dé guó dé yì zhì dì guó
(
1818niánwǔyuè5rì～
1883niánsānyuè14rì)
卡尔·马克思 '
ěr ·
mǎ kè sī (1818
héng 1883)，
mǎ kè sī zhù yì de chuàng shǐ rén，
dì yī guó jì de zǔ zhì zhě hé lǐng dǎo zhě，
quán shì jiè wú chǎn jiē jí hé láo dòng rén mín de wěi dà dǎo shī。 1818
nián 5
yuè 5
rì，
mǎ kè sī dàn shēng yú dé guó lāi yīn shěng tè lì '
ěr chéng。
fù qīn hēng lì xī ·
mǎ kè sī shì yī wèi cái néng chū zhòng de lǜ shī，
duì mǎ kè sī shàonián shí dài de sī xiǎng chéngzhǎng qǐ guò liáng hǎo de yǐng xiǎng。
mǔ qīn hǎn lì dá ·
pǔ lè sī bǎo shì gè xián huì de fù nǚ，
zhù yào cāo chí jiā wù。
mǎ kè sī cóng xiǎo qín fèn hàoxué，
shàn yú dú lì sī kǎo。 1830
nián，
tā jìn rù tè lì '
ěr zhōng xué， 1835
nián 9
yuè bì yè。
zhōng xué shí dài，
tā shòu dào fǎ guó qǐ méng sī xiǎng de yǐng xiǎng，
yǐ yòu wéi rén lèi móu xìng fú de chóng gāo lǐ xiǎng。
zhōng xué bì yè shí tā xiě de《
qīng nián zài xuǎn zé zhí yè shí de kǎo lǜ》
yī wén shuō，
yī gè rén zhǐ yòu lì zhì wéi rén lèi láo dòng，
cái néng chéng wéi zhēn zhèng de wěi rén。 1835
nián 10
yuè，
tā jìn bō '
ēn dà xué gōng dú fǎ xué，
yī nián hòu zhuǎn rù bólín dà xué fǎ lǜ xì。
zài dà xué，
tā chú yán jiū fǎ xué wài，
hái yán jiū lì shǐ、
zhé xué hé yì shù lǐ lùn。 1837
nián qǐ，
mǎ kè sī kāi shǐ rèn zhēn zuānyán hēi gé '
ěr zhé xué。 1841
nián，
tā jié shù dà xué shēng huó，
huò zhé xué bó tǔ xué wèi。
mǎ kè sī zài wán chéng bó tǔ lùn wén hòu，
běn xiǎng zài bō '
ēn dà xué jiǎng shòu zhé xué，
dàn yīn pǔ lǔ shì zhèng fǔ jiā jǐn duì jìn bù zhī shí jiè de，
bù dé bù fàng qì zhè gè dǎ suàn。
yú shì tā zhuànxiàng，
kāi shǐ cóng shì fǎn duì fēng jiàn hé zhēng qǔ de dǒu zhēng。 1842
nián chū，
tā xiě liǎo dì héng piān zhèng lùn wén zhāng《
píng pǔ lǔ shì de shū bào jiǎn chá lìng》，
tōng guò duì shū bào jiǎn chá zhì dù de pī pàn，
jiē lù zhěng gè pǔ lǔ shì guó jiā zhì dù de fǎn dòng běn zhì。
tóng nián 5
yuè，
tā kāi shǐ wéi zì yóu zhù yì fǎn duì pài chuàng bàn de《
lāi yīn bào》
zhuàn gǎo， 10
yuè dān rèn liǎo gāi bào de zhù biān。
zài mǎ kè sī de yǐng xiǎng xià，
zhè fèn bào zhǐ yuè lái yuè xiān míng dì qīng xiàng yú zhù yì。 1843
nián 4
yuè 1
rì《
lāi yīn bào》
bèi fǎn dòng dāng jú chá fēng。 1843
nián 5
yuè，
tā lái dào lāi yīn shěng de yī gè xiǎo zhèn kè luó cí nà hè。
zài zhè lǐ，
tā yǔ tóng nián shí dài de nǚ yǒu yàn nī ·
féng ·
wēi sī tè huá lún jié hūn。
cóng cǐ，
tā chéng liǎo mǎ kè sī de zhì tóng dào hé、
huànnàn yǔ gòng de qīn mì bàn lǚ hé zhàn yǒu。 1843
nián qiū，
mǎ kè sī qiān jū bā lí，
chóu bèi chū bǎn《
dé fǎ nián jiàn》
zá zhì。
zài fù yòu chuán tǒng de fǎ guó，
tā jī jí cān jiā fǎ guó gōng rén de jí huì，
liǎo jiě fǎ guó gōng rén jiē jí de dǒu zhēng zhuàng kuàng，
tóng fǎ guó gōng rén yùn dòng de lǐng xiù hé zhèng yì zhě tóng méng de lǐng dǎo chéng yuán jiàn lì liǎo mìqiè lián xì，
hái jié shí liǎo zài fǎ guó de gè guó jiā。
bā lí de dǒu zhēng shēng huó cù jìn liǎo tā xiàng kē xué zhù yì de zhuǎn biàn。
zài bā lí qī jiān，
mǎ kè sī jìn xíng liǎo jǐn zhāng de lǐ lùn yán jiū gōng zuò。
tā mái tóu zuānyán liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí jīng jì xué jiā tè bié shì yīng guó gǔ diǎn jīng jì xué jiā yà dāng ·
sī mì hé dà wèi ·
lǐ jiā tú de láo dòng jià zhí lùn，
shèng xī mén、
bó lì yè、
ōu wén děng rén de kōng xiǎng shè huì zhù yì xué shuō hé kōng xiǎng zhù yì zhě de sī xiǎng。 1844
nián 8
yuè，
ēn gé sī cóng yīng guó lái dào bā lí，
bài fǎng liǎo mǎ kè sī。
zhè shì yī cì lì shǐ xìng huì jiàn。
cóng cǐ tā men kāi shǐ liǎo qián wú gǔ rén de wěi dà hé zuò。 1845
nián 1
yuè，
mǎ kè sī bèi fǎ guó zhèng fǔ qū zhú chū jìng， 2
yuè dào liǎo bù lǔ sài '
ěr。
tā kāi shǐ pī pàn fèi '
ěr bā hā wéi wù zhù yì de jú xiàn xìng，
xiě liǎo《
guān yú fèi '
ěr bā hā de tí gāng》，
zhuózhòng chǎn míng liǎo shí jiàn zài shè huì shēng huó hé rén de rèn shí zhōng de zuò yòng，
zhǐ chū shí jiàn shì jiǎn yàn rén de sī wéi de zhēn lǐ xìng de biāo zhǔn。
zhè gè tí gāng shì “ bāo hán zhe xīn shì jiè guān de tiān cái méng yá de dì yī gè wén jiàn ”。
jiē zhe，
tā yòu tóng '
ēn gé sī hé xiě liǎo《
dé yì zhì yì shí xíng tài》。
zhè bù zhù zuò dì yī cì xì tǒng dì chǎn míng liǎo wéi wù zhù yì lì shǐ guān。
shū zhōng kē xué dì lùn zhèng liǎo wù zhì zī liào de shēng chǎn shì shè huì cún zài hé fā zhǎn de jī chǔ，
shè huì cún zài jué dìng shè huì yì shí，
shēng chǎn guān xì bì xū shì hé shēng chǎn lì de fā zhǎn děng yī xì liè jī běn yuán lǐ；
tí chū liǎo wú chǎn jiē jí bì xū duó qǔ zhèng quán de lì shǐ rèn wù。
wéi wù shǐ guān shì '
ēn gé sī kěn dìng de mǎ kè sī de liǎng gè wěi dà fā xiàn zhī yī。
mǎ kè sī zài wéi wú chǎn jiē jí zhì dìng kē xué shì jiè guān de tóng shí，
hái wéi chuàng jiàn wú chǎn jiē jí zhèng dǎng '
ér jī jí zuò sī xiǎng zhǔn bèi hé zǔ zhì zhǔn bèi。 1846
nián chū，
tā hé '
ēn gé sī yī qǐ jiàn lì liǎo bù lǔ sài '
ěr zhù yì tōng xùn wěi yuán huì，
zài gōng rén zhōng chuán bō kē xué shè huì zhù yì lǐ lùn。 1847
nián chū，
mǎ kè sī hé '
ēn gé sī yìng yāo cān jiā liǎo dé guó gōng rén de mì mì zǔ zhì héng héng zhèng yì zhě tóng méng，
bìng jī jí cān jiā liǎo tóng méng de gǎi zǔ gōng zuò。
zài 6
yuè zhào kāi de tóng méng dì yī cì dài biǎo dà huì shàng，
zhèng yì zhě tóng méng gǎi míng wéi zhù yì zhě tóng méng。
mǎ kè sī dān rèn liǎo tóng méng bù lǔ sài '
ěr qū bù hé zhī bù de lǐng dǎo rén。
wèile gèng guǎng fàn dì tuán jié hé jiào yù qún zhòng，
mǎ kè sī hé '
ēn gé sī chàng yì chéng lì liǎo dé yì zhì gōng rén xié huì。 1847
nián 11
yuè，
mǎ kè sī qīn zì chū xí liǎo zhù yì zhě tóng méng dì '
èr cì dài biǎo dà huì，
bìng shòu dà huì wěi tuō yǔ '
ēn gé sī gòng tóng qǐ cǎo tóng méng de gāng lǐng。
zhè jiù shì 1848
nián 2
yuè zhèng shì fā biǎo de kē xué zhù yì de gāng lǐng xìng wén jiàn《
xuān yán》。 1848
nián zī chǎn jiē jí fēng bào xíjuǎn '
ōu zhōu dà lù。 3
yuè chū，
mǎ kè sī bèi bǐ lì shí dāng jú qū zhú chū jìng，
dào liǎo bā lí。
tā lì jí zhuóshǒu jiàn lì zhù yì zhě tóng méng xīn de zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì，
bìng dāng xuǎn wéi zhù xí。 4
yuè chū，
tā men fǎn huí dé guó，
zhí jiē cān jiā。 6
yuè tā chuàng bàn liǎo《
xīn lāi yīn bào》。
tā shì dāng shí yùn dòng zhōng wéi yī dài biǎo wú chǎn jiē jí guān diǎn de bào zhǐ。
mǎ kè sī tōng guò bào zhǐ xuān chuán wú chǎn jiē jí zài zhōng de gāng lǐng，
zhǐ dǎo dé guó rén mín tóng fēng jiàn zhì dù zuò dǒu zhēng，
jiē lù zì yóu zī chǎn jiē jí de tuǒ xié hé pàn mài xíng wéi，
hái tōng guò bào zhǐ tóng gè guó pài jiàn lì guǎng fàn lián xì，
shēng yuán gè guó rén mín de dǒu zhēng。
wèile fā zhǎn tǒng yī zhàn xiàn，
mǎ kè sī cān jiā liǎo kē lóng xié huì de gōng zuò，
tóng gè dì pài lǐng dǎo rén jiàn lì mìqiè lián xì。
tā hái jī jí cān jiā kē lóng gōng rén lián hé huì de gōng zuò，
tóng gōng rén zǔ zhì nèi bù de cuò wù qīng xiàng jìn xíng dǒu zhēng。
shī bài hòu，
mǎ kè sī dào lún dūn，
zài zhè lǐ cháng qī dìng jū。
zài lún dūn，
mǎ kè sī chóngjiàn liǎo zhù yì zhě de méng yuē dì fāng zǔ zhì hé zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì。
wǔ shí nián dài shì mǎ kè sī yī shēng zhōng zuì kùn nán de shí qī。
pín kùn de shēng huó bǎ tā yā dé chuǎn bù guò qì lái，
xíng xíng sè sè de dí rén duì tā gōng jī fěi bàng，
jīhū suǒ yòu de bào kān duì tā guān shàng liǎo dà mén。
dàn tā méi yòu tuì suō，
jì xù zhàn dǒu。
tā chéng nián lěi yuè dì zài yīng guó bó wù guǎn yán dú jīng jì wén xiàn，
mái tóu cóng shì jīng jì xué yán jiū，
wéi wú chǎn jiē jí duàn zào lǐ lùn wǔ qì。
ēn gé sī wèile cóng jīng jì shàng zhī yuán mǎ kè sī，
shǐ zì jǐ de zhàn yǒu néng wán chéng chuàng lì xīn de jīng jì xué lǐ lùn de wěi yè，
zuò chū liǎo zuì dà de zì wǒ xī shēng。
tā chóngfǎn màn chè sī tè，
zài cì cóng shì tā suǒ tǎo yàn de jīng shāng huó dòng。
mǎ kè sī zài mái tóu jīng jì xué yán jiū de tóng shí，
hái shè fǎ lì yòng zī chǎn jiē jí jìn bù bào kān fā biǎo gè zhǒng zhèng lùn wén zhāng。
cóng 1851
nián 8
yuè dào 1862
nián 3
yuè，
tā hé '
ēn gé sī wéi《
niǔ yuē měi rì lùn tán bào》
zhuàn gǎo，
xiě liǎo 500
duō piān wén zhāng。
tā men zài zhè xiē wén zhāng zhōng píng shù dāng shí de guó jì zhòng dà shì jiàn，
pēng jī gè guó fǎn dòng zhèng fǔ de nèi wài zhèng cè，
shēng yuán gè guó rén mín de yùn dòng tè bié shì dōng fāng zhí mín dì hé fù shǔ guó rén mín de mín zú jiě fàng yùn dòng。
tā men xiě liǎo bù shǎo lùn shù zhōng guó de wén zhāng，
jiē lù yīng guó duì zhōng guó de zhí mín zhèng cè，
qiǎn zé shā huáng duì zhōng guó lǐng tǔ de qīn zhàn，
zhī chí zhōng guó rén mín de dǒu zhēng。
mǎ kè sī zài wǔ shí hé liù shí nián dài zuì wěi dà de gōng jì shì wán chéng liǎo mǎ kè sī zhù yì jīng jì xué lǐ lùn tǐ xì。 1857
nián dào 1858
nián 5
yuè qī jiān，
tā xiě liǎo dì yī gè jīng jì xué shǒu gǎo； 1857
－ 1858
nián《
jīng jì xué shǒu gǎo》，
jí tōng cháng shuō de《
jīng jì xué pī pàn dà gāng》。
zhè shì《
zī běn lùn》
de dì yī gǎo。
zài zhè gè shǒu gǎo zhōng zhì dìng liǎo mǎ kè sī zhù yì jīng jì xué de yī xì liè zhòng yào yuán lǐ，
chǎn shù liǎo shèng yú jià zhí lǐ lùn de jī běn yào diǎn。 1859
nián mǎ kè sī lì yòng zhè gè shǒu gǎo de yòu guān zhāng jié xiě liǎo《
jīng jì xué pī pàn》
yī shū。
zhè bù zhù zuò“
dì yī cì yòu xì tǒng dì chǎn shù liǎo mǎ kè sī de jià zhí lùn，
bāo kuò huò bì xué shuō zài nèi”。
hòu lái tā yòu xiě liǎo yī gè xīn shǒu gǎo：《 1861－ 1863
nián jīng jì xué shǒu gǎo》。
zhè shì《
zī běn lùn》
de dì '
èr gǎo。
zhè gè shǒu gǎo chǎn shù liǎo《
zī běn lùn》
dì yī juàn de zhù yào nèi róng，
yě tán dào liǎo shǔ yú dì '
èr juàn hé dì sān juàn de yī xiē nèi róng。
qí zhōng hěn dà piān fú shì duì shèng yú jià zhí xué shuō shǐ de pī pàn，
zhè bù fēn hòu lái bèi biān wéi《
shèng yú jià zhí lǐ lùn》。 1863
nián 8
yuè dào 1865
nián dǐ tā yòu xiě liǎo dì sān gè shǒu gǎo，
jí《
zī běn lùn》
de dì sān gǎo。 1867
nián 9
yuè 14
rì tā fā biǎo liǎo《
zī běn lùn》
dì yī juàn。
dì '
èr、
dì sān juàn zài tā shì shì hòu yóu '
ēn gé sī zhěng lǐ，
fēn bié zài 1885
nián hé 1894
nián chū bǎn。《
zī běn lùn》
zhè bù bù xiǔ zhù zuò jù yòu huàshídài yì yì，
shì jīng jì xué zhōng de yī cì。
tā lùn shù liǎo zī běn zhù yì shè huì de jīng jì yùn dòng de guī lǜ，
jiē lù liǎo zī běn zhù yì de nèi zài máo dùn，
jiē shì liǎo zī běn jiā duì gōng rén bō xuē de mì mì zài yú zhàn yòu gōng rén de shèng yú jià zhí，
kē xué dì lùn zhèng liǎo zī běn zhù yì bì rán miè wáng shè huì zhù yì bì rán shèng lì，
cóng '
ér bǎ tā de shè huì zhù yì xué shuō zhì yú láo gù de kē xué jī chǔ shàng。
tā chéng liǎo wú chǎn jiē jí fǎn duì zī běn zhù yì de zuì ruì lì de lǐ lùn wǔ qì。
wǔ shí nián dài mò liù shí nián dài chū，
ōu zhōu de mín zú yùn dòng hé gōng rén yùn dòng chū xiàn liǎo xīn。
mǎ kè sī yòu tóu rù liǎo shí jì dǒu zhēng。 1864
nián 9
yuè 28
rì，
guó jì gōng rén xié huì，
jí dì yī guó jì chéng lì，
tā bèi xuǎn wéi guó jì de lǐng dǎo jī gòu zǒng wěi yuán huì de chéng yuán，
bìng dān rèn dé guó tōng xùn shū jì。
tā wèiguó jì qǐ cǎo liǎo《
chéng lì xuān yán》《
lín shí zhāng chéng》
hé qí tā xǔ duō zhòng yào wén jiàn，
wèiguó jì zhì dìng liǎo dǒu zhēng gāng lǐng、
dǒu zhēng cè lüè hé zǔ zhì yuán zé。
zài guó jì cún zài de zhěng gè shí qī，
tā shǐ zhōng shì guó jì de lǐng xiù、
guó jì de líng hún。
zhèng xiàng '
ēn gé sī shuō de，“
xù shù mǎ kè sī zài guó jì zhōng de huó dòng，
jiù děng yú biān xiě zhè gè xié huì běn shēn de lì shǐ”。 1871
nián 3
yuè 18
rì，
bā lí wú chǎn jiē jí jǔ xíng qǐ yì，
tuī fān liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí zhèng fǔ，
jiàn lì liǎo rén lèi lì shǐ shàng dì yī gè wú chǎn jiē jí zhèng quán。
mǎ kè sī suī rán zài qǐ yì zhī qián bìng bù zàn tóng zhèyīháng dòng，
dàn qǐ yì yī jīng bào fā，
tā jiù mǎn qiāng rè qíng dì jǐyǔ zhī yuán hé bāng zhù。
tā zhù yì shōu jí yòu guān gōng shè de cái liào，
rèn zhēn yán jiū gōng shè de gè xiàng cuò shī，
tōng guò gè zhǒng qú dào yǔ gōng shè bǎo chí lián xì，
wéi gōng shè chū móu xiàn cè，
bìng qiě qīn zì xiě liǎo jǐ bǎi fēng xìn xuān chuán gōng shè de yì yì，
hào zhào zhī chí gōng shè de shì yè。
gōng shè shī bài hòu，
mǎ kè sī yòu cóng wù zhì shēng huó、
sī xiǎng shàng bāng zhù táo lí fǎ guó de gōng shè zhě。
qī shí nián dài，
mǎ kè sī xiě liǎo《
gē dá gāng lǐng pī pàn》，
duì lā sà '
ěr zhù yì de guān diǎn、
jīng jì guān diǎn hé cè lüè sī xiǎng jìn xíng liǎo yán lì de pī pàn，
tóng shí shēn kè dì chǎn míng liǎo kē xué shè huì zhù yì de jī běn yuán lǐ。
dì yī cì zhǐ chū liǎo zhù yì huàfēn wéi liǎng gè fā zhǎn jiē duàn，
lùn shù liǎo zhè liǎng gè jiē duàn de jī běn tè zhēng hé fēn pèi yuán zé，
bìng tí chū liǎo cóng zī běn zhù yì xiàng zhù yì de guò dù shí qī de lǐ lùn。
zhè bù zhù zuò duì wú chǎn jiē jí zhèng dǎng jù yòu zhòng dà de lǐ lùn yì yì hé shí jiàn yì yì。
fǎn dòng zhèng fǔ de，
pín kùn de wù zhì shēng huó，
fán zhòng de lǐ lùn gōng zuò hé jǐn zhāng de zhàn dǒu，
yán zhòng sǔn hài liǎo mǎ kè sī de jiàn kāng。
tā wǎn nián cháng bèi bìng tòng zhé mó。 1883
nián 3
yuè 14
rì，
mǎ kè sī de héng kē wěi dà de xīn tíng zhǐ liǎo tiào dòng。
tā '
ān zàng zài lún dūn de hǎi gé tè gōng mù，
hé tā de fū rén yàn nī zàng zài yī qǐ。
Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."
Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the "dictatorship of the proletariat": a period sometimes referred to as the "workers state" or "workers' democracy". In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process:
We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged...the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes.... The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property.
Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism:
The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable.
—(The Communist Manifesto)
On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class: "Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence."
While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.