shí 'èr suì yǐ qián， tā shì yī gè shì yè shàng bù chéng gōng de jù zuò jiā、 guān chǎng lǐ dé bù dào shǎng shí de jūn guān、 jiā tíng shēng huó zhōng de shī bài zhě。 １ ９ ５ ４ nián， yòu rén yuē tuō lán xiě yī bù yòu guān dà fēi tǐng de shū。 tā lì yòng zài kōng jūn fú yì shí de guān xì， zǒu fǎng liǎo zhòng duō fēi tǐng shí dài de qīn lì zhě， zhǎng wò liǎo dà liàng dú jiā de dì yī shǒu cái liào。 zhè běn shū shǐ tā yī jǔ chéng míng。
zài cǐ zhī qián， tā yī gòng xiě guò yī 'èr bǎi gè duǎn piān xiǎo shuō、 ２５ gè jù běn hé５ bù xiǎo shuō， ér chú liǎo jǐ gè duǎn piān wài dōuméi yòu bèi kānzǎi guò。 zhèng shì《 tiān kōng zhōng de chuán zhǐ》 yī shū de xiě zuò， shǐ tā zhǎo dào de zhēn zhèng shì hé zì jǐ de zhí yè。 yòng tuō lán zì jǐ de huà shuō， cóng zhè yī nián qǐ， tā kāi shǐ liǎo “ zài lì shǐ zhōng de shēng huó ”。 tuō lán rèn wéi， hǎo de lì shǐ（ zhù zuò） jiù shì“ huó de lì shǐ”。 tóng nián shí， bō tè · bù lǎng céng jīng zài tā jiā lǐ zhù guò yī duàn shí jiān。 nà shí， bù lǎng jīng cháng dài zhe xiǎo tuō lán qù fù jìn de zǒng dū jù yuàn kàn diàn yǐng。 měi dāng diàn yǐng yǎn dào yī bàn shí， bù lǎng biàn bǎ xiǎo tuō lán dài huí jiā。 huí jiā hòu， tā men liǎng gè shāng liàng zhe bǎ zhè bù diàn yǐng de jié wěi xiě chū lái， liǎng tiān hòu zài huí lái kàn tā jiū jìng shì zěn me fā zhǎn de。 měi yī cì， yóu tā men gǎi biān de jù běn dū bǐ yuán zuò lái dé gèng wéi jīng cǎi。 tuō lán hòu lái huí yì， bù lǎng duì tā yǐng xiǎng zuì dà de yī jù huà jiù shì：“ bù guǎn nǐ xiě shénme， bié jiǎng chū lái， ér yào biǎo yǎn chū lái”。 tuō lán duì cǐ de lǐ jiě jiù shì“ bù yìng dāng yǐ zì jǐ de guān diǎn lái jiǎng shù， ér shì xiàng yī chū xì nà yàng， ràng shí jì shàng fā shēng guò de shì qíng chóngyǎn， zhè cái shì suǒ wèi huó de lì shǐ”。 ér zhè， yě zhèng shì tuō lán xiě zuò suǒ zūn xún de xìn tiáo。 tuō lán xiě shū， bìng qì liǎo chuán tǒng shǐ xué zhù zuò de shēng sè yǔ kū zào， dài zhī yǐ fēng fù de xì jié miáo xiě hé duì huà， shǐ dú zhě yòu rú shēn lín qí jìng。 tā de shū yòu dú lì chuàng jiàn、 fù yòu wén xué xìng hé gǎn rǎn lì。 yīn cǐ， měi yòu xīn zuò wèn shì， bì néng yǐn qǐ hōng dòng。
yuē hàn · tuō lán - xiě zuò jīng lì
tuō lán de shū jì zhòng chuán tǒng shǐ liào， gèng zhòng duì dāng shì rén de cǎi fǎng。 zài tā de shū zhōng， tā huì bǎ tā suǒ zhī dào de yī qiē gào sù dú zhě。 wéi xiě zuò《 zhàn dǒu： tū jī bù de gù shì》， tā cǎi fǎng guò měi guó jiāng jūn kè lā kè、 dé guó jiāng jūn màn tuǒ fěi 'ěr nán jué、 chuán qí bān de tū jī duì cháng sī kè 'ěr cè ní …… hái yòu sì bǎi yú míng zhàn zhēng xìng cún zhě、 qī shí wǔ míng jīng lì zhàn zhēng de píng mín děng。 wéi shōu jí cái liào， tā xiān hòu zài měi、 yīng、 fǎ、 dé、 bǐ lì shí、 xī bān yá hé lú sēn bǎo páo liǎo shí wàn yīng lǐ， qù guò guó huì yì yuán de bàn gōng shì、 měi guó guó jiā dàng 'àn guǎn、 xī diǎn jūn xiào hé wǔ jiǎo dà lóu、 ā dēng dì qū de dà dà xiǎo xiǎo de chéng bǎo、 bǐ lì shí de fèi kuàng jǐng、 dá háo jí zhōng yíng de dú qì shì、 xī bān yá hǎi tān， hái yòu wú shù de xī rì zhàn chǎng…… zhè běn shū diàn dìng liǎo tā zài 'èr zhàn shǐ xué jiè de dì wèi。１９ ６５ nián， tuō lán yǐ dú tè de yǎn guāng， xiě zuò chū bǎn liǎo《 zuì hòu１ ００ tiān》 yī shū。 cǐ shū yǐ１９４５ nián chū sū lián hóng jūn bī jìn dé guó dōng bù biān jiè、 sū měi yīng sān guó shǒu nǎo yǎ 'ěr tǎ huì yì kāi piān， xiàng rén men zhǎn shì liǎo zài 'èr zhàn hòu qī 'ōu zhōu zhàn chǎng yī fú fú jīng xīn dòng bó de chǎng miàn。 wèile xiě zhè běn shū， tuō lán hé tā de rì běn jí qī zǐ shòu zǐ jià chē chuān yuè tiě mù， qù liǎo dāng shí hái hěn shǎo yòu xī fāng rén shè zú de dōng 'ōu gè guó。 zài hòu lái， wèile xiě zuò《 ā dào fū · xī tè lè》（ jí zhōng guó dú zhě shú xī de《 cóng qǐ gài dào yuán shǒu》）， tā zài cì dào fǎng dé guó。 gāng dào dé guó shí， tuō lán mǎi liǎo yī liàng zhǎn xīn de qì chē。 ér shí gè yuè hòu， tā yǐ jīng jīng guò liǎo wú shù cì dà xiū， bù chéng yàng zǐ liǎo。 zhè yī cì， jiē shòu tuō lán cǎi fǎng de yòu dé guó hǎi jūn shàngjiàng kǎ 'ěr · dèng ní cí， xī tè lè sī rén yī shēng、 mì shū hé sī jī， xiǎn xiē sǐ yú xī tè lè shǒu zhōng de tā de jiù mìng 'ēn rén lǔ cí（ wēi lián · xià yī lè suǒ zhù zhī《 dì sān dì guó de xīng wáng》 duì cǐ rén yòu jīng cǎi miáo xiě）， ài wá · bù láo 'ēn de nǚ yǒu sī nī dé， xī tè lè de táng xiōng hàn sī…… shèn zhì hái zhǎo dào liǎo zhàn shí měi guó qíng bào bù mén wéi xī tè lè suǒ zuò de jīng shén bìng xué fēn xī bào gào。 zhèng shì zhè xiē dì yī shǒu cái liào shǐ dé zhè běn shū yǐn rén rù shèng、 jí fù zhì gǎn。《 niǔ yuē shí bào shū kān píng lùn》 chēng zàn tā shì“ yī běn jīng cǎi de、 xī yǐn rén de tōng sú lì shǐ zhù zuò， zài wǒ men suǒ dú guò de guān yú xī tè lè de shū zhōng， tā shì miáo xiěde zuì wéi chōng fēn de yī běn”。
yě xǔ shì yīn wéi qǔ liǎo yī wèi rì běn qī zǐ de guān xì， zài tuō lán de zhù zuò zhōng yòu yī gǔ huī zhī bù qù de yà zhōu qíng jié。 ér yòu guān yà zhōu de jǐ bù zhù zuò zhèng shì tuō lán zuò pǐn de jīng huá suǒ zài。 zǎo zài１９６１ nián， tā jiù chuàng zuò guò xù shù tài píng yáng zhàn zhēng chū qī de zhù zuò《 wèn xīn wú kuì》。 hòu lái， yòu xiān hòu chuàng zuò guò《 shēng qǐ de tài yáng： rì běn dì guó de xīng qǐ yǔ shuāi luò》（ zhōng yì běn yì wéi《 rì běn dì guó de shuāi wáng》）、《 zhàn zhēng zhī shén》、《 chǒu wén： zhēn zhū gǎng shì jiàn jí qí hòu guǒ》、《 zhàn lǐng rì běn》 hé《 màn cháng de zhàn dǒu： měi guó rén yǎn zhōng de cháo xiān zhàn zhēng》。 qí zhōng，《 shēng qǐ de tài yáng》 shǐ tā huò dé liǎo１９ ７１ nián dù měi guó chū bǎn yè zuì gāo jiǎng xiàng héng héng pǔ lì cè xīn wén jiǎng。 zài wéi《 wèn xīn wú kuì》 yī shū shōu jí sù cái shí， tuō lán zài měi jūn zāo shòu chǐ rǔ de zhēn zhū gǎng、 mài kè 'ā sè cáng shēn de fěi lǜ bīn shān dòng、 xiāng gǎng de pín mín qū、 rì běn qián hǎi jūn jiànglǐng de huì kè tīng、 chōng shéng hé sài bān de xiǎo wū hé shān dòng lǐ liú xià liǎo tā de zú jì。 tóng shí， huán rào tài píng yáng de lǚ xíng yě ràng tā jié shí liǎo xǔ duō xīn péng yǒu， qí zhōng hái yòu nián qīng de tuō ní · ā jī nuò（ ā jī nuò fū rén de zhàng fū） hé hòu lái de fěi lǜ bīn zǒng tǒng lā mò sī。 zhè xiē péng yǒu bāng zhù tuō lán xún fǎng dào liǎo jǐ wèi cháng qī jiān kǒu bù yán de zhī qíng zhě。 zài tái běi， tuō lán huì jiàn liǎo jiǎng jiè shí de“ fù zǒng tǒng” chén chéng。 dāng cǎi fǎng jìn xíng dào yī xiǎo shí de shí hòu， chén chéng zhù dòng wèn tuō lán shì fǒu yào shǐ yòng yī xià tā de wèi shēng jiān。 zài zhè jiān xiá xiǎo de wū zǐ lǐ， chén chéng jiāo gěi tā yī fèn hòu zhòng de wén jiàn， bìng qīng shēng shuō： zhè shì tā de zìzhuàn， zài tái wān shì yǒng yuǎn bù kě néng chū bǎn de。 zài fěi lǜ bīn， xíng jiāng jiù mù de qián zǒng tǒng 'ào sī méi lì yà yǎn hán rè lèi gào sù liǎo tuō lán yī gè shēn mái xīn zhōng 'èr shí nián de mì mì： nà shì zài１９４２ nián， dāng fěi lǜ bīn zǒng tǒng kuí sōng jí jiāng chè lí mǎ ní lā de qián xī， tā mìng lìng láo lǐ 'ěr hé tuō ní de fù qīn bèi ní ní 'ào · ā jī nuò liǎng rén wěi zhuāng chéng mài guó zhě liú xià děng dài rì běn rén， bìng qiě fā shì yǒng yuǎn bù shuō chū zhēn xiāng。 ào sī méi lì yà xī wàng tuō lán zài quán shì jiè rén mín miàn qián hái láo lǐ 'ěr hé 'ā jī nuò yǐ qīng bái， tā men shì jiāng shēng sǐ zhì zhī dù wài bǎo hù mín zú hé tóng bāo de yīng xióng。
tuō lán xiě shū de lìng yī gè tè diǎn jiù shì biāo bǎng suǒ wèi“ kè guān zhù yì”， shǐ zhōng zhàn zài yī gè“ shì jiè gōng mín” de jiǎo dù， lì tú shǐ zuò pǐn bù dài yì shí xíng tài sè cǎi。 zǎo nián tuō lán bài jiàn guò sī nuò， bìng cān jiā liǎo měi guó gòng chǎn dǎng， lì zhì zuò sī nuò dì 'èr。 hòu lái， yīn wéi bù mǎn měi gòng zài zhàn zhēng wèn tí shàng zhuī suí sū lián， zhèng cè yáo bǎi bù dìng 'ér tuō dǎng。 zài kōng jūn fú yì shí， yòu yīn jiāng yī míng hēi rén jūn guān dài dào jūn guān shí táng yòng cān 'ér shòu dào pái jǐ。 nián qīng shí de zhè xiē zāo yù shǐ tā zài zuò pǐn zhōng wǎng wǎng zhǐ lì yòng xù shù de shǒu fǎ， bù zhí jiē fā biǎo zì jǐ de kàn fǎ。 dàn shì rén men réng jiù kě yǐ cóng tā duì shì jiàn de xù shù guò chéng zhōng kuī qí hàowù。 zhè yě zhèng shì tuō lán shǐ zhōng shòu dào měi guó chuán tǒng shǐ xué jiè pī píng wéi“ quē fá dào dé gǎn”、“ kè guān zhù yì” de yuán yīn suǒ zài。１９ ８２ nián， tuō lán gēn jù què záo cái liào xiě zuò de《 chǒu wén： zhēn zhū gǎng jí qí hòu guǒ》 biàn shì zhè yī tè diǎn de shēng dòng fàn lì。 zài zhè bù shū zhōng， tuō lán shǒu xiān tí chū： luó sī fú、 mǎ xiē 'ěr děng rén gēn jù pò yì de rì běn mì mǎ， zhì shǎo zài zhēn zhū gǎng shì jiàn bào fā qián wǔ tiān jiù yǐ zhī xiǎo rì běn lián hé jiàn duì zhèng xiàng zhēn zhū gǎng fāng miàn yùn dòng， měi guó qíng bào bù yě yǐ pàn duàn chū rì běn jiàn duì cǐ xíng de mù biāo jiù shì zhēn zhū gǎng。 dàn luó sī fú wèile dǎ pò měi guó nèi de gū lì zhù yì qíng xù， jiā zhī qíng bào pàn duàn shī wù， yòu yì ràng zhēn zhū gǎng zāo shòu dǎ jī， zuì zhōng shǐ dé jǐ qiān míng měi guó guān bīng sǐ yú rì jūn fēi jī de kuáng hōng làn zhà zhī xià。 cǐ shū chū bǎn hòu， zài měi guó nèi yǐn qǐ liǎo xuān rán dà bō， zhī shí jiè duì gāi shū de píng jià jìn hū jiān kè。
wǎn nián de tuō lán céng jīng liǎng cì lái dào zhōng guó。 tā duì zhè piàn gǔ lǎo de tǔ dì hé zhè lǐ de rén mín chōng mǎn liǎo jìng yì。 zài zhōng guó， tuō lán jié shí liǎo zhòng duō shǐ xué jiè tóng xíng， qí zhōng bāo kuò nán kāi dà xué zhù míng měi guó shǐ zhuān jiā huá qìng zhāo jiào shòu。 zài tuō lán de jí lì bāng zhù xià， huá qìng zhāo dé yǐ fù měi chá yuè dù lǔ mén shí qī měi guó zhèng fǔ dàng 'àn zī liào。 zhè yī gōng zuò de chéng guǒ biàn shì bèi shì wéi zhè yī lǐng yù de káng dǐng zhī zuò héng héng《 cóng yǎ 'ěr tǎ dào bǎn mén diàn》。 zài měi guó chū bǎn de《 dāng dài zuò jiā zhuànlüè》 zhè yàng píng jià tuō lán hé tā de zhù zuò：“ zài tā de měi yī běn shū zhōng， tuō lán dōuyào cǎi fǎng nà gè lì shǐ shì shí de shí jì cānyù zhě， yòu shí shì cǎi fǎng hǎo jǐ bǎi gè。 yǐ biàn cóng zhè xiē zuì liǎo jiě zhè jiàn shì de rén zhōng dé dào zhè yī shì jiàn de bù tóng fāng miàn。 tā jìn kě néng dì duì zhè xiē bèi cǎi fǎng zhě chí yī zhǒng kè guān tài dù。 ‘ wǒ xiāng xìn zhè shì wǒ de zé rèn， ’ tā shuō，‘ bǎ yī qiēdōu gào sù nǐ， ràng nǐ zì jǐ dé chū jié lùn。 wǒ bǎ zì jǐ de yì jiàn kòng zhì zài zuì xiǎo xiàn dù。’” zhè zhèng shì duì tuō lán zuì qiàdàng de píng jià。
Toland was a graduate of Williams College, and he also attended the Yale School of Drama for a time. His original goal was to become a playwright. In the summers between his college years, he travelled with hobos and wrote several plays with hobos as central characters, none of which achieved the stage. In 1961, Toland said that in his early years as a writer he had been "about as big a failure as a man can be". He claimed to have written six complete novels, 26 plays, and a hundred short stories before successfully completing his first sale, a short story he sold to The American Magazine in 1954 for $165. At one point he managed to publish an article on dirigibles in Look magazine; it proved extremely popular and led to his career as a historian. Dirigibles were also the subject of his first full published book, entitled Ships in the Sky and published in 1957.
Perhaps his most important work, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize in 1971, is The Rising Sun. Based on original and extensive interviews with high Japanese officials who survived the war, the book chronicles Imperial Japan from the military rebellion of February 1936 to the end of World War II. The book won the Pulitzer because it was the first book in English to tell the history of the war in the Pacific from the Japanese point of view, rather than from an American perspective.
The stories of the battles for the stepping stones to Japan, the islands in the Pacific which had come under Japanese domination, are told from the perspective of the commander sitting in his cave rather than from that of the heroic forces engaged in the assault. Most of these commanders committed suicide at the conclusion of the battle, but Toland was able to reconstruct their viewpoint from letters to their wives and from reports they sent to Tokyo.
Toland tried to write history as a straightforward narrative, with minimal analysis or judgment. One exception to his general approach is his Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath about the Pearl Harbor attack and the investigations of it, in which he wrote about evidence that President Franklin Roosevelt knew in advance of plans to attack the naval base but remained silent. The book was widely criticized at the time. Since the original publication, Toland added new evidence and rebutted early critics. Also, an anonymous source, known as "Seaman Z" (Robert D. Ogg) has since come forth to publicly tell his story.
While predominantly a non-fiction author, Toland also wrote two historical novels, Gods of War and Occupation. He says in his autobiography that he earned little money from his Pulitzer Prize-winning, The Rising Sun, but was set for life from the earnings of his biography of Hitler, for which he also did original research.
Toland died of pneumonia on January 4, 2004, at Danbury Hospital in Connecticut.
Book
Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography, 1976, ISBN 0-385-42053-6.
Battle: The Story of the Bulge, 1959, ISBN 0-8032-9437-9.
But Not in Shame: The Six Months After Pearl Harbor
Captured by History: One Man's Vision of Our Tumultuous Century
The Dillinger Days, 1963, ISBN 0-306-80626-6.
Gods of War, 1985, ISBN 0-385-18007-1.
The Great Dirigibles: Their Triumphs & Disasters, 1972, ISBN 0-486-21397-8.
In Mortal Combat: Korea 1950-1953
Infamy: Pearl Harbor And Its Aftermath
The Last 100 Days: The Tumultuous and Controversial Story of the Final Days of World War II in Europe
No Man's Land: 1918, The Last Year of the Great War
Occupation
The Flying Tigers - Copyrighted 1963 First Printing From Laurel-Leaf Books 1979. Published by Dell Publishing 0-440-92621-1
The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945, ISBN 0-8129-6858-1.
Ships in the Sky", 1957