yuèdòuyuē sè fū · hǎi lè Joseph Hellerzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
约瑟夫·海勒chū shēng dì： niǔ yuē bù lǔ kè lín
xīng zuò： jīn niú zuò
měi guó zhù míng xiǎo shuō jiā、 “ hēi sè yōu mò ” dài biǎo zuò jiā yuē sè fū hǎi lè（ JosephHeller）
yú 1999 nián 12 yuè 12 rì zài niǔ yuē dōng hàn pǔ dūn de jiā lǐ yóu yú xīn zàng bìng tū fā bù xìng shì shì， xiǎng nián 76 suì
tā de shì shì gěi měi guó nǎi zhì shì jiè wén tán liú xià liǎo bù yì tián bǔ de yī gè kòngquē。
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè - rén wù jiǎn jiè
hǎi lè yú 1923 nián 5 yuè 1 rì chū shēng yú niǔ yuē bù lǔ kè lín de kē ní dǎo qū， fù mǔ shì 'é guó yóu tài yí mín。 5 suì shí， fù qīn qù shì， tā hé gē gē、 mǔ qīn zhǐ hǎo zì móu shēng lù jiān nán dù rì。 pī píng jiā rèn wéi， hǎi lè dú jù tè diǎn de wán shì bù gōng、 jiē tóu shì de jī zhì yōu mò jiù shì tóng nián zài bù lǔ kè lín de kē ní dǎo de huǒ rè shēng huó zhōng xíng chéng de。 1941 nián hǎi lè yú yà bó lā hǎn lín kěn gāo zhōng bì yè， 1942 nián 10 yuè cān jiā měi guó kōng jūn dì 12 jūn tuán， zhù fáng kē xī jiā， bìng zuò wéi cè yì tóu dàn shǒu zhí xíng hōng zhà rèn wù gòng 60 cì。 1945 nián hǎi lè zuò wéi kōng jūn shàng wèi tuì yì； tóng nián 9 yuè 3 rì yǔ xuě lì hǎi 'ěr dé jié hūn， bìng 'àn měi guó bīng yì fǎ jiù dú yú nán kǎ luó lāi nà dà xué， bù jiǔ zhuǎn rù niǔ yuē dà xué， 1948 nián huò yīng yǔ xué shì xué wèi。 1949 nián yòu yú gē lún bǐ yà dà xué huò shuò shì xué wèi， bìng zuò wéi 1949 － 1950 nián dù de fù bù lāi tè xué zhě fù niú jīn dà xué fǎng xué。 cǐ hòu， tā céng xiān hòu zài bīn xī fǎ ní yà zhōu lì dà xué、 yé lǔ dà xué hé niǔ yuē shì dà xué rèn jiào， dāng xuǎn wéi měi guó yì shù wén xué yuàn chéng yuán。 zài tā de jiāo wǎng juàn zǐ zhōng， guò cóng shèn mì zhě shì mǎ lǐ 'ào pǔ zuǒ hé kù tè féng ní gé。
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè - gè rén jīng lì
hǎi lè（ 1923 yī） měi guó hēi sè yōu mò pài dài biǎo zuò jiā， chū shēng yú niǔ yuē shì bù lǔ kè lín yī gè yóu tài yí mín jiā tíng。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn qī jiān céng rèn kōng jūn zhōng wèi。 zhàn hòu jìn dà xué xué xí， 1948 nián bì yè yú niǔ yuē dà xué。 1949 nián zài gē lún bǐ yà dà xué huò wén xué shuò shì xué wèi hòu， dé dào fù bù lài tè yán jiū jī jīn fù yīng guó niú jīn dà xué shēn zào yī nián。 1950 dào 1952 nián zài bīn xī fǎ ní yà zhōu lì dà xué děng xiào rèn jiào。 cǐ hòu jí lí kāi xué xiào， dào《 shí dài》 hé《 zhǎn wàng》 děng zá zhì biān ji bù rèn zhí。 1961 nián， cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》 wèn shì， yī jǔ chéng míng， dāng nián jí fàng qì zhí wù， zhuān mén cóng shì xiě zuò。
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè - zhù yào zuò pǐn
《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》， hǎi lè hái fā biǎo guò cháng piān xiǎo shuō liǎng bù：《 chū liǎo máo bìng》（ 1974） hé《 xiàng gāo 'ěr dé yī yàng hǎo》（ 1979）。 qián zhě tōng guò duì měi guó zhōng chǎn jiē jí jīng lǐ rén yuán rì cháng shēng huó de miáo xiě， fǎn yìng liǎo tā men kǔ mèn、 fǎng huáng de jīng shén shì jiè； hòu zhě yòng huī xié cháo fěng de bǐ fǎ， tōng guò yī gè shì tú shè zú guān chǎng de yóu tài zhī shí fènzǐ de shēng huó jīng lì， miáo huì liǎo yī fú yòu guān měi guó zhèng zhì、 shè huì shēng huó de fěng cì huà。 hǎi lè yě céng xiě guò jù běn， rú《 wǒ men hōng zhà liǎo niǔ hēi wén》 děng， dàn yǐng xiǎng bù dà。
zuò pǐn hǎi lè de xiǎo shuō qǔ cái yú xiàn shí shēng huó， tōng guò yì shù de hā hā jìng hé fàng dà jìng， fǎn yìng liǎo měi guó shè huì shēng huó de ruò gān cè miàn， jù yòu yī dìng de rèn shí jià zhí hé shěn měi jià zhí。 dāng rán， tā de zuò pǐn yě dài yòu hēi sè yōu mò pài wén xué de yī xiē tōng bìng， rú duì shè huì xiàn shí liú lù chū wú kě nài hé de xīn qíng děng。
hǎi lè yī shēng bǐ gēng bù chuò。 1994 nián wán chéng《 jié shù shí fēn》 yǐ hòu， yòu rén wèn tā shì fǒu zhǔn bèi gē bǐ， tā huí dá dào： shēng mìng bù xī， xiě zuò bù zhǐ。 tā guǒ zhēn zài 1998 nián tuī chū liǎo yī cháng piān huí yì lù《 yōu yōu suì yuè》， zhēn shí dì miáo shù liǎo zì jǐ yī shēng cóng shì wén xué chuàng zuò de xīn suān lì chéng。
yuē sè fū hǎi lè kě wèi duō chǎn zuò jiā， bèi yù wéi“ hēi sè yōu mò” de jù xīng。 zhù yào zuò pǐn yòu《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》（ 1961）、《 bìng fēi xiào huà》（ 1986）、《 yōu yōu suì yuè》（ 1998） yǐ jí liǎng gè jù běn《 wǒ men hōng zhà niǔ hēi wén》（ 1967） hé《 kè lāi wén jié de shěn pàn》（ 1974）， bìng yǐ dì yī bù xiǎo shuō《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》 wén míng（ yǐ xià jiǎn chēng《 jūn guī》）。 hǎi lè de yōu mò、 fěng cì bǎ huāng dàn yǔ yán sù、 kuā zhāng yǔ zhēn shí、 nào jù yǔ zhèng jīng tiáohé qǐ lái， yǐ yīn lěng de、 wán shì bù gōng de yōu mò lái cháo xiào yī qiē， biǎo dá duì xiàn shí shì jiè de bù mǎn hé kàng yì， shǐ rén zài zhèn chàn zhōng qù sī suǒ， zài xǐ jù zhōng qù bēi 'āi。 yīn cǐ， zuò pǐn yī fā biǎo jí kè hōng dòng shè huì， yóu qí zài měi guó qīng nián xué shēng zhōng yǐn qǐ liǎo qiáng liè fǎn xiǎng。 jīn tiān，“ dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī” yǐ chéng wéi měi guó rén de kǒu tóu chán， yòng yǐ biǎo dá yī zhǒng wú fǎ bǎi tuō de kùn jìng huò bù kě yú yuè de zhàng 'ài。 1961 nián， tā fā biǎo chāo xiàn shí zhù yì fǎn zhàn shí yàn xiǎo shuō《 dì 22 tiáo jūn guī》 yī jǔ chéng míng。 yǐ hòu lù xù fā biǎo《 hōng zhà niǔ hēi wén》（ 1968）、《 kè lāi wén jié de shěn pàn》（ 1973）、《 chū liǎo máo bìng》（ 1974）、《 xiàng gē 'ěr dé yī yàng hǎo》（ 1979）、《 shàng dì zhī dào》（ 1984）、《 bù shì wán xiào》（ 1986）、《 miáo xiě zhè gè bā》（ 1988）、《 zuì hòu shí guāng》（ 1994） hé 1998 nián chū bǎn de huí yì lù《 cǐ shí yǔ bǐ shí： cóng kē ní dǎo dào zhè lǐ》。 cǐ wài， tā hái chuàng zuò hé gǎi biān jù běn、 diàn yǐng hé diàn shì jù yǐ jí duǎn piān gù shì。 yòu píng lùn jiā rèn wéi， tā wǎn jìn fā biǎo de duǎn piān gù shì kān chēng gāi wén lèi de shàng chéng zhī zuò。 jìn guǎn zuò pǐn shù liàng xiāng duì xiū sè， dàn hǎi lè wú yí bèi gōng rèn wéi 20 shì jì zuì zhòng yào de jīng diǎn zuò jiā zhī yī。《 dì 22 tiáo jūn guī》 bèi yù wéi 60 nián dài yǐ lái xiǎng yù zuì shèng de xiǎo shuō， bèi yì chéng jǐ shí zhǒng wén zì， fā xíng liàng gāo dá 1000 wàn cè。 tā zài dú zhě zhōng de shēng wàng yuǎn zài bèi lóu、 luó sī、 mǎ lā mù dé、 è pǔ dài kè hé nuò màn méi lè zhī shàng。
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè -《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》
dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī《 jūn guī》 yǐ huāng dàn de xíng shì， duō jiǎo dù， duō céng cì dì zhǎn shì liǎo yī gè chōng mǎn zì sī、 tān lán、 xū wěi、 qī piàn、 zhuān héng、 cán rěn、 yín luàn hé fēng kuáng de xiàn shí shēng huó。 zhù rén gōng yóu suǒ lín bèi shì shì de fǎn cháng zhé mó chéng liǎo yī gè huái yí kuáng， yī gè bù kě zhī lùn zhě hé xū wú zhù yì zhě。 tā zài shén shèng de gǎn 'ēn jié shàng dà fā bù jìng zhī cí， biǎn yì rǔ mà shàng dì：“ kǎo lǜ dào tā yòu chōng fēn de jī huì hé quán lì kě yǐ bàn shì， zài kàn kàn tā bǎ shì qíng nòng dé zhè yàng luàn qī bā zāo， tā de bù chēng zhí zhēn gòu jiào rén dà chī yī jīng liǎo。” yóu suǒ lín fèn fèn bù píng dì fā shì， yào zài shì jiè mò rì dào lái shí yòng shǒu qù zhuā zhù shàng dì de bó zǐ。 yóu cǐ kě yǐ tuī duàn， yóu suǒ lín hài pà de bù shì shàng dì， dǎo shì nà tiáo“ jūn guī” cháng cháng shǐ tā máo gǔ sǒng rán， huáng huáng bù kě zhōng rì。 tā shì sǐ de yīn yǐng， xiàng jù shí yī bān xuán guà zài rén men de tóu dǐng shàng， suí shí làxià， wēi xié zhe rén de shēng mìng。 miàn duì zì rán de dǎ jī， rén men wǎng wǎng sù rán qǐ jìng。 zài qiáng dà de zì rán miàn qián， rén men jìn guǎn zuò chū jù dà de nǔ lì dàn bù dé bù bēi tàn zì kuì fú rú。 rán 'ér yóu suǒ lín gǎn yǔ zhī kàng héng de bìng fēi shì lái zì zì rán de wēi lì， ér shì rén lèi zì jǐ de zuì niè。 tā tóng yàng kě yǐ líng jià yú rèn hé gè rén zhī shàng， sì wú jì dá dì bī rén jiù fàn。 duì yú“ jūn guī” de xìng zhì， xiǎo shuō lǐ yòu zhè yàng yī duàn miáo shù：
zhè tiáo jūn guī guī dìng， miàn lín zhēn zhèng de、 pò zài méi jié de wēi xiǎn shí， duì zì shēn 'ān quán biǎo shì guān zhù， nǎi shì tóu nǎo lǐ xìng huó dòng de jiēguǒ。 ào 'ěr fēng liǎo， nǐ kě yǐ yǔn xǔ tā tíng zhǐ fēi xíng。 zhǐ yào tā tí chū qǐng qiú jiù xíng。 kě shì tā yī tí chū qǐng qiú， tā jiù bù zài shì gè fēng zǐ， jiù dé zài qù zhí xíng rèn wù。 cháng ruò 'ào 'ěr zài qù zhí xíng rèn wù， nà tā zhǔn shì fēng liǎo， rú guǒ tā bù zài qù， nà tā jiù méi yòu fēng， kě shì jì rán tā méi yòu fēng， tā jiù dé qù zhí xíng fēi xíng rèn wù。 cháng ruò tā qù zhí xíng fēi xíng rèn wù， tā zhǔn shì fēng liǎo， bù bì zài qù fēi xíng， kě shì rú guǒ tā bù xiǎng zài qù， nà me tā jiù méi yòu fēng， tā jiù fēi qù bù kě。
zài hǎi lè de shì jiè lǐ， dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī shì shén mì de dài míng cí， xiàng zhēng liǎo yī zhǒng jù yòu chāo zì rán de、 néng cāo zòng rén lèi mìng yùn de shén mì lì liàng。 zhè lǐ jì yòu xiàn dài guān liáo jī qì de yì jǐ lì liàng， yě bāo hán liǎo mǒu xiē shén mì， jí hǎi lè zì jǐ suǒ gǎn dào de bù kě zhuō mō、 wú lì bǎ wò de yì jǐ lì liàng。 duì yú hǎi lè lái shuō， měi guó zhèng fǔ zhǐ shì yī gè qióng bīng dú wǔ、 duì wài jìn xíng qīn lüè kuò zhāng de jūn shì guān liáo jí tuán。 zhè yàng de jí tuán wú lùn duì guó nèi bǎi xìng hái shì duì hǎi wài shì bīng dū shí xíng yán mì de kòng zhì。 shuí yě bǎi tuō bù liǎo nà rú tóng mó lì bān jūn guī de yuē shù。 kě jiàn， dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī suǒ zào chéng de yì jìng míng xiǎn dài yòu chāo yàn de、 yǒng héng de sè cǎi， fǒu zé， tā hé yǐ cóng yī gè zhuān yòu míng cí jìn rù měi guó rén de rì cháng yǔ yán。
miàn duì 'èr zhàn hòu měi guó shè huì de zhǒng zhǒng biàn huà， hǎi lè jué dé jì rán shì jiè yǐ jīng biàn yàng， chōng mǎn liǎo huāng miù yǔ chǒu 'è， jiù xiàng fā liǎo fēng shìde， háo wú lǐ xìng kě yán。 guò qù nà zhǒng chōng mǎn lǐ xìng de xiàn shí zhù yì chuàng zuò fāng fǎ yǐ nán yǐ biǎo xiàn dāng jīn shì jiè de huāng miù tú jǐng。 tā rèn wéi， yào xiǎng fǎn yìng huāng miù、 chǒu 'è， biàn huàn mò cè、 bù kě rèn zhī de zhōu wéi shì jiè； bì xū shǐ yòng yī zhǒng yǔ zhī xiāng shì yìng de huāng miù、 huì sè de bǐ fǎ， cǎi yòng yù yán shì de kuā zhāng xiě fǎ。 tā de dì 'èr bù xiǎo shuō《 chū liǎo máo bìng》（ 1974） jiù shì yǐ jù zhè yàng yī zhǒng xiě fǎ chuàng zuò de。 xiǎo shuō tōng guò yī gè zhōng chǎn jiē jí jiā tíng de rì cháng shēng huó hé xiāng hù guān xì， zhǎn shì 60 nián dài mí màn yú měi guó shè huì de jīng shén bēng kuì hé xìn yǎng wēi jī。 zhù rén gōng bào bó sī luò kè mǔ què zhōng rì zhuì zhuì bù 'ān， wú suǒ shì cóng， wéi kǒng zāinàn jiàng lín。 zuò pǐn jiǎn zhí xiàng yī fù hā hā jìng qū zhé dì zài xiàn liǎo guāng guài lù lí de xiàn dài měi guó shè huì。 zhù rén gōng bào bó sī luò kè mǔ zài yī jiā gōng sī móu zhí， biǎo miàn shàng guò zhe yī zhǒng fù yù de shēng huó， dàn zài tā de nèi xīn shēn chù zǒng jué dé shénme dì fāng“ chū liǎo máo bìng”， zhěng rì yōu xīn chōng chōng，“ dé liǎo shén jīng guò mǐn zhèng。” tā yòu yī zhǒng mò míng qí miào de kǒng jù gǎn： tā hài pà guān zhe de fáng mén， hài pà tàn wàng bìng rén， hài pà cān jiā zàng lǐ， zài gōng sī lǐ pà shàng sī， jiù lián tóng shì yě dī bù jǐn tā zì jǐ zhè yàng， tā de jiā rén yě bù lì wài。 qī zǐ zhōng rì qíng xù dī luò， biàn dé xiē sī dǐ lǐ。 nǚ 'ér mèn mèn bù lè， shèn zhì xī wàng fù mǔ liǎ shuāng shuāng chū zǒu， huò zhě sǐ diào。 tā wéi yī de 'ér zǐ yě bù gēn tā shuō huà。 chū yú duì 'ér nǚ de guān huái， tā bǎ bèi chē zhuàng shāng de 'ér zǐ lǒu zài huái lǐ， zuì hòu 'ér zǐ yīn zhì xī 'ér sǐ yú tā de huái bào。 hǎi lè sù zào zhè yàng yī gè rén wù shì yòu qí yòng yì de， tā xiǎng xiě chū“ 20 nián yǐ hòu de yóu suǒ lín xíng xiàng，” zhǐ zài shuō míng zài zhàn zhēng zhōng shí shí chǔyú shòu guān liáo jūn shì tǐ zhì suǒ qián zhì de xiǎo rén wù， zài zhàn hòu hé píng nián dài réng rán yào shòu tóng yī zhǒng zhì dù de yā yì 'ér bù dé 'ān níng：
wǒ yòu yī gè bù yú kuài de qī zǐ kào wǒ yǎng huó， hái yòu liǎng gè bù lè yì de hái zǐ dé zhào gù。 wǒ yòu bā gè bù kuài huó de xià jí rén yuán wèiwǒ gōng zuò， tā men gè réndōu yòu zì jǐ de wèn tí， yòu zì jǐ bù kuài huó de jiā shǔ。 wǒ yòu de shì jiāo lǜ； wǒ dé kè zhì xiē sī dǐ lǐ。 wǒ nǎo zǐ dé kǎo lǜ zhèng zhì wèn tí、 xià jì zhǒng zú bào luàn wèn tí、 xī dú wèn tí、 bào lì hé shàonián xíng yín wèn tí。 dào chù shì duò luò de rén。 zǒu shàng xié lù de rén， tā men kě néng fǔ shí kǎ sǐ wǒ de hái zǐ …… wǒ zhù de jiē shàng jiù yòu fàn zuì xíng wéi， wǒ de nán hái cái 9 suì…… wǒ de nǚ 'ér mǎn zuǐ hú huà。 zhěng gè měi guó zhèng fǔ de yú chǔn hé zuì niè， měi guó wén míng de shuāi luò dū yā zài wǒ zhè liǎng gè kě lián de jiān bǎng shàng。（《 chū liǎo máo bìng》） hǎo yī gè fù yù shè huì！ dēng hóng jiǔ lǜ bèi hòu yuán lái yǐn cáng zhe měi guó wén míng de zhòng dà wēi jī。 zhè shǐ měi guó zhōng chǎn jiē jí diū shī liǎo 'ān quán gǎn。 tā men gǎn dào zì jǐ miàn duì de shì yī gè wú fǎ lǐ jiě de huāng dàn shì jiè， shòu yī zhǒng shén mì nán cè de xié 'è shì lì bǎi bù zuò nòng 'ér wú fǎ jiě tuō。
ěr hòu hǎi lè yòu chuàng zuò liǎo jǐ bù zuò pǐn， dàn dū wèi néng xiàng《 jūn guī》 nà me hōng dòng。 hòu lái hěn cháng yī duàn shí jiān lǐ hǎi lè méi yòu dòng bǐ， tā yào bì mén sī guò， sī kǎo wèihé《 jūn guī》 zhī hòu de zuò pǐn dū bǐ bù shàng tā。 tā xiǎng qǐ liǎo《 jūn guī》 bèi shòu huān yíng de qíng jǐng， zhēn shì bǎi gǎn jiāo jí！ tā zhōng yú míng bái liǎo zì jǐ de“ guò cuò”， jué dé zì jǐ zài xiě fǎ shàng yòu xiē zǒu huǒ rù mó， zài rén wù xíng xiàng de sù zào fāng miàn tài tuō lí xiàn shí。 jīng guò jìn 5 nián de jīng xīn cèhuà， hǎi lè yú 1994 nián fā biǎo liǎo tā de yā juàn zuò《 jié shù shí fēn》（ ClosingTime)。 zhè shì yī bù jié gòu zhěn mì。 rén wù guài pì、 wén bǐ kuā zhāng de xiǎo shuō。 hǎi lè shǒu cì shí xiàn liǎo chuàng zuò shàng de huí guī。 tā zài cì miàn duì xiàn shí， jǐn jǐn wéi rào zì jǐ de shēng huó jīng lì zhǎn kāi gù shì qíng jié。 hǎi lè bù zài cóng《 shèng jīng》 huò qí tā diǎn jí zhōng xún zhǎo zì jǐ rén wù de míng zì 'ér shì jìn liàng xiě jì yì zhōng de rén huò shì。 tā duō shǎo dài yī diǎn zìzhuàn xìng de miáo xiě， shēng dòng kè huà liǎo kè lāi 'ěr lā bǐ nuò wēi cí、 gé lāi 'ēn dá xīn gé、 huò dé jīn děng rén de xíng xiàng。 zuò pǐn tǎn shuài dì miáo xiě liǎo tā men de shēng yǔ sǐ。 tā men de“ shì jiè” shì gè jí bìng chán shēn、 zāo shòu 'ái xì bāo měng liè jìn gōng de shì jiè。 zhàn zhēng de wēn yì yě sì chù màn yán， qīn shí rén men jiàn kāng de jī tǐ。 gēn jù zuò zhě běn rén de yì tú， xiǎo shuō de chū zhōng shì xiǎng xiě zhàn zhēng de， zhèng rú shū zhōng xiě dào：“ wǒ men zhè yī dài rén tán lùn zhàn zhēng bù shì zhǐ yuè zhàn 'ér shì zhǐ bàn gè duō shì jì yǐ qián fā shēng de nà chǎng jīhū xíjuǎn zhěng gè dì qiú de zāinàn。” zhǐ shì hòu lái bǐ fēng gǎi liǎo， hǎi lè bǎ tā xiě chéng liǎo yī gè yǐn yù zhàn zhēng de gù shì。 zài zhè lǐ wǒ men yòu yī cì kě yǐ tǐ yàn hǎi lè de hēi sè yōu mò： yī zhǒng“ bǎ tòng kǔ yǔ huān lè、 yì xiǎng tiān kāi de shì shí yǔ píng jìng dé bù xiāngchèn de fǎn yìng、 cán rěn yǔ róu qíng bìng liè zài yī qǐ de xǐ jù。 tā yào qiú tóng tā rèn shí dào de jué wàng bǎo chí yī dìng de jù lí， tā sì hū néng yǐ chǒujué de lěng mò duì dài yì wài、 dàotuì hé bào xíng。” hǎi lè céng jīng qīn kǒu shuō guò，“ wǒ jìn liàng zài měi yī zhuāng shì shàng jìn xíng kuā zhāng， zhú jiàn chāo yuè qí zhēn shí qíng kuàng。 tōng guò qián yí mò huà， zhè zhǒng fēi zhēn shí huì biàn dé bǐ rén wù zhēn shí de、 zhèng cháng de xíng wéi gèng lìng rén xìn fú。”
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè - zuò pǐn duì bǐ
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè 1961 nián， hǎi lè gēn jù zì jǐ de jūn lǚ tǐ yàn xiě chū liǎo bèi yù wéi“ hēi sè yōu mò” diàn jī zuò de《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》。
1982 nián， hǎi lè bèi yī zhǒng tū rú qí lái de má bì zhèng jī dǎo， tā zài bìng tà shàng zhēngzhá liǎo jǐ nián。 huī fù jiàn kāng hòu， hǎi lè tóng jiéfà 35 nián de qī zǐ lí hūn， qǔ liǎo bāng zhù tā kāng fù de hù shì。 wǎn nián de hǎi lè yī zhí méi yòu gē bǐ， shì shì qián tā gāng wán chéng liǎo zuì hòu yī bù xiǎo shuō《 yī wèi yì shù jiā de lǎo nián huà xiàng》。
《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》 miáo xiě liǎo dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng zhù zhā zài dì zhōng hǎi mǒu hǎi dǎo de měi guó kōng jūn fēi xíng dà duì suǒ fā shēng de yī xì liè shì jiàn。 zhù rén gōng yóu suǒ lín shàng wèi chū yú qiú shēng běn néng， kě wàng wán chéng fēi xíng rèn wù hòu huí jiā， dàn shì bèi zhǎngguān rén yǐ jiě shì de dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī què shì tā fēi cháng shī wàng。 xiǎo shuō zhōng de“ dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī” běn shēn jiù shì yī gè zì xiāng máo dùn de bèi lùn， xīn là dì fěng cì liǎo měi jūn fāng de guān liáo hé yú mèi。 gāi shū chū bǎn hòu yǐn qǐ liǎo wén xué jiè jù dà de zhèn dòng， cǐ hòu shù shí nián jīng jiǔ bù shuāi， bèi yù wéi dāng dài měi guó wén xué de jīng diǎn zhī zuò， chéng wéi 'ōu měi gè dà xué wén kē xué shēng de bì dú shū。 xiǎo shuō zài xiě fǎ shàng bìng qì liǎo xiàn shí zhù yì xiǎo shuō de chuán tǒng， méi yòu shǒu wěi xiāng jiē de qíng jié jié gòu， méi yòu xì zhì rù wēi de huán jìng miáo xiě hé rén wù sù zào。 dàn tòu guò zhè yī piàn xuān nào、 cū yě、 fēng kuáng、 zá luàn de fēn wéi， cóng bù lù shén sè de lěng jùn、 yōu mò hé màn huà shì de cháo fěng zhōng， kě yǐ rèn shí dào yī gè yán sù de zhù tí： zài měi guó de xiàn shí shì jiè lǐ， dào chù dōuyòu“ dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī”， dào chù dū cún zài zhe ràng rén tí xiào jiē fēi de zhuān héng hé cán bào， yǐ jí zhuō nòng rén、 zhé mó rén shǐ rén wú fǎ bǎi tuō de huāng miù。“ dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī” chéng wéi wú fǎ táo bì de 'è dú luó ji guī zé de dài míng cí， zǒu rù liǎo rén men de jiāo jì yǔ yán。
hēi sè yōu mò shì yī zhǒng yòng xǐ jù xíng shì lái biǎo dá bēi jù nèi róng de wén xué xíng shì。“ hēi sè” zhǐ kě pà 'ér yòu huá jī de kè guān xiàn shí；“ yōu mò” zhǐ yòu zì yóu yì zhì de gè xìng duì zhè zhǒng xiàn shí suǒ cǎi qǔ de cháo fěng tài dù。“ hēi sè yōu mò” shì yī zhǒng bǎ tòng kǔ hé huān xiào、 huāng miù de shì shí yǔ píng jìng bù xiāngchèn de fǎn yìng、 cán rěn hé róu qíng bìng liè zài yī qǐ de xǐ jù， yě chēng“ hēi sè xǐ jù”、“ jué wàng de xǐ jù”。
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè - hēi sè yōu mò
hēi sè yōu mò shì 20 shì jì 60 nián dài de měi guó xīng qǐ de xiǎo shuō liú pài， zài dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn yǐ hòu de xī fāng wén tán shàng zhàn yòu zhòng yào de dì wèi。
zǎo zài 1939 nián fǎ guó chāo xiàn shí zhù yì zuò jiā bù lè dōng jiù fā biǎo liǎo míng wéi《 hēi sè yōu mò wén xuǎn》 de zuò pǐn de dàn zài dāng shí zhè gè míng chēng hái méi yòu dé dào guǎng fàn de zhòng shì。 1965 nián， měi guó zuò jiā fú lǐ dé màn biān ji liǎo yī běn duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí， shōu rù shí 'èr wèi zuò jiā de zuò pǐn， qǔ míng《 hēi sè de yōu mò》， gāi pài míng chēng yóu cǐ liú chuán kāi lái。 nà me， shénme shì“ hēi sè yōu mò” ní？ měi guó zuò jiā ní kè céng jǔ liǎo yī gè lì zǐ， tōng sú dì jiě shì liǎo zhè zhǒng yōu mò de xìng zhì。 mǒu gè bèi pàn jiǎo nòng de rén， zài lín shàng jiǎo jià qián， zhǐ zhe jiǎo xíng jià gù zuò qīng sōng dì xún wèn shū chàng zǐ shǒu：“ nǐ kěn dìng zhè wán yì jiēshí má？” yú shì yǐn qǐ hōng xiào。 yīn cǐ hēi sè yōu mò yòu bèi chēng wéi“ jiǎo xíng jià xià de yōu mò”， yě kě yì yì wéi“ dà nán lín tóu de yōu mò”。 cǐ wài， tā hái bèi chēng wéi“ bìng tài yōu mò”、“ hēi sè xǐ jù”、“ jué wàng xǐ jù” děng。“ hēi sè” hán yòu jué wàng、 tòng kǔ、 kǒng bù hé cán kù gào de yì sī。“ hēi sè yōu mò” yǔ chuán tǒng zhèng cháng de yōu mò qū bié hěn dà： chuán tǒng yōu mò de sī xiǎng jī chǔ shì lè guān zhù yì de， rén men xiāng xìn shàn zuì zhōng néng zhàn shèng 'è， yǐn fā qīng sōng、 huān kuài、 míng lǎng de xiào； hēi sè yōu mò de sī xiǎng jī chǔ què shì bēi guān zhù yì de， jì rán miàn duì de shì sǐ wáng、 shì huāng dàn， nà zhǐ néng tòng jí 'ér xiào， huà tòng wéi xiào， zhǐ néng bù yǐ wéi rán dì ná tòng kǔ kāi wán xiào， yǐ xǐ jù de fāng shì qù biǎo xiàn bēi jù de nèi hán， cóng 'ér niàng jiù liǎo kǔ sè yīn yù de xiào。
hēi sè yōu mò shēn shòu cún zài zhù yì zhé xué de yǐng xiǎng， tā de zhù yào nèi róng zài yú biǎo xiàn shì jiè de huāng miù。 suǒ bù tóng de shì hēi sè yōu mò zuò jiā gèng jiā xiāo jí bēi guān， tā men fǒu dìng gè rén xuǎn zé jī jí xíng dòng de kě néng xìng。 miàn duì huāng dàn， wéi yī kě zuò de shì jǐn jǐn shì wán shì bù gōng dì fā chū wú kě nài hé de kǔ xiào， yǐ biàn zàn shí shū huǎn yī xià tòng kǔ bù kān de xīn qíng。 zhèng yīn wèitā men yǐ yōu mò de rén shēng tài dù yǔ cǎn dàn de xiàn shí lā kāi liǎo jù lí， suǒ yǐ yī gǎi yǐ wǎng huāng dàn wén xué zuò jiā de jīng 'ě、 kùn huò、 fèn mèn de xīn tài， ér shì bǎ huāng dàn dàngzuò yī zhǒng hé lǐ de cún zài， rán hòu jìn xíng cóng róng dì miáo huì， zài jué jìng zhōng bǎo chí xīn lǐ píng héng。
hēi sè yōu mò sù yòu“ huāng dàn xiǎo shuō” zhī chēng， yě shì cǎi yòng huāng dàn de xíng shì qù biǎo xiàn huāng dàn de nèi róng。 zuò jiā pāo qì liǎo chuán tǒng xiǎo shuō de xù shì yuán zé， dǎ pò yī bān yǔ fǎ guī zé， cǎi yòng kuā zhāng、 bèi lùn、 fǎn fěng de shǒu fǎ hé kè zhì xìng lěng mò de xù shù jìn xíng chuàng zuò。 chǎng jǐng qí yì chāo cháng、 qíng jié sǎnluàn guài dàn、 rén wù huá jī kě xiào、 yǔ yán ruì zhì jiān kè。 yǐ xǐ xiě bēi， chéng jiù fěi rán。
hēi sè yōu mò dài biǎo xìng de zuò jiā zuò pǐn yòu： hǎi lè de《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》（ 1961）、《 chū liǎo máo bìng》（ 1974）、《 xiàng gāo 'ěr jī yī yàng hǎo》（ 1979）， kù 'ěr tè féng ní gǔ tè de《 māo de yáo lán》（ 1963）、《 dì wǔ hào tú chǎng》（ 1969）、《 dǐng gū gū de zǎo cān》（ 1973）， tuō mǎ sī pǐn qīn de《 V》（ 1963）、《 wàn yòu yǐn lì zhī hóng》（ 1973）， yuē hàn bā sī de《 yān cǎo jīng jì rén》（ 1960）、《 mù yáng tóng jiǎ 'ěr sī》（ 1966）， táng nà dé bā sài 'ěr mǔ de《 bái xuě gōng zhù》（ 1967）、《 wáng fù》（ 1975）。 cǐ wài， fǎ guó zuò jiā bó lǐ sī wéi 'áng lǐ yě bèi rèn wéi shì hēi sè de yōu mò xiǎo shuō jiā。 tā de duǎn piān xiǎo shuō《 huí yì》 yùn yòng yōu mò de bǐ diào miáo xiě zhù rén gōng de tiào lóu zì shā。 yī gè qì shì qīng shēng de rén qīng yíng dé xiàng zhǐ niǎo 'ér fēi lí sǒng rù yún duān de dà shà dǐng céng，“ kōng qì zài tā 'ěr pàn huān chàng”。 zuò jiā huāng dàn dì jí dà yán cháng liǎo tā de zhuì lóu shí jiān， chā rù liǎo yì shí liú shì de huí yì。 cǐ jūn měi zāi yōu zāi， piāo piāo yù xiān， měi xià jiàng yī céng jiù jìn qíng xīn shǎng bō lí chuāng nèi huò gōng kāi、 huò yǐn bì de、 miào bù kě yán de qíng jǐng， tā hái hé yī miào líng měi nǚ gòng yǐn měi jiǔ。 tā huí yì wán liǎo yī shēng， dàn wàng liǎo sǐ wáng， zuì hòu zhuì luò jiē tóu， shuāi chéng liǎo yī gè " hóng sè de měi dù sà "。 zuò zhě yǐ tiáokǎn de tài dù rén sǐ wáng zhōng zhǎo dào yōu mò， shì yǐ xǐ xiě bēi de diǎn xíng。
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè - qí tā zuò pǐn
féng ní gǔ tè de《 māo de yáo lán》 shì hēi sè yōu mò de dài biǎo zuò zhī yī。 qí bèi jǐng shì gè xū gòu de dǎo guó“ shān luò lún zuǒ”。 cǐ guó de tǒng zhì zhě shì zōng jiào lǐng xiù bó kè nóng hé zhèng zhì lǐng xiù、 bào jūn mài kè kǎi bù， tā men liǎng rén biǎo miàn shàng shì bù liǎng lì， shí jì shàng hù xiāng lì yòng， gēn běn mùdì shì yào bǎ shè huì tuī rù jù dà de kǒng bù zhī zhōng。 shū zhōng dào chù dōuyòu zì xiāng máo dùn、 wéi fǎn xué lǐ de yōu mò， rú bó kè nóng tián xiě biǎo gé shí， zài“ yè yú huó dòng” yī lán lǐ tián xiě de shì“ huó zhe”， ér zài“ zhù yào zhí yè” xià miàn tián xiě de què shì“ sǐ wáng”。 zài rú shū zhōng de yī gè rén wù kǎ 'ěr sī， zài huí yì tā de fù qīn、 yī wèi wéi rén lèi zào fú de kē xué jiā shí， zhè yàng xiě dào：“ fù qīn zài gōng zuò de shí hòu tōng xiāo bù shuì， wǒ men wéi yī néng zuò de shì jiù shì néng zhǎo dào yī gè huó rén zhì liáo yī xià， kě shì zǒu guò yī zhāng chuáng yòu yī zhāng chuáng， wǒ men nián dào dedōu shì sǐ rén。 yú shì fù qīn gē gē dì xiào qǐ lái liǎo， dāng tā yòng diàn tǒng shàng shàng xià xià dì zhào zhe wài miàn duī de nà xiē sǐ rén shí， tā yuè fā gē gē dì xiào gè bù tíng。” zhè jiù shì zuò zhě suǒ shuō de“ zuì dà de xiào shēng shì jiàn zhù zài zuì dà de shī wàng hé zuì dà de kǒng jù zhī shàng” de zuì hǎo de zhù jiǎo。 xiǎo shuō hái biǎo lù chū zuò zhě duì kē xué jìn bù de fǒu dìng de tài dù， zuì wěi dà de fā míng“ jiǔ hào bīng” què chéng wéi huǐ miè rén lèi de huò shǒu。
《 dì wǔ hào tú chǎng》 shì yī bù fǎn zhàn xiǎo shuō。 zhù rén gōng bì lì néng gòu tū qǐ shí jiān suì dòng， fēi xíng yú guò qù hé jiāng lái zhī jiān。 tā cān jiā liǎo zhàn zhēng， bèi bǔ hòu guān rù dé jí zhōng yíng， mù dǔ liǎo fǎ xī sī zhǒng zhǒng bào xíng， tā yě fǎn duì méng jūn duì dé guó píng mín de kuáng hōng luàn zhà， bìng jiè zài lìng yī hé píng xīng qiú de yóu lì， fǎn chèn chū xuè ròu héng fēi de dì qiú de chǒu 'è yǔ kǒng bù。
pǐn qīn de xiǎo shuō《 V》 zhōng yòu liǎng gè chǎng jǐng： yī shì dì miàn shàng de“ hǎi yuán jiǔ bā”， zhè lǐ chōng chì zhe zuì shēng mèng sǐ de hǎi yuán hé fàng làng xíng hái de jì nǚ； lìng yī gè chǎng jǐng shì 'āng zàng de xià shuǐ dào， yī wèi mù shī huái zhe qián chéng de xīn qíng zuàn dào zhè lǐ gěi lǎo shǔ bù dào， yī gè zhōng nián rén chuān guò xià shuǐ dào， xún zhǎo mǔ qīn hé zì jǐ de shēng huó dào lù。 dì miàn jiǔ bā běn shì rén lèi zhèng cháng de huó dòng chǎng suǒ， dàn rén men què zài lǐ miàn gān zhe wū qī bā zāo、 fēi zhèng cháng de gòu dāng； rén bù kě néng zuàn dào xià shuǐ dào lǐ shēng huó， dàn rén men què zài dì xià xún zhǎo shàng dì、 xún zhǎo zì wǒ、 xún zhǎo zhèng cháng de shēng huó。 zuò zhě yùn yòng biāo zhǔn de jié gòu shàng de fǎn fěng shǒu fǎ， lái fā jué huāng dàn zhī zhōng de yōu mò。
《 wàn yòu yǐn lì zhī hóng》 shì pǐn qīn de lìng yī bù lì zuò。 tí mù shì yǐ hóng lái miáo zhuàng dǎo dàn dòng yùn xíng de guǐ jì。 dé jūn yòng V-2 dǎo dàn xí jī lún dūn， tā yóu luò de dì diǎn zǒng shì tóng yī měi jūn qíng bào guān fā shēng xìng xíng wéi de dì fāng xiāng wěn hé； hòu gāi jūn guān bèi pài wǎng dé guó diào chá dǎo dàn de mì mì， fā xiàn zhù chí zhì zào dǎo dàn de dé guó jūn guān shì gè xìng biàn tài zhě， tā bǎ qíng yù zhù jìn liǎo dǎo dàn， qíng yù yǔ kē xué yī qǐ zào chéng liǎo rén lèi de huǐ miè， liǎng zhě dū yì wèi zhe sǐ wáng。 pǐn qīn duì kē xué yě shì chí fǒu dìng tài dù。
yuē sè fū hǎi lè（ 1923）， hēi sè yōu mò xiǎo shuō de zhòng yào dài biǎo rén wù。 tā de zuò pǐn suī bù duō， dàn yǐng xiǎng jí dà。 1923 nián 5 yuè 1 rì， yuē sè fū hǎi lè shēng yú niǔ yuē， qí fù shì yí mín měi guó de yóu tài rén。 tā 5 suì shí fù qīn qù shì， jiā tíng xiàn yú pín kùn， zhōng xué méi bì yè jiù dāng liǎo yóuchāi。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn bào fā hòu， tā 19 suì jiù yìng zhēng rù wǔ， fú yì yú měi guó kōng jūn， dāng tóu dàn shǒu， zhí xíng guò yuē 60 cì fēi xíng rèn wù。 zhè duàn jīng lì wèitā rì hòu de chuàng zuò dǎ xià liǎo zhā shí de jī chǔ。 èr zhàn jié shù hòu， yuē sè fū hǎi lè de dà xué xué xí huò cóng shì jiào xué yán jiū。 1952 tā shè zú bào jiè， yè yú shí jiān cóng shì wén xué chuàng zuò。
1961 nián， yuē sè fū hǎi lè de chǔnǚ zuò《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》 wèn shì， hōng dòng wén tán， cóng 'ér diàn dìng liǎo tā zài xī fāng dāng dài wén tán shàng de zhòng yào dì wèi。 1974 nián， tā dài biǎo liǎo dì 'èr bù lì zuò《 chū liǎo máo bìng》， xiǎo shuō tōng guò mǒu dà gōng sī gāo jí zhí yuán sī luò kè mǔ de shì jiǎo， fǎn yìng liǎo měi guó shè huì、 tè bié shì zhōng chǎn jiē duàn de jīng shén wēi jī，“ chū liǎo máo bìng” jiù shì duì zhè zhǒng wēi jī de gāo dù gài kuò。 sī luò kè mǔ shēng huó fù yù、 guān yùn hēng tōng， kě zǒng shì yōu xīn chōng chōng。 tā hài pà shàng sī， yě hài pà xià jí， tā tǎo yàn qī zǐ， yě tǎo yàn 'ér nǚ。 měi tiān dū hài pà“ kě pà de guài shì” fā shēng，“ rán 'ér méi yòu guài shì běn shēn jiù shì yī jiàn jīng rén de guài shì”。 zhōu wéi de rén gēn tā yī yàng“ bù yú kuài”， rén rén zì wēi， gè gè kǒng huāng。 sī luò kè mǔ míng zhī zhè shì jiè kěn dìng shì“ chū liǎo máo bìng”， què gǎo bù qīng wèishénme“ chū liǎo máo bìng”，“ máo bìng”“ zài nǎ lǐ， zhǐ shèng xià tòng kǔ de wú nài de jī xiào hé zì cháo”。 1979 nián， yuē sè fū hǎi lè chū bǎn liǎo dì sān bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 xiàng gāo 'ěr dé yī yàng hǎo》。 tā tōng guò yī wèi měi guó yóu tài yì dà xué jiào shòu jī xíng de jīng shén shì jiè de zhǎn shì， shēn kè dì tí shì liǎo měi guó guān liáo zhèng zhì de fǔ bài， shì yòng hēi sè yōu mò fēng gé xiě chéng de 'èr zhàn hòu měi guó zuì yōu xiù de zhèng zhì fěng cì xiǎo shuō zhī yī。
《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》 shì hēi sè yōu mò de jīng diǎn zhī zuò， fǎn yìng de shì 'èr zhàn qī jiān， zhù shǒu zài dì zhōng hǎi“ pí yà nuò zhā dǎo”（ cǐ biàn wéi zuò jiā xū gòu） shàng de měi guó kōng jūn dà duì de shēng huó。 xiǎo shuō gòng yòu sì shí 'èr zhāng， méi yòu tǒng yī wán zhěng de qíng jié， měi yī zhāng zhù yào jiǎng shù yī gè rén wù de gù shì， zài yóu guàn chuān quán shū de rén wù yóu suǒ lín de jīng lì bǎ zhè xiē dà dà xiǎo xiǎo de gù shì chuàn lián qǐ lái。 zuò jiā bìng fēi yào jiù shì lùn shì， ér shì yǐ cǐ wéi yù zhǎn shì xiàn dài rén huāng dàn de shēng cún zhuàng tài。
hǎi lè shì hēi sè yōu mò wén xué de dài biǎo rén wù， qí zuò pǐn zài hēi sè yōu mò wén xué zhōng yǐng xiǎng zuì dà， chéng wéi zhè yī liú pài de zhī zhù。 tā de zuò pǐn qǔ cái yú xiàn shí shēng huó， zhù yì wā jué shè huì zhòng dà zhù tí， jiē shì xiàn dài shè huì zhōng shǐ rén shòu dào tuī cán hé zhé mó de yì jǐ lì liàng， jù yòu yī dìng de xiàng zhēng yì yì。 tā de chuàng zuò fāng fǎ wǎng wǎng shì cóng chāo xiàn shí 'ér bù shì cóng xiě shí de jiǎo dù chū fā， jīng cháng yǐ kuā zhāng de shǒu fǎ bǎ shēng huó màn huà huà， biǎo xiàn liǎo yī zhǒng hé xiě shí xìng zhì de zhēn shí wán quán bù tóng de zhēn shí。
yǐ《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》 zhè bù fǎn zhàn xiǎo shuō yáng míng shì jiè de yuē sè fū hǎi lè， jiǔ wèi yòu xīn zuò chū shì， dàn zuì jìn tā de yī běn huí yì lù《 xiàn zài yǔ guò qù》（ NOWANDTHEN） de chū bǎn yòu yǐn qǐ dú zhě zhù yì。 dào liǎo 75 suì de nián líng， rèn hé zuò jiādōu yòu xiě huí yì lù de yù wàng。 rì qián wǒ zài diàn shì jié mù shàng kàn dào tā， mǎn tóu báifà， yán shuō huǎn màn， bù zài shì《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》 suǒ gěi yú wǒ men de dà bīng xíng xiàng liǎo。《 xiàn zài yǔ guò qù》 shū míng de fù tí《 cóng kāng ní dǎo dào rú jīn》 jiù yī bǐ dào chū liǎo tā de zào jiù。 tā zài kāng ní dǎo fù jìn de qióng rén zhù zhái qū chéngzhǎng。 zài tā yòu nián shí， kāng ní dǎo yóu xì chǎng yī xiàng bèi shì wéi qióng rén lè yuán。 tā suǒ xíng róng de tóng nián shí dài： kāng ní dǎo、 rè gǒu、 bàng qiú xì、 hǎi tān、 zhōng xià jí dì qū jiē jǐng děng děng， lì jí huì gòu qǐ bù shǎo niǔ yuē rén de huái jiù huí yì。 hǎi lè de xǔ xǔ rú shēng de wén bǐ miáo shù liǎo tā de xué xiào、 gōng zuò、 rù wǔ、 jié hūn、 wén tán chéng míng gè jiē duàn de shēng huó。 zuì dòng rén de yī duàn shì miáo xiě tā de fù qīn yú tā 5 suì shí shì shì， tā yóu mǔ qīn jí liǎng gè fù qīn de qián qī suǒ shēng de xiōng mèi gòng tóng fǔ yǎng zhǎngdà， hǎo sì yī gè“ chǒng huài de dú yǎng 'ér”。 hǎi lè de 3 bù zhòng yào zhù zuò shì《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》、《 chū liǎo shì》（ SOMETHINGHAPPENED）、《 jiā rú zhēn jīn》（ GOODASGOLD）。 1981 nián shí tā huàn liǎo yī zhǒng shén jīng qí zhèng， quán shēn tān huàn， zài yī yuàn wò chuáng hǎo jǐ gè yuè。 quán yù hòu， céng yǔ yǒu rén hé zuò zhù shù huàn bìng de jīng lì。
tā de míng zuò《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》 yú 1961 nián chū bǎn， zhì jīn lián xù zài bǎn， zài gè guó jūn yòu yì běn， chū bǎn jiè bǎ tā de chàng xiāo liàng yǔ《 shèng jīng》 xiāng bǐ。 hǎi lè zì chēng， tā yú zhàn zhēng jié shù tuì wǔ hòu zài yī jiā guǎng gào gōng sī gōng zuò， yú 1953 nián shí gù shì méng yá， yī gòng xiě liǎo 8 nián。 xiǎo shuō yuán lái qǔ míng《 dì shí bā tiáo jūn guī》， dì yī zhāng yú 1955 nián zài yī wén xué zá zhì fā biǎo， gǎo fèi 25 yuán； yú tóng qī fā biǎo de hái yòu jié kè kǎi lǔ 'ā kè de《 zài lù shàng》 de yī zhāng。 1957 nián shí， xiǎo shuō wán chéng yī bàn， yóu xī méng shū sī dé shū jú yǐ 1500 yuán de yù zhī gǎo fèi gòu qù。 zài 1961 nián chū bǎn shí， shì shàng qià yòu yī běn míng jiào《 mǐ lì shí bā hào》 de xiǎo shuō。 wèile bì miǎn shū míng de chōng tū， chū bǎn shāng qǐng hǎi lè gǎi míng wéi《 dì 'èr shí 'èr tiáo jūn guī》。 jīn rì，“ CATCH22” zhè míng zì yǐ chéng wéi měi guó rén tōng cháng huì huà de zì huì， xíng róng liǎng miàn wéi nán、 jìn tuì bù néng de gān gà chǔjìng。
yuē sè fū · hǎi lè - rén wù píng jià
hǎi lè yáng yáng zì dé dì shuō：“ wǒ hěn wéi zì jǐ qìng xìng。 wǒ yào huò dé chéng gōng， wǒ yǐ dá dào。 wǒ wài biǎo kàn lái jiào shí jì nián jì nián qīng， shèn zhì jiào qīng nián rén gēngnián qīng。 wǒ de jiàn kāng bù cuò， wèi kǒu yě jiā， wǒ de xiāo huà qì guān yě bù cuò。 wǒ réng mǎn tóu yòu fā， ér wǒ yòu zú gòu de shōu rù zhī chí wǒ de shū shì shēng huó， shèn zhì yòu shèng yú mǎn zú wǒ de jì chéng rén…… wǒ 'ài wǒ de qī zǐ， wǒ réng gǎn dào qí tā nǚ rén duì wǒ de xī yǐn lì， réng zài xiǎng shòu xǔ duō mìqiè de yǒu yì， ér wǒ gāng wán chéng zhè běn shū。” 70 duō suì de lǎo tóu néng zhè yàng zì míng dé yì、 zì mǎn zì zú， wǒ yě wèitā qìng xìng měi guó zhù míng xiǎo shuō jiā、“ hēi sè yōu mò” dài biǎo zuò jiā yuē sè fū hǎi lè（ JosephHeller）， yú 1999 nián 12 yuè 12 rì zài niǔ yuē dōng hàn pǔ dūn de jiā lǐ yóu yú xīn zàng bìng tū fā bù xìng shì shì， xiǎng nián 76 suì。 tā de shì shì gěi měi guó nǎi zhì shì jiè wén tán liú xià liǎo bù yì tián bǔ de yī gè kòngquē。
《 dì 22 tiáo jūn guī》 chǎn shēng yú hǎi lè cān jiā 'èr zhàn de qīn shēn jīng lì。 tā yǔ qí tā fǎn zhàn xiǎo shuō（ rú léi mǎ kè de《 xī xiàn wú zhàn shì》） de bù tóng zhī chù zài yú tā duì zhè zhǒng wén lèi běn shēn de chāo yuè， bù jǐn jǐn shì duì zhàn zhēng hé jūn shì guān liáo zhì dù de pī pàn， ér qiě shì duì shēng huó běn shēn rì qū 'è huà de huāng dàn xìng de pī pàn。“ dì 22 tiáo jūn guī” yī cí xiàn zài yǐ jīng shì yīng yǔ yǔ yán zhōng de yī gè cháng yòng cí， àn《 měi guó xīn shì jiè cí diǎn》 de jiě shì， gāi cí de yì sī shì“ fǎ lǜ、 guī zé huò shí jiàn shàng de yī gè bèi lùn， bù guǎn nǐ zuò shénme， nǐ dū huì chéng wéi qí tiáo kuǎn de xī shēng pǐn”。 zhè yī dìng yì jù yòu shēn yuǎn de shēng cún nèi hán， yì zhǐ rén lèi kùn jìng shì mó hú de、 yū huí de、 bù kě míng zhuàng de。 yīn cǐ， dāng xiǎo shuō zhù rén gōng yóu suǒ lín jiǎ zhuāng jīng shén shī cháng yǐ táo bì fēi xíng rèn wù shí， tā bèi gào zhī tā yào qiú tíng fēi zhè zhǒng qǐ tú běn shēn jiù zhèng míng tā shì qīng xǐng zhèng cháng de， yīn cǐ， tā de yào qiú bèi jù jué。 rú yī wèi pī píng jiā suǒ shuō，“ dì 22 tiáo jūn guī” de huāng dàn xìng sì hū jì shì yú rén de fǎ lǜ， yě shì yú shàng dì de fǎ lǜ。 xiǎo shuō zuì zhōng jiǎ dìng“ fēi lǐ xìng de fú cóng” yǔ“ lǐ xìng de pàn nì” zhī jiān cún zài zhe wú fǎ jiě jué de chōng tū： lǐ xìng de pàn nì shì wéi yī néng gòu zhèng shí zì shēn zhēn shí de kě xíng tú jìng， tóng shí yòu bì xū chéng rèn， zài yā dǎo yī qiē de、 wú suǒ bù bāo de yī zhǒng huāng dàn xìng zhōng， zhè zhǒng pàn nì shì zhù dìng shī bài de。《 dì 22 tiáo jūn guī》 zài chuàng zuò shàng shēn shòu sài lì nà、 nà bó kē fū hé kǎ fū kǎ děng wén xué chuàng xīn dà shī de yǐng xiǎng， zài jié gòu shàng yī fǎn chuán tǒng de cháng guī。 shì jiàn de tuō jié， shí jiān de líng suì huà， duì huà hé xù shù de bù hé luó ji xìng， xù shì shùn xù de nèi zài xìng（ bù 'àn shí jì de biān nián shùn xù）， gù shì zǒng tǐ de 'èr lǜ bèi fǎn， yǐ jí qí gōng rèn de chāo xiàn shí zhù yì、 hēi sè yōu mò hé mó fǎng shǐ shī de tè zhēng， dū zhèng míng gāi xiǎo shuō zài lèi bié shàng wú yí shǔ yú běn shì jì zhōng qī yǐ lái shèng chǎn de shí yàn xiǎo shuō。 hǎi lè cù jìn liǎo zhè zhǒng xiǎo shuō de fā zhǎn， duì dāng shí hé xù hòu de hòu xiàn dài zhù yì xiǎo shuō dū fā shēng liǎo xiāng dāng de yǐng xiǎng。
yī bān rèn wéi， hǎi lè shǐ zhōng guān zhù de zhù tí shì sǐ wáng， zhè zài《 dì 22 tiáo jūn guī》 zhōng yǐ jīng xiǎn jiàn： qí qíng jié lì dù jiù zài yú yóu suǒ lín zài shēng yǔ sǐ zhī jiān de xuǎn zé。 rán 'ér， hǎi lè zhù zuò zhōng yě bù fá qí tā de guān huái。 zài 1975 nián de yī cì fǎng tán zhōng， tā tán dào duì“ lǐ xìng yǔ fēi lǐ xìng de xiāng jìn xìng hé xiàn shí de dìng wèi” wèn tí。 shí jì shàng， zhè zhǒng guān huái shì hǎi lè quán bù zuò pǐn de zhù yào tè zhēng， jù tǐ tǐ xiàn zài tā duì yǔ yán de huá jī yùn yòng shàng。 yǔ yán de máo dùn xìng hé bèi miù jiē shì liǎo zhè zhǒng yǔ yán suǒ miáo xiě de shì jiè： zhè gè shì jiè shàng de yī qiēdōu yǔ qí biǎo xiàng xiāng wéi bèi， huāng miù de cuò zhì hé fēi lǐ xìng de hùn luàn shì tā de zhǔn zé。 shǐ yòng zhè zhǒng yǔ yán de mùdì zài yú xiàng jì dìng de xiàn shí guān tí chū tiǎo zhàn。 hǎi lè suǒ miáo xiě de shì yī gè duò luò de shì jiè， qí xiǎn zhù tè zhēng jiù shì pǔ biàn liú xíng de quán lì làn yòng。 zài zhè gè shì jiè shàng， yǔ yán bù dàn chéng wéi duò luò de gōng jù， ér qiě běn shēn yě duò luò liǎo， yě fú cóng yú fēi dào dé de quán yí zhī jì liǎo。 yīn cǐ， zhēn yǔ jiǎ、 duì yǔ cuò、 xiàn shí yǔ fēi xiàn shí yǐ wú cóng fēn biàn。 hǎi lè de zuò pǐn hé tā běn rén yī yàng zài kùn huò de miè shì yǔ fèn nù de zūn yán zhī jiān rú lǚ bó bīng。 zài zhè gè yì yì shàng， tā de zuò pǐn jiù shì duì yī zhěng gè sī wéi hé huà yǔ mó shì de kòng sù， tā de“ hēi sè yōu mò” suǒ biǎo dá de jiù shì zài“ yòu zǔ zhì de hùn luàn” hé“ zhì dù huà de fēng kuáng” zhī xià de yī zhǒng huāng dàn de jué wàng。
dú zhě duì hǎi lè hòu qī zuò pǐn huǐ yù cān bàn。《 chū liǎo máo bìng》 bèi gōng rèn wèitā de dì 'èr jiā zuò， ér《 zuì hòu shí guāng》 zé bèi shì zuò《 dì 22 tiáo jūn guī》 de xù jí。 tā de zuì hòu yī bù xiǎo shuō《 yī wèi lǎo rén yì shù jiā de xiào xiàng》 yuán jìhuà yú míng nián qiū tiān wèn shì， rú guǒ zhè wèi“ lǎo rén” hái wèi yǔ shì cháng cí de huà。 hǎi lè shì yóu tài hòu yì， jù yòu yóu tài rén suí jī mǐn jié de yōu mò gǎn， dàn tā bìng bù xìn fèng nà gè mín zú de zōng jiào。 tā zì chēng shì měi guó yóu tài rén， ér cóng wèi xiě guò zhēn zhèng de yóu tài mín zú de jīng lì。 tā de wéi yī yī bù shè jí yóu tài rén de zuò pǐn《 xiàng gē 'ěr dé yī yàng hǎo》 miáo xiě de shì zhù zài kē ní dǎo de dōng 'ōu yóu tài rén， ér yǔ dé guó yóu tài rén sī háo wú guān。 hǎi lè miáo xiě sǐ wáng， dàn tā bù jù pà sǐ wáng。 tā jīng lì liǎo 60 cì sǐ de kǎo yàn。 1981 nián dāng cháng dá 35 nián zhī jiǔ de dì yī cì hūn yīn pò liè shí tā dé liǎo yī zhǒng jiào jì lán héng bā 'ěr（ Guillain－ Barre） de zōng hé zhèng， luò dé gè quán shēn tān huàn， gēbei bù néng tái qǐ， shèn zhì lián fàn shí dū nán yǐ xià yān， dàn shì，“ wǒ méi yòu xiǎng dào sǐ”， ér qiě qí jì bān dì huī fù liǎo jiàn kāng， jìn guǎn bù shì kāng fù rú chū。 tā zhuī zhú nǚ xìng， duì cǐ tā háo bù yǐn huì； tā juéjiàng zì sī， shèn zhì duì hái zǐ mendōu xiǎo xīn jǐn fáng， dàn nà zhèng shì tā de tè sè， bù lǔ kè lín bǔ yù chū lái de tè sè。 tā shēn cái gāo dà， céng yòu guò jiàn zhuàng de tǐ gé， dàn shāo yòu xiē gǔ guài de yī fù liǎn páng hé guān dǐng de yī tóu báifà， yī shuāng xiǎo 'ér jī jǐng qiě shēn 'āo de hè sè yǎn jīng， shǐ nǐ yuè fā gǎn dào nà bèi hòu suì yuè de fēng shuāng。 tā xǐ huān hé gǎn jī zào jiù liǎo tā bìng wéi tā bǎo chí shēng wàng de nà bù xiǎo shuō， dàn“ wǒ cóng wèi shuō guò wǒ shì měi guó zuì wěi dà de zuò jiā”。
hǎi lè de mì jué shì， nǐ zài tè dìng de yī tiān lǐ de gǎn shòu jiù shì nǐ què shí dé dào de yī qiē
Early years
Joseph Heller was born in Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, the son of poor Jewish parents from Russia. Even as a child, he loved to write; as a teenager, he wrote a story about the Russian invasion of Finland and sent it to New York Daily News, which rejected it. After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1941, Heller spent the next year working as a blacksmith's apprentice, a messenger boy, and a filing clerk. In 1942, at age 19, he joined the U.S. Army Air Corps. Two years later he was sent to Italy, where he flew 60 combat missions as a B-25 bombardier. His Unit was the 488th Bomb Squadron, 340th Bomb Group, 12th Air Force. Heller later remembered the war as "fun in the beginning... You got the feeling that there was something glorious about it." On his return home he "felt like a hero... People think it quite remarkable that I was in combat in an airplane and I flew sixty missions even though I tell them that the missions were largely milk runs."{"Milk Runs" were combat missions, but mostly uneventful due to a lack of intense opposition from enemy anti-aircraft artillery or fighters.}
After the war, Heller studied English at the University of Southern California and NYU on the G.I. Bill. In 1949, he received his M.A. in English from Columbia University. Following his graduation, he spent a year as a Fulbright scholar at St. Catherine's College in Oxford University. After returning home, he taught composition at Penn State University for two years. He then briefly worked for Time, Inc., before taking a job as a copywriter at a small advertising agency, where he worked alongside future novelist Mary Higgins Clark. At home, Heller would write. He was first published in 1948, when The Atlantic ran one of his short stories. That first story nearly won the "Atlantic First."
Career
While sitting at home one morning in 1953, Heller thought of a book, "It was love at first sight. The first time he saw the chaplain, Someone fell madly in love with him." Within the next day, he began to envision the story that could result from this beginning, and invented the characters and the plot, as well as the tone and form that the story would eventually take. Within a week, he had finished the first chapter and sent it to his agent. He did not do any more writing for the next year, as he planned the rest of the story. The initial chapter was published in 1955 as "Catch-18", in Issue 7 of New World Writing.
Although he originally did not intend the story to be longer than a novelette, Heller was able to add enough substance to the plot that he felt it could become his first novel. When he was one-third done with the work, his agent, Candida Donadio, began submitting the novel to several publishers. Heller was not particularly attached to the work, and decided that he would not finish it if publishers were not interested. The work was never rejected, and was soon purchased by Simon and Schuster, who gave him US $750 and promised him an additional $750 when the full manuscript was delivered. Heller missed his deadline by four to five years, but, after eight years of thought, delivered the novel to his publisher.
The finished novel describes the wartime experiences of Army Air Corps Captain John Yossarian. Yossarian devises multiple strategies to avoid combat missions, but the military bureaucracy is always able to find a way to make him stay. As Heller observed, "Everyone in my book accuses everyone else of being crazy. Frankly, I think the whole society is nuts -- and the question is: What does a sane man do in an insane society?" Heller has also commented that "peace on earth would mean the end of civilization as we know it" -- perhaps further food for thought when reading Catch-22, in which the concept and circumstances of war are so overwhelming and fundamental.
Just before publication, the novel's title was changed to Catch-22 to avoid confusion with Leon Uris's new novel, Mila 18. The novel was published in hardback in 1961 to mixed reviews, with the Chicago Sun-Times calling it "the best American novel in years", while other critics derided it as "disorganized, unreadable, and crass". It sold only 30,000 copies in the United States hardback in its first year of publication. (Reaction was very different in Great Britain, where, within one week of its publication, the novel reached number one on the bestseller lists.) Once it was released in paperback in October 1962, however, Catch-22 caught the imaginations of many baby-boomers, who identified with the novel's anti-war sentiments. The book went on to sell 10 million copies in the United States. The novel's title became a buzzword for a dilemma with no easy way out. Now considered a classic, the book was listed at number 7 on Modern Library's list of the top 100 novels of the century. The United States Air Force Academy uses the novel to "help prospective officers recognize the dehumanizing aspects of bureaucracy."[dead link]
The movie rights to the novel were purchased in 1962, and, combined with his royalties, made Heller a millionaire. The film, which was directed by Mike Nichols and starred Alan Arkin, Jon Voight and Orson Welles, was not released until 1970.
Other works
Shortly after Catch-22 was published, Heller thought of an idea for his next novel, which would become Something Happened. He did not act on this idea for two years, however. During that time period he focused on scripts, completing the final screenplay for the movie adaptation of Helen Gurley Brown's Sex and the Single Girl, as well as a television comedy script that eventually aired as part of "McHale's Navy". He also completed a play in only six weeks, but spent a great deal of time working with the producers as it was brought to the stage.
In 1969, Heller wrote a play called We Bombed in New Haven. The play delivered an anti-war message while discussing the Vietnam War. It was originally produced by the Repertory Company of the Yale Drama School, with Stacey Keach in the starring role. After a slight revision, it was published by Alfred Knopf and then debuted on Broadway, starring Jason Robards.
Heller's follow-up novel, Something Happened was finally published in 1974. Critics were enthusiastic about the book, and both its hardcover and paperback editions reached number one on the "New York Times" bestseller list. Heller wrote an additional four novels, each of which took him several years to complete. One of his later novels, Closing Time, revisited many of the characters who had been featured in Catch-22 as they adjusted to post-war New York. All of the novels sold respectably well, but could not duplicate the success of his debut. Told by an interviewer that he had never produced anything else as good as Catch-22, Heller famously responded, "Who has?"
Work process
Heller did not begin work on a story until he had envisioned both a first and last line. The first sentence usually appeared to him "independent of any conscious preparation". In most cases, the sentence did not inspire a second sentence. At times, he would be able to write several pages before giving up on that hook. Usually, within an hour or so of receiving his inspiration, Heller would have mapped out a basic plot and characters for the story. When he was ready to begin writing, he would focus on one paragraph at a time, until he had three or four handwritten pages, which he would then spend several hours reworking.
Heller maintained that he did not "have a philosophy of life, or a need to organize its progression. My books are not constructed to 'say anything.'" Only when he was almost one-third finished with the novel would he gain a clear vision of what it should be about. At that point, with the idea solidified, he would rewrite all that he had finished and then continue to the end of the story. The finished version of the novel would often not begin or end with the sentences he had originally envisioned, although he usually tried to include the original opening sentence somewhere in the text.
Later Teaching Career
In the 1970s Heller taught creative writing at the City College of New York.
Illness
On Sunday, December 13, 1981, Heller was diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome, a debilitating syndrome that was to leave him temporarily paralyzed. He was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Mount Sinai Medical Hospital the same day (Heller 1986, pp. 23–34), and remained there, bedridden, until his condition had improved enough to permit his transfer to the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, which occurred on January 26, 1982 (Heller 1986, pp. 170–174). His illness and recovery are recounted at great length in the autobiographical No Laughing Matter (Heller 1986), which contains alternating chapters by Heller and his good friend Speed Vogel. The book reveals the assistance and companionship Heller received during this period from a number of his prominent friends—Mel Brooks, Mario Puzo, Dustin Hoffman and George Mandel among them.
Heller eventually made a substantial recovery. In 1984, while in the process of divorcing his wife of 35 years, he met Valerie Humphries, the nurse who had helped him to recover, and later married her.
Later years
Heller returned to St. Catherine's as a visiting Fellow, for a term, in 1991 and was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the college. In 1998, he released a memoir, Now and Then: From Coney Island to Here, in which he relived his childhood as the son of a deliveryman and offered some details about the inspirations for Catch-22.
He died of a heart attack at his home in East Hampton, on Long Island, in December 1999, shortly after the completion of his final novel, Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man.[citation needed] On hearing of Heller's death, his friend Kurt Vonnegut said, "Oh, God, how terrible. This is a calamity for American letters."
Catch-22 Controversies
In April 1998, Lewis Pollock wrote to The Sunday Times for clarification as to "the amazing similarity of characters, personality traits, eccentricities, physical descriptions, personnel injuries and incidents" in Catch-22 and a novel published in England in 1951. The book that spawned the request was written by Louis Falstein and titled The Sky is a Lonely Place in Britain and Face of a Hero in the United States. Falstein's novel was available two years before Heller wrote the first chapter of Catch-22 (1953) while he was a student at Oxford. The Times stated: "Both have central characters who are using their wits to escape the aerial carnage; both are haunted by an omnipresent injured airman, invisible inside a white body cast". Stating he had never read Falstein's novel, or heard of him, Heller said: "My book came out in 1961[;] I find it funny that nobody else has noticed any similarities, including Falstein himself, who died just last year" (The Washington Post, April 27, 1998).
Works
Short stories
Catch As Catch Can: The Collected Stories and Other Writings (2003)
Autobiographies
No Laughing Matter (1986)
Now And Then (1998)
Novels
Catch-22 (1961)
Something Happened (1974)
Good as Gold (1979)
God Knows (1984)
Picture This (1988)
Closing Time (1994)
Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man (2000)
Plays
We Bombed in New Haven (1967)
Catch 22 (1973)
Clevinger's Trial (1973)
Screenplays
Sex and the Single Girl (1964)
Casino Royale (1967) (uncredited)
Dirty Dingus Magee (1970)