yuèdòusà 'ěr dì kē fū · xiè dé lín Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrinzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
sà 'ěr dì kē fū · xiè dé lín yú 1826 nián chū shēng zài yī gè dì zhù jiā tíng。 tā zì yòu mù dǔ liǎo dì zhù jiē jí de zhuān héng bào nüè jí tā men duì nóng mín de cán kù yā pò hé bō xuē。 10 suì shí tā jìn rù mò sī kē guì zú xué xiào， liǎng nián hòu yīn chéng jì yōu yì bèi bǎo sòng jìn huáng cūn xué xiào。 dāng shí bié lín sī jī、 hè 'ěr cén de gé mìng mín zhù zhù yì sī xiǎng hé xiàn shí zhù yì wén xué lǐ xiǎng， bǐ tè lā shè fū sī jī de kōng xiǎng shè huì zhù yì sī xiǎng duì xiè dé lín yǐng xiǎng hěn shēn。 hòu lái， tā jiā rù bǐ tè lā shè fū sī jī xiǎo zǔ， yán jiū kōng xiǎng shè huì zhù yì zhù zuò。
xiè dé lín zài xué shēng shí dài jiù kāi shǐ cóng shì wén xué chuàng zuò。 tā yú 1841 nián fā biǎo dì yī shǒu shī《 shù qín》， 1847 nián tā fā biǎo liǎo dì yī gè zhōng piān xiǎo shuō《 máo dùn》， cì nián， tā de lìng yī bù zhōng piān xiǎo shuō《 cuò zōng fù zá de shì jiàn》 wèn shì。 zhè liǎng bù zuò pǐn fǎn yìng liǎo lǐ xiǎng yǔ shí xiàn de máo dùn， dà dǎn dì tí chū liǎo shè huì bù píng děng de jiān ruì wèn tí。 zuò pǐn yóu yú dài yòu qiáng liè de zhèng zhì sè cǎi 'ér bèi zhèng fǔ chá jìn， xiè dé lín yě bèi dài bǔ， liú fàng dào wéi yà tè kǎ。
zài liú fàng qī jiān xiè dé lín jiē chù liǎo tǒng zhì jiē jí de gè zhǒng dài biǎo rén wù， yě duì rén mín de kǔ nán yòu liǎo gēngshēn kè de liǎo jiě。 1856 nián， xiè dé lín huò shì fǎn huí bǐ dé bǎo， bù jiǔ fā biǎo liǎo yǐ liú fàng qī jiān de jiàn wén wéi sù cái de tè xiě jí《 wài shěng sǎnjì》， bìng zài《 é guó dǎo bào》 shàng liánzǎi。《 wài shěng sǎnjì》 bāo kuò sān shí duō piān tè xiě， shēn kè jiē lù liǎo nóng nú zhì 'é guó de fǔ bài。
cóng 1860 nián dào 1884 nián， xiè dé lín xiān hòu rèn dāng shí 'é guó jìn bù wén xué zá zhì《 xiàn dài rén》 hé《 zǔ guó jì shì》 de biān ji。 zhè liǎng gè zá zhì jí shí dì kānzǎi liǎo fǎn yìng dāng shí zhòng dà zhèng zhì shì jiàn de wén zhāng， yǔ fǎn dòng pài jí zì yóu zhù yì de kān wù jìn xíng jī liè de lùn zhàn， tā men suī lǚ zāo fǎn dòng dāng jú de diāo nán hé pò hài， dàn shǐ zhōng shì dāng shí 'é guó jìn bù lì liàng de zhōng xīn。
zài zá zhì shè gōng zuò de shí qī， yě shì xiè dé lín chuàng zuò de fēng shōu nián dài， tā xiě liǎo xǔ duō fěng cì zuò pǐn， qí zhōng zuì wéi tū chū de zuò pǐn shì fěng cì xiǎo shuō《 yī gè chéng shì de lì shǐ》 hé cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 gē luò fū liào fū yī jiā》。
1884 nián《 zǔ guó jì shì》 bèi chá fēng， zhè duì xiè dé lín shì gè chén zhòng de dǎ jī， dàn tā méi yòu fàng xià shǒu zhōng de bǐ。 suī yǐ nián gāo duō bìng， dàn tā réng rán xiě chū liǎo jì yòu zhèng zhì fěng cì nèi róng yòu yòu yì shù mèi lì de míng zuò《 tóng huà jí》，《 tóng huà jí》 kě yǐ shuō shì tā yī shēng chuàng zuò de jié jīng。
xiè dé lín 'ài zēng fēn míng de chuàng zuò bāng zhù liǎo rén mín xún zhǎo mǎ kè sī zhù yì yǔ gé mìng dǒu zhēng de dào lù， tuī dòng liǎo 'é guó jiě fàng yùn dòng。 1889 nián 5 yuè 10 rì， xiè dé lín bù xìng bìng shì。 dàn tā sù zào de yì shù diǎn xíng què chéng wèirénmín yǔ dí rén dǒu zhēng shí jīng cháng shǐ yòng de xī lì wǔ qì。 liè níng duì xiè dé lín de píng jià hěn gāo， rèn wéi tā“ céng jīng jiào dǎo 'é guó shè huì yào tòu guò nóng nú zhì dì zhù suǒ wèi yòu jiào yǎng de qiáo zhuāng dǎ bàn de wài biǎo， shí bié tā de qiáng qǔ háo duó de lì yì， jiào dǎo rén men zēng hèn zhū rú cǐ lèi de xū wěi hé lěng kù wú qíng ”。
Early life
A scion of the ancient Saltykov family, Mikhail Saltykov was born on his father’s estate in the province of Tula. His early education was neglected, and his youth, owing to the severity and the domestic quarrels of his parents, had many melancholy experiences. Largely neglected, he developed a love for reading, though the only book in his father’s house was the Bible, which he studied attentively.
At ten years of age he entered the Moscow Institute for sons of the nobility, and subsequently the Lyceum at Saint Petersburg, where Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky, afterwards minister for foreign affairs, was one of his schoolfellows. While there he published poetry, and translations of some of the works of Lord Byron and Heinrich Heine, and on graduating the Lyceum he obtained employment as a clerk for the Ministry of War.
During 1854 he published A Complicated Affair, which, because of the revolutionary activity at that time in France and Germany, was the cause of his banishment to Vyatka, where he spent eight years as a minor government official. This experience enabled him to study the life and habits of civil servants in the interior, and to give a clever description of Russian provincial officials in his Provincial Sketches.
[edit]Later life
Portrait by Nikolai Yaroshenko, 1886
On his return to Saint Petersburg he was soon promoted to administrative posts of considerable importance. After making a report on the condition of the Russian police, he was appointed deputy governor, first of Ryazan and then of Tver. His predilection for literary work induced him to end his government service, but pecuniary difficulties soon compelled him to re-enter it, and during 1864 he was appointed president of the local boards of taxation successively at Penza, Tula and Ryazan.
During 1868 he finally quit the civil service. Subsequently he wrote his principal works, namely, The Old Times of Poshekhonye, which possesses a certain autobiographical interest, The History of a Town, a satirical allegory of Russian history, Messieurs et Mesdames Pompadours; and his only novel, The Golovlyov Family (also translated as House of Greed). The latter book, often considered his masterpiece, is a study of overpowering greed.
Saltykov's last publication was a collection of satirical fables and tales. He died in Saint Petersburg and was interred in the Literary Cemetery. "The sole object of my literary work," wrote Saltykov-Shchedrin, "was unfailingly to protest against greed, hypocrisy, falsehood, theft, treachery, stupidity of modern Russians".
[edit]Works
The greater part of Saltykov's work is a rather nondescript kind of satirical journalism, generally with little or no narrative structure, and intermediate in form between the classical "character" and the contemporary feuilleton. Greatly popular though it was in its own time, it has since lost much of its appeal simply because it satirizes social conditions that have long ceased to exist and much of it has become unintelligible without commentary.
During 1869-70 he published The History of a Town, which sums up the achievement of Saltykov's first period. It is a sort of parody of Russian history, concentrated in the microcosm of a provincial town, whose successive governors are transparent caricatures of Russian sovereigns and ministers, and whose very name is representative of its qualities — Glupov (literally, Sillytown).
Most works of Saltykov's later period are written in a language that the satirist himself called Aesopic. It is one continuous circumlocution because of censorship and requires a constant reading commentary. The style, moreover, is based on the bad journalistic style of the period, which originated largely with Osip Senkovsky, and which today invariably produces an impression of painfully elaborate vulgarity.
The Golovlyov Family was decried by D. S. Mirsky as the gloomiest book in all Russian literature — all the more gloomy because the effect is attained by the simplest means without any theatrical, melodramatic, or atmospheric effects. The most remarkable character of this novel is Porfiry Golovlyov, nicknamed 'Little Judas', the empty and mechanical hypocrite who cannot stop talking unctuous and meaningless humbug, not for any inner need or outer profit, but because his tongue is in need of constant exercise.