yuèdòuāi dé jiā · sī nuò Edgar Snowzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
埃德加·斯诺1960 nián， dāng rì běn dì guó zhù yì duì zhōng guó fā dòng quán miàn qīn lüè zhàn zhēng， zhōng huá mín zú dào liǎo shēng sǐ cún wáng de jǐn jí guān tóu de shí hòu， yòu yī dà pī shì jiè gè guó de zhèng yì jìn bù rén shì hé fǎn fǎ xī sī de guó jì zhù yì zhàn shì fēn fēn dào zhōng guó lái zhī yuán hé bāng zhù zhōng guó rén mín kàng zhàn。 tā men tóng zhōng guó jūn mín huànnàn yǔ gòng、 tuán jié zhàn dǒu， xǔ duō rén yīng yǒng dì xiàn chū liǎo zì jǐ bǎo guì de shēng mìng， wéi kàng rì zhàn zhēng de shèng lì zuò chū liǎo zhòng yào gòng xiàn。 zhōng guó rén mín de chéng zhì péng yǒu， měi guó zhù míng jì zhě、 zuò jiā 'āi dé jiā · sī nuò zài kàng rì zhàn zhēng zhōng fā huī liǎo dú tè de zuò yòng。
sī nuò shì zuì zǎo jiē lù rì běn dì guó zhù yì qīn lüè zhōng guó yě xīn de xī fāng jì zhě hé lì shǐ de jiàn zhèng rén。 zǎo zài 1929 nián chūn， tā zuò wéi yī wèi měi guó jì zhě dào dōng běi lǚ yóu cǎi fǎng shí， qīn yǎn kàn dào rì běn guān dōng jūn zhù zhā zài zhōng guó de tǔ dì shàng， héng xíng bà dào。 tā zhǐ chū， “ zài mǎn zhōu de měi gè rì běn rén sī xiǎng shēn chù dōuyòu yī zhǒng xìn niàn， nà jiù shì chí zǎo dōuyào bǎ tài yáng qí chā biàn zhè lǐ de měi yī gè jiǎo luò。 ”
sī nuò yú 1928 nián lái huá， céng rèn 'ōu měi jǐ jiā bào shè zhù huá jì zhě、 tōng xùn yuán。 1933 nián 4 yuè dào 1935 nián 6 yuè， sī nuò tóng shí jiān rèn běi píng yàn jīng dà xué xīn wén xì jiǎng shī。 1936 nián 6 yuè sī nuò fǎng wèn shǎn gān níng biān qū， xiě liǎo dà liàng tōng xùn bào dào， chéng wéi dì yī gè cǎi fǎng hóng qū de xī fāng jì zhě。 kàng rì zhàn zhēng bào fā hòu， yòu rèn《 měi rì xiān qū bào》 hé měi guó《 xīng qī liù wǎn yóu bào》 zhù huá zhàn dì jì zhě。 1942 nián qù zhōng yà hé sū lián qián xiàn cǎi fǎng， lí kāi zhōng guó。 xīn zhōng guó chéng lì hòu， céng sān cì lái huá fǎng wèn， 1972 nián 2 yuè 15 rì yīn bìng zài ruì shì rì nèi wǎ shì shì。
āi dé jiā · sī nuò
sī nuò yǔ hǎi lún · sī nuò yú 1949 nián 5 yuè fēn shǒu， liǎng rén zhī jiān méi yòu zǐ nǚ， zhī hòu hǎi lún yī zhí zhù zài sī nuò gòu zhì de zài měi guó kāng niè dí gé zhōu mài dí xùn zhèn yī dòng jiàn yú 1752 nián de nóng shè lǐ， ér qiě méi yòu zài hūn。 zài ní kè sōng zǒng tǒng fǎng huá hòu， tā yú 1972 nián mò hé 1978 nián liǎng cì zài fǎng zhōng guó。 80 nián dài liǎng cì huò nuò bèi 'ěr hé píng jiǎng tí míng。 1996 nián zhōng guó rén mín duì wài yǒu hǎo xié huì shòu yú hǎi lún“ rén mín yǒu hǎo shǐ zhě” de róng yù zhèng shū hé zhèng zhāng。 1997 nián 1 yuè， hǎi lún qù shì。 sī nuò yǔ hǎi lún lí hūn hòu yǔ měi guó nǚ yǎn yuán luò yī sī · huì lè · sī nuò jié hūn， hūn hòu shēng yòu yī duì 'ér nǚ kè lǐ sī tuō fú hé qiàn 'ān · sī nuò。
āi dé jiā · sī nuò - rén wù shēng píng
āi dé jiā · sī nuò
āi dé jiā - sī nuò（ 1905 yī 1972） dàn shēng zài mì sū lǐ zhōu kān sà sī chéng。
1924 nián rù mì sū lǐ dà xué xīn wén xué yuàn xué xí， hòu cóng shì xīn wén gōng zuò。 1928 nián dì yī cì dào zhōng guó， rèn zhù shàng hǎi jì zhě。
1933 yī 1938 nián zài běi píng yàn jīng dà xué rèn jiào。
1936 nián fǎng wèn zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng lǐng dǎo xià de shǎn běi gēn jù dì。
1937 nián xiě zuò chū bǎn liǎo《 hóng xīng zhào yào zhōng guó》（ hòu gǎi míng wéi《 xī xíng màn jì》）， cǐ shū zuì zǎo xiàng měi guó rén mín hé quán shì jiè rén mín jiè shào zhōng guó de gé mìng yùn dòng。
1939 nián zài cì fǎng wèn shǎn běi。
1941 nián lí kāi zhōng guó hòu， kāi shǐ duì dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn de cǎi fǎng shēng huó， chū bǎn liǎo《 wéi yà zhōu 'ér zhàn》（ 1941 nián）、《 rén mín zài wǒ men yī biān》（ 1944 nián） děng zhù zuò。
1959 nián xié tóng fū rén yí jū ruì shì。
1960、 1964、 1970 nián céng 3 cì fǎng wèn zhōng guó， bìng bào dào liǎo xīn zhōng guó de jiàn shè chéng jiù。 lìng zhù yòu《 hé de bǐ 'àn》、《 zhōng guó jù biàn》 děng jiè shào zhōng guó de shū jí。
1972 nián 2 yuè 15 rì bìng shì yú rì nèi wǎ。 àn zhào tā de yí zhǔ， qí bù fēn gǔ huī yú 1973 nián 10 yuè 'ān zàng zài běi jīng dà xué xiào yuán de wèi míng hú pàn。
āi dé jiā · sī nuò - gè rén zuò pǐn
āi dé jiā · sī nuò（ yòu）
FarEasternFront
《 yuǎn dōng qián xiàn》
LivingChina
《 huó yuè de zhōng guó》
RedStarOverChina
《 hóng xīng zhào yào zhōng guó》（ jiù yì míng《 xī xíng màn jì》）
TheBattleforAsia
《 wéi yà zhōu 'ér zhàn》
PeopleonOurSide
《 rén mín zài wǒ men zhè biān》
ThePatternofSovietPower
《 sū lián de quán lì jié gòu》
StalinMustHavePeace
《 sī dà lín xū yào hé píng》
RandomNotesonRedChina
《 hóng sè zhōng guó suí jì》
JourneytotheBeginning
《 lǚ xíng yú fāng shēng zhī dì》
RedChinaToday:TheOtherSideoftheRiver
《 jīn rì hóng sè zhōng guó： dà hé bǐ 'àn》
TheLongRevolution
《 màn cháng de gé mìng》
āi dé jiā · sī nuò - gè rén gǎn yán
āi dé jiā · sī nuò（ zuǒ）
wǒ yīnggāi shì zhōng guó de yī bù fēn。 jìn guǎn 'āi dé jiā cǎi fǎng guò bìng xiě guò xǔ duō xiāng gé yáo yuǎn de bù tóng dì qū -- yìn dù、 miǎn diàn、 yìn dù zhī nà、 yī lǎng、 ā lā bó guó jiā、 fēi zhōu、 ōu zhōu、 mò xī gē hé sū lián -- zhàn shí de yǔ píng shí de ( zhù）， dàn sī nuò de míng zì què tóng zhōng guó yòu zhe tè shū de lián xì。 1941 nián， sī nuò lí kāi yī zhù jiù shì shí sān nián de zhōng guó fǎn huí měi guó， zài tán dào tā gè rén tóng zhōng guó zhè zhǒng lián xì de gǎn shòu shí， tā shuō： wǒ yǐ rán zàn chéng zhōng guó de shì yè； cóng gēn běn shàng shuō， zhēn lǐ、 gōng zhèng hé zhèng yì shǔ yú zhōng guó rén mín de shì yè。 wǒ zàn chéng rèn hé yòu zhù yú zhōng guó rén mín zì jǐ bāng zhù zì jǐ de cuò shī， yīn wéi zhǐ yòu cǎi yòng zhè zhǒng fāng fǎ， cái néng shǐ tā men jiě jiù zì yǐ。 dàn shì， wǒ yǒng yuǎn bù zài shè xiǎng， jiù wǒ gè rén duì zhōng guó lái shuō， chú liǎo shì yī kē piào fú zài jù yòu qí zì shēn luó ji de hóng dà lì shǐ làng cháo shàng de lái zì yì guó de " cāng hǎi yī sù " zhī wài， wǒ hái néng yòu shénme gèng duō de zuò wéi， duì yú zhè yī lì shǐ làng cháo， wǒ jì wú lì gǎi biàn tā yě wú quán píng jiè tā。
zòng rán wǒ bù néng mào rán zì chēng shì zhōng guó de yī bù fēn， dàn zhōng guó què yǐ chéng rèn wǒ shì tā de yī bù fēn。 zhí zhì wǒ dǒng dé jī huāng yì wèi zhe chì shēn luǒ tǐ de nián qīng gū niàn xiōng qián guà zhe liǎng zhǐ gān biě de rǔ fáng， kǒng bù yì wèi zhe zài zhàn chǎng de yī piàn jiāo tǔ shàng wǒ kàn dào yī dà qún lǎo shǔ zhèng zài dà jiáo nà xiē bèi pāo qì de dàn réng huó zhe de shāng bīng men shēn shàng de huà nóng xuè ròu； zhí zhì wǒ dǒng dé pàn luàn yì wèi zhe dāng wǒ nù bù kě 'è dì kàn dào yòu rén bǎ yī gè xiǎo hái biàn chéng yī tóu duǒ zài shēng kǒu qiǎngpò tā zài dì shàng pá xíng， ér“ gòng chǎn zhù yì” jiù shì yī gè qīng nián nóng mín wéi bào jiā chóu 'ér qǐ lái zhàn dǒu， yīn wéi tā jiā zú zhōng yòu sān gè hái zǐ cān jiā hóng jūn， ér quán zú wǔ shí liù kǒu réndōu yīn cǐ bèi qiāng jué； zhí zhì wǒ dǒng dé zhàn zhēng yì wèi zhe zài shàng hǎi zhá běi de jiē dào shàng， yī gè gū niàn bèi qiáng jiān hòu yòu bèi pōu kāi dù zǐ， yī sī bù guà dì rēng zài wǒ de yǎn qián， tú shā yì wèi zhe zài kào jìn wèi shēng bù de yī tiáo lòngtáng lǐ de lā jī duī shàng rēng zhe yī gè huáng pí fū qì yīng de shī tǐ； zhí zhì wǒ zài zì jǐ shēn shàng kàn dào zì jǐ de jí dù kǒng jù hé qiè nuò， ér cóng yuán xiān wǒ tiān zhēn dì rèn wéi bǐ zì jǐ dī jiàn de nà xiē nán nǚ píng mín bǎi xìng de shēn shàng què kàn dào liǎo tā men de yǒng qì hé jué xīn -- zhè shí， wǒ tóu nǎo zhōng duì wén zì hán yì hé tǒng jì shù zì suǒ bào yòu de nà zhǒng nián qīng wú zhī de xiǎng fǎ， cái wéi zhōng guó cún zài de zhè xiē zhēn shí de chǎng miàn hé rén wù suǒ qǔ dài。
shì de， wǒ yīnggāi shì zhōng guó de yī bù fēn。 wǒ de yī bù fēn yīnggāi shǐ zhōng liú zài zhōng guó huáng hè sè shān lǐng shàng， liú zài tā lǜ sè tī tián shàng， liú zài tā chén wù zhōng yǐ xī kě jiàn de dǎo shàng sì miào zhōng， liú gěi bù shǎo xiāng xìn wǒ huò xǐ huān wǒ de zhōng huá 'ér nǚ， liú gěi nà xiē suī rán pò chǎn dàn què bīn bīn yòu lǐ、 shǐ rén yú kuài、 jié wǒ chī zhù de zhōng guó nóng mín， liú gěi wǒ suǒ rèn shí de nà xiē pí fū yǒu hēi、 yī shān lán lǚ、 yǎn jīng shǎn liàng de zhōng guó 'ér tóng hé nà xiē dì wèi píng děng de rén hé liàn rén men， shǒu xiān， yīnggāi liú gěi suǒ yòu nà xiē mǎn shēn cháng shī， bù lǐng xīn diào， rěn jī 'ái’è， shòu rén bǐ shì de nóng mín chū shēn de bù bīng， tā men xiàn chū zì jǐ de shēng mìng， fù yú shēng mìng běn shēn yǐ xīn de jià zhí， wéi yī gè wěi dà mín zú de shēng cún hé jì xù qián jìn de zhàn dǒu jiā gài liǎo chóng gāo de biāo zhì。
āi dé jiā · sī nuò - gè rén yǐng xiǎng
āi dé jiā · sī nuò（ zuǒ）
kàng rì zhàn zhēng quán miàn bào fā hòu， xǔ duō wài guó xīn wén jì zhě、 zuò jiā、 xué zhě， shèn zhì měi guó jūn guān， yóu yú sī nuò de yǐng xiǎng huò jiè shào fēn fēn dào yán 'ān hé gè dí hòu kàng rì gēn jù dì fǎng wèn， liǎo jiě hé bào dào zhōng guó rén mín de kàng zhàn。 zhū rú bái qiú 'ēn、 kē dì huá dà fū děng xǔ duō guó jì fǎn fǎ xī sī zhàn shì， dōushì dú liǎo《 xī xíng màn jì》 hòu， bù yuǎn wàn lǐ， dào zhōng guó zhī yuán kàng zhàn de。
yòu yī piàn màn cǎo cóng shēng de kōng dì， sì zhōu sōng shù wéi rào， zhē zhù liǎo dà jiā de shì xiàn” gēn jù sī nuò xiān shēng bìng zhòng qī jiān liú xià de yí zhǔ， luò yī sī xuǎn zé liǎo mò míng hú pàn zhè kuài“ kōng dì” zuò wéi mù zhǐ。
1977 nián 12 yuè 13 rì， yè jiàn yīng tóng zhì qīn bǐ tí xiě liǎo bēi míng：“ zhōng guó rén mín de měi guó péng yǒu 'āi dé jiā · sī nuò zhī mù”， hòu bèi liú jīn juān kè zài mù bēi zhī shàng。 1982 nián 2 yuè， běi jīng dà xué zài bàn gōng lóu jǔ xíng liǎo sī nuò shì shì 10 zhōu nián jì niàn huì， liào chéng zhì、 huáng huá děng tóng zhì huì jiàn liǎo sī nuò fū rén， bìng yī tóng dào hú pàn sǎo mù。
1972 nián 2 yuè 15 rì， sī nuò zài ruì shì rì nèi wǎ yīn huàn 'ái zhèng bìng shì。 tā liú xià de yí zhǔ shì：“ wǒ 'ài zhōng guó， wǒ yuàn zài sǐ hòu bǎ wǒ de yī bù fēn liú zài nà lǐ， jiù xiàng wǒ huó zhe shí nà yàng。” gǔ huī 'ān zàng yí shì yú 1973 nián 10 yuè 19 rì jǔ xíng。 mù jī zuò wéi cháng fāng xíng wèi jīng diāo mó de qīng sè yán shí， shàng biān héng wò hàn bái yù mù bēi yī fāng， lín shí yòng hēi sè jiāo zhǐ tiē zhe jiē shū：“ zhōng guó rén mín de měi guó péng yǒu 'āi dé jiā · sī nuò zhī mù”。 bēi qián fàng zhe máo zé dōng zhù xí sòng de huā juàn， duàn dài shàng xiě zhe：“ xiàn gěi 'āi dé jiā · sī nuò xiān shēng”， sòng qìng líng fù zhù xí、 zhū dé wěi yuán cháng、 zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ yě sòng liǎo huā juàn， dǎng hé guó jiā lǐng dǎo rén zhōu 'ēn lái、 lǐ fù chūn、 guō mò ruò、 dèng yíng chāo、 liào chéng zhì、 kāng kè qīng yǐ jí běi dà shī shēng dài biǎo cān jiā liǎo 'ān zàng yí shì。
luò yī sī xié nǚ 'ér qiàn 'ān · sī nuò chū xí yí shì， tā gǎn xiè zhōng guó zhèng fǔ hé rén mín， shuō：“ wǒ zhàng fū zài tā yí yán zhōng biǎo dá liǎo tā duì zhōng guó de rè 'ài， bìng biǎo shì liǎo tā shēng qián yī bù fēn shēn xīn cháng zài zhōng guó， xī wàng sǐ hòu yě jiāng tā de yī bù fēn yí tǐ 'ān fàng zài xīn zhōng guó de gǔ lǎo de tǔ dì xià， ān fàng zài zhōng guó de xīn rén zhōng jiān， zài zhè lǐ， duì rén lèi de zūn zhòng dá dào liǎo xīn de gāo dù， zài zhè lǐ， shì jiè de xī wàng fā shè zhe xīn de guāng máng。” sī nuò de lìng wài yī bù fēn gǔ huī 'ān zàng zài měi guó hè dé sēn hé pàn yī wèi péng yǒu jiā de huā yuán zhōng。
āi dé jiā · sī nuò - zhōng guó shí qī
āi dé jiā · sī nuò（ zuǒ）
sī nuò 1928 nián lí kāi mì sū lǐ dà xué xīn wén xué yuàn lái dào zhōng guó， zài shàng hǎi rèn《 mì lè zhī píng lùn bào》 zhù lǐ zhù biān， yǐ hòu yòu rèn《 zhī jiā gē lùn tán bào、 lún dūn《 měi rì xiān qū bào》 zhù dōng nán yà jì zhě。 tā tà biàn zhōng guó dà dì jìn xíng cǎi fǎng bào dào，“ 9·18 ’’ shì biàn hòu céng fǎng wèn dōng běi、 shàng hǎi zhàn xiàn， fā biǎo bào gào tōng xùn jí《 yuǎn dōng zhàn xiàn》。 zài shàng hǎi， tā jiàn dào liǎo sòng qìng líng hé lǔ xùn， yǐn fā liǎo tā duì jì lù zhōng guó rén mín kǔ nán yǔ xiàng wǎng de zhōng guó xīn wén yì de xīng qù， hòu lái tā duì xiāo qián jiǎng，“ lǔ xùn shì jiào wǒ dǒng dé zhōng guó de yī bǎ yàoshì”。 tā qìng xìng zì jǐ néng zài shàng hǎi jié shí lǔ xùn xiān shēng hé sòng qìng líng nǚ shì， tā shì zài tā men de zhǐ yǐn xià rèn shí zhōng guó de。
1932 nián shèng dàn jié， sī nuò yǔ hǎi lún · sī nuò (Pegsnow jí HelenFosterSnowl907 héng 1997) zài dōng jīng měi guó zhù rì běn shǐ guǎn jǔ xíng hūn lǐ， hòu yóu lì rì běn、 dōng nán yà、 zhōng guó yán hǎi yī dài。 1933 nián chūn tiān zài běi píng 'ān jiā， zhù zhǐ zài dōng chéng kuī jiá chǎng hú tóng 13 hào。 1934 nián chū， sī nuò yǐ měi guó《 niǔ yuē rì bào》 zhù huá jì zhě shēn fèn yìng yāo jiān rèn yàn jīng dà xué xīn wén xì jiǎng shī， wéi jiāoshū fāng biàn， tā zài hǎi diàn zhèn jūn jī chù 4 hào yuàn gòu mǎi liǎo yī chù zhù zhái， wèi zhì zài jīn rì běi jīng dà xué xī nán mén yī dài， zuò xī cháo dōng， yòu yī gè hēi sè tiě shān lán mén， zhè yuán shì yī wèi yàn dà chū shēn de yínháng jiā de zǐ， zhōng xī hé bì shì， kuān chǎng de yuàn zǐ lǐ zhǒng yòu guǒ shù、 zhú zǐ， hái yòu yī zuò xiǎo xíng yóu yǒng chí， wèi zhì jiù zài jīn rì běi dà xī nán mén wài de hǎi diàn lù shàng。 yīn wéi zuò luò zài hǎi diàn tái dì zhī shàng， kě yǐ yuǎn tiào yí hé yuán hé xī shān fēng jǐng。 sī nuò hé fū rén fēi cháng xǐ huān yàn jīng dà xué de měi lì fēng guāng， shuō：“ tā de yī bù fēn zhàn liǎo yuán míng yuán de jiù zhǐ， bǎo chí liǎo yuán lái de jǐng sè， bāo kuò huā yuán yī bān de xiào yuán zhōng xīn nà gè kě 'ài de xiǎo hú ( jí wèi míng hú )。”
sī nuò rè 'ài zhōng guó， rè 'ài hǎi diàn。 tā nǔ lì xué xí zhōng wén， hái qǐng liǎo yī wèi mǎn zú lǎo xiān shēng zhǐ dǎo， tā rèn wéi“ hǎi diàn de jū mín chéngfèn fù zá， dàn tā mendōu cāo yōu měi de běi jīng huà， yīn cǐ， zhè lǐ shì wài guó rén xué jiǎng zhōng guó huà zuì lǐ xiǎng de dì fāng”。 lái běi píng zhī qián， tā jiù jiē shòu lǔ xùn xiān shēng de yì， biān xuǎn zhōng guó xiàn dài duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí《 huó de zhōng guó》， xiǎng tōng guò xiǎo shuō lái xiàng xī fāng jiē shì zhōng guó de xiàn shí。 dào yàn dà hòu， tā yòu qǐng zài xīn wén xì dú shū de xiāo qián hé yīng wén xì xué shēng yáng bīn ( gāng ) yī qǐ jìn xíng biān yì。 tā zài biān zhě xù yán zhōng rèn wéi zhōng guó de xīn wén yì yùn dòng jì bù shì zuàn xiàng yá zhī tǎ， yě bù shì chá yú fàn hòu de xiāo yí， ér shì tóng rén mín de zhèng zhì shēng huó hé shè huì shēng huó、 tóng rén mín wèimín zhù yǔ zì yóu de dǒu zhēng fēn bù kāi de。 1936 nián cǐ shū chū bǎn。
āi dé jiā · sī nuò - yī 'èr . jiǔ yùn dòng
āi dé jiā · sī nuò（ yòu）
sī nuò shì yī gè zhèng zhí de měi guó rén， àihào hé píng， zhù chí zhèng yì， tā shí fēn guān qiē zhōng guó de mìng yùn， rè qíng zhī chí hé bǎo hù xué shēng de 'ài guó rè qíng。 1935 nián 6 yuè， sī nuò yòu bèi pìn wéi yīng guó《 měi rì xiān qū bào》 tè pài jì zhě， bù jiǔ jí bān huí dōng chéng kuī jiá chǎng 13 hào jū zhù。
dāng shí zhèng shì yī 'èr · jiǔ yùn dòng qián xī， yàn jīng dà xué shì zhōng gòng lǐng dǎo xué shēng yùn dòng de zhòng yào zhèn dì， sī nuò jī jí cān jiā yàn dà xīn wén xué huì de huó dòng， tā men jiā yě shì xǔ duō 'ài guó jìn bù xué shēng cháng qù de chǎng suǒ， yàn jīng dà xué de wáng rǔ hǎi ( huáng huá )、 chén hàn bó， qīng huá dà xué de yáo kè guǎng ( yáo yǐ lín )， běi jīng dà xué de yú qǐ wēi ( huáng jìng ) děng děngdōu shì tā jiā de cháng kè。 dì xià dǎng yuán men zài sī nuò jiā lǐ shāng liàng liǎo“ yī 'èr · jiǔ” yùn dòng de jù tǐ bù zhòu， bìng bǎ 12 yuè 9 rì、 16 rì liǎng cì dà yóu xíng de lù xiàn、 jí hé dì diǎn dū gào zhī sī nuò fū fù。 yóu xíng qián xī， sī nuò fū fù bǎ《 píng jīn 10 xiào xué shēng zì zhì huì wéi kàng rì jiù guó zhēng zì yóu xuān yán》 lián yè yì chéng yīng wén， fēn sòng zhù běi píng wài guó jì zhě， qǐng tā men wǎng guó wài fā diàn xùn， bìng lián xì zhù píng jīn de xǔ duō wài guó jì zhě jiè shí qián wǎng cǎi fǎng。
sī nuò fū fù zé zài yóu xíng dāng rì hé qí tā wài guó jì zhě gēn zhe yóu xíng duì wǔ， rèn zhēn bào dào liǎo xué shēng wéi gōng xī zhí mén、 shòu zǔ xuān wǔ mén de zhēn shí qíng kuàng。 tā gěi niǔ yuē《 tài yáng bào》 fā chū liǎo dú jiā tōng xùn， zài zhè jiā bào zhǐ shàng liú xià liǎo yòu guān“ yī 'èr · jiǔ” yùn dòng de dà liàng wén zì zī liào hé zhào piàn。 sī nuò hái jiàn yì yàn dà xué shēng zì zhì huì jǔ xíng guò yī cì wài guó jì zhě zhāo dài huì， xué shēng men zài cì xiàng xī fāng zhǎn shì liǎo yī 'èr · jiǔ yùn dòng de wěi dà yì yì。 běi píng lún xiàn hòu， sī nuò zài zì jǐ de zhù suǒ lǐ yǎn hù guò bù shǎo jìn bù xué shēng， bāng zhù tā men chè lí běi píng sǐ chéng， cān jiā kàng rì yóu jī duì huò bēn fù yán 'ān。
Snow studied journalism at the University of Missouri, where he joined the Zeta Phi chapter of Beta Theta Pi, but moved to New York City before graduating. He made some money in the stock market and sold out before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Wanting to use the money he embarked on an around the world tour in 1928, but never made it past Shanghai. He stayed in China until 1941.
He quickly found work with the China Weekly Review, edited by J.B. Powell, a fellow graduate of the Missouri School of Journalism. In his early years he was an enthusiast for Chiang Kai-shek, noting that he had more Harvard graduates in his cabinet than there were in Franklin Roosevelt's. In 1932 he married Helen Foster Snow, who was working in the American Consulate until she could begin her own career in journalism. In 1933, after a honeymoon in Japan, the couple moved to Beiping, as Beijing was called at that point. He prepared his book Far Eastern Front, filed occasional articles for American outlets, and taught journalism part-time at Yenching University. They borrowed works on current affairs from the Yenching library and read classics of Marxism. The couple became acquainted with student leaders of the anti-Japanese December 9th Movement. Through their contacts with the underground communist network, Snow was invited to visit Mao Zedong's headquarters.
[edit]Writing 'Red Star Over China'
In June 1936, Snow and his friend George Hatem, whose presence was kept secret, went to Xi'an and from there were taken through the military quarantine lines to Bao'an, where he spent nearly three months. Snow had been preparing to write a book on the Communist movement in China for several years, and had even signed a contract at one point. However, his most important contribution was the interviews he conducted with the top leaders of the party. After he returned to Beijing in the fall, he wrote frantically. First he published a short account in China Weekly Review, then a series of publications in Chinese. Red Star Over China, published first in London in 1937, was given credit for introducing both Chinese and foreign readers not so much to the Communist Party, which was reasonably well known, but to Mao Zedong. Mao was not, as had been reported, dead, and Snow reported that Mao was a political reformer, not the purely military or radical revolutionary he had been during the 1920s. After the outbreak of war in 1937, the Snows were founding members of the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. Edgar again visited Mao in Yan'an in 1939.
[edit]Later Journalism
Snow and his wife returned to the United States in 1941, but they soon parted, and divorced after the war. In April 1942 the Saturday Evening Post sent him abroad as a war correspondent. Snow traveled to India, China and Russia to report on World War II from the perspective of those countries. In Russia he shared his observations on the Battle of Stalingrad with the American Embassy. At times, Snow's defense of various undemocratic Allied governments took on the character of blatant war propaganda, not neutral journalistic observation, but Snow defended his reporting, stating
in this international cataclysm brought on by fascists it is no more possible for any people to remain neutral than it is for a man surrounded by bubonic plague to remain “neutral” toward the rat population. Whether you like it or not, your life as a force is bound either to help the rats or hinder them. Nobody can be immunized against the germs of history.
By 1944, Snow was wavering on the question of whether Mao and the Chinese Communists were actually "agrarian democrats" and not dedicated Communists bent on totalitarian rule, a view encouraged by Mao and his party leadership. His 1944 book People On Our Side emphasized their role in the fight against fascism. In a speech, he described Mao and the Communist Chinese as a progressive force who desired a democratic, free China, not a communist one-party state. Writing for The Nation, Snow stated that the Chinese communists "happen to have renounced, years ago now, any intention of establishing communism [in China] in the near future." After the war, Snow would retreat from this view of the Chinese communists as a democratic movement.
Because of his relationships with communists and his highly favorable treatment of them as a war correspondent, Snow became an object of suspicion following World War II. During the McCarthy period, he was questioned by the FBI and asked to disclose the extent of his Communist activities. In published articles, Snow lamented what he saw as the one-sided, conservative, and anti-communist mood of the United States. Later in the 1950s, he published two more books about China: Random Notes on Red China (1957), a research aid for scholars containing previously unused China material; and Journey to the Beginning (1958), an autobiographical account of events prior to 1949. However, Snow found it increasingly difficult to make a living through his writing, and he decided to leave the United States in the 1950s. He moved with his second wife, Louis Wheeler Snow, to Switzerland, but retained his American citizenship.
[edit]Return to China
He returned to China in 1960 and 1964 and interviewed Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, as well as travelling extensively and talking to people. His 1963 book The Other Side of the River details this, including his reasons for denying that China's 1959-1961 crisis was actually a famine.
In 1970, he made a final trip to China and was told that President Richard Nixon would be welcome to visit either officially or as a private citizen. The White House followed this visit with interest but distrusted Snow and his pro-communist reputation. When Snow came down with pancreatic cancer, Zhou Enlai dispatched a team of Chinese doctors to Switzerland, including George Hatem. Snow died on February 15, 1972, the week President Nixon was traveling to China, and did not live to see the normalization of relations.
After his death, his ashes were divided into two parts, one of which was buried near the Hudson River and the other scattered at Peking University, which had taken over the campus of Yenching University, where he had taught in the 1930s.
[edit]Recent Evaluations
Snow's reporting from China in the 1930s was both praised as prescient and blamed for the rise of Mao's communism. His biographers present him as an important link between China and the United States, but in Jung Chang and Jon Halliday's controversial recent biography of Mao, Mao: The Unknown Story, Chang and Halliday refers to the "myths" supplied by Snow as Mao's "spokesman," implying that he lost his objectivity to such an extent that he presented a romanticized and partial view. Simon Leys does not think highly of Edgar Snow's Chinese. But, a more sympathetic writer concluded that what he did in the 1930s was "to describe the Chinese Communists before anyone else, and thus score a world-class scoop." Of his reporting in 1960, however, he says that Snow "contented himself with assurances from Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong that while there was a food problem, it was being dealt with successfully," which was not true, and "had Snow still been the reporter he had been in the 1930s he would have discovered it." In Mao: A Reinterpretation, a work sympathetic to Mao, Prof. Lee Feigon criticizes Snow's account for its perceived inaccuracies, but at the same time, praising Red Star for being "[the] seminal portrait of Mao" and relies on Snow's work as a critical reference throughout the book.
[edit]Works
Living China: Modern Chinese Short Stories
Red Star Over China (various editions, London, New York, 1937–1944). Reprinted Read Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1406798210; Hesperides Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1443736732.
The Battle for Asia
Far Eastern Front
People On Our Side. Random House, 1944.
Stalin Must Have Peace. Random House, 1947.
China, Russia, and the USA
Red China Today: The Other Side of the River. Gollancz, 1963. New edition, Penguin Books, 1970. ISBN 0140211594.
The Long Revolution