yuèdòuxià luò dì · bó lǎng tè Charlotte Brontezài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
夏洛蒂·勃朗特xià luò dì · bó lǎng tè 1816 nián shēng yú yīng guó běi bù de yī gè xiāng cūn mù shī jiā tíng。 mǔ qīn zǎo shì， bā suì de xià luò dì bèi sòng jìn yī suǒ zhuān shōu shén zhí rén yuán gū nǚ de cí shàn xìng jī gòu héng héng kē wén qiáo nǚ zǐ jì sù xué xiào。 zài nà lǐ shēng huó tiáo jiàn jí qí 'è liè， tā de liǎng gè jiě jiě mǎ lì yà hé yī lì suō bái yīn rǎn shàng fèi bìng 'ér xiān hòu sǐ qù。 yú shì xià luò dì hé mèi mèi 'ài mǐ lì huí dào jiā xiāng， zài huāng liáng de yuē kè jùn shān qū dù guò liǎo tóng nián。 15 suì shí tā jìn liǎo wǔ lè xiǎo jiě bàn de xué xiào dú shū， jǐ nián hòu yòu zài zhè gè xué xiào dāng jiào shī。 hòu lái tā céng zuò jiā tíng jiào shī， dàn yīn bù néng rěn shòu guì fù rén、 kuò xiǎo jiě duì jiā tíng jiào shī de qí shì hé kè bó， fàng qì liǎo jiā tíng jiào shī de móu shēng zhī lù。 tā céng dǎ suàn zì bàn xué xiào， wèicǐ tā zài yí mǔ de zī zhù xià yǔ 'ài mǐ lì yī qǐ qù yì dà lì jìn xiū fǎ yǔ hé dé yǔ。 rán 'ér yóu yú méi yòu rén lái jiù dú， xué xiào méi néng bàn chéng。 dàn shì tā zài yì dà lì xué xí de jīng lì jī fā liǎo tā biǎo xiàn zì wǒ de qiáng liè yuàn wàng， cù shǐ tā tóu shēn yú wén xué chuàng zuò de dào lù。
xià luò dì · bó lǎng tè chū shēng yú yīng guó běi bù yuē kè jùn de háo wò sī， fù qīn shì dāng dì shèng gōng huì de yī gè qióng mù shī， mǔ qīn shì jiā tíng zhù fù。 xià luò dì · bó lǎng tè páiháng dì sān， yòu liǎng gè jiě jiě、 liǎng gè mèi mèi hé yī gè dì dì。 liǎng gè mèi mèi， jí 'ài mǐ lì · bó lǎng tè hé 'ān 'ēn · bó lǎng tè， yě shì zhù míng zuò jiā， yīn 'ér zài yīng guó wén xué shǐ shàng cháng yòu“ bó lǎng tè sān jiě mèi” zhī chēng。
xià luò dì · bó lǎng tè de tóng nián shēng huó hěn bù xìng。 1821 nián， jí tā 5 suì shí， mǔ qīn biàn huàn 'ái zhèng qù shì。 fù qīn shōu rù hěn shǎo， quán jiā shēng huó jì jiān kǔ yòu qī liáng。 háo wò sī shì qióng xiāng pì rǎng de yī gè shān qū， nián yòu de xià luò dì hé dì mèi men zhǐ néng zài zhǎo zé dì lǐ yóu wán。 hǎo zài fù qīn shì jiàn qiáo shèng yuē hàn xué yuàn de bì yè shēng， xué shí yuān bó， tā cháng cháng jiào zǐ nǚ dú shū， zhǐ dǎo tā men kàn shū bào zá zhì， hái gěi tā men jiǎng gù shì。 zhè shì zì mǔ qīn qù shì hòu hái zǐ men suǒ néng dé dào de wéi yī de lè qù， tóng shí yě gěi xià luò dì yǐ jí liǎng gè mèi mèi dài lái zuì chū de yǐng xiǎng， shǐ tā men cóng xiǎo jiù duì wén xué chǎn shēng liǎo nóng hòu de xīng qù。
1824 nián， jiě jiě mǎ lì yà hé yī lì suō bái bèi sòng dào háo wò sī fù jìn de kē wén qiáo yī suǒ jì sù xué xiào qù dú shū， bù jiǔ xià luò dì hé mèi mèi 'ài mǐ lì yě bèi sòng qù nà lǐ。 dāng shí， zhǐ yòu qióng rén de zǐ nǚ cái jìn zhè zhǒng xué xiào。 nà lǐ de tiáo jiàn jí chā， xiào guī què fēi cháng yán lì， hái zǐ men zhōng nián wú bǎo shí zhī rì， yòu yào shòu tǐ fá， měi féng xīng qī tiān， hái dé mào zhe yán hán huò zhě kù shǔ bù xíng jǐ yīng lǐ qù jiào táng zuò lǐ bài。 yóu yú tiáo jiàn 'è liè， dì 'èr nián xué xiào lǐ jiù liú xíng shāng hán， xià luò dì de liǎng gè jiě jiě dū rǎn shàng cǐ bìng， bèi sòng huí jiā hòu méi jǐ tiān dū tòng kǔ dì sǐ liǎo。 zhè zhī hòu， fù qīn bù zài ràng xià luò dì hé 'ài mǐ lì qù nà suǒ xué xiào， dàn nà lǐ de yī qiē yǐ zài xià luò dì de xīn líng shēn chù liú xià liǎo kě pà de yìn xiàng。 tā yǒng yuǎn wàng bù liǎo zhè duàn shēng huó， hòu lái zài tā de xiǎo shuō《 jiǎn · ài》 zhōng， tā yòu bǎo hán zhe tòngqiè zhī qíng duì cǐ zuò liǎo miáo huì， ér xiǎo shuō zhōng kě 'ài de xiǎo gū niàn hǎi lún de xíng xiàng， jiù shì yǐ tā de jiě jiě mǎ lì yà wéi yuán xíng de。 xià luò dì huí dào jiā lǐ hòu， shēng huó yòu xiàng guò qù yī yàng， dàn tā hé mèi mèi men de xīng qù què gèng jiā guǎng fàn liǎo。 tā men yī qǐ xué yīnyuè， tánqín、 chàng gē， huà huà， ér zuì shǐ tā men gǎn xīng qù de què shì xué xí xiě zuò。 bó lǎng tè yī jiā yī xiàng lí qún suǒ jū， xià luò dì jiě mèi zì yòu xìng gé gū pì， zài háo wò sī zhè gè gū jì de cūn luò lǐ， tā men suǒ néng zhǎo dào de wéi yī wèi jiè， jiù shì miàn duì huāng yě rèn píng xiǎng xiàng lì chí chěng， biān xiě lí qí dòng rén de gù shì。 dāng shí xià luò dì 14 suì， yǐ xiě liǎo xǔ duō xiǎo shuō、 shī gē hé jù běn， jù tā zì jǐ kāi liè de shū dān， tā gòng xiě liǎo 11 juàn zhī duō， měi juàn 60 dào 100 yè。 zhè xiē xí zuò jìn guǎn hái hěn yòu zhì， dàn yǐ biǎo xiàn chū xiāng dāng hòu shí de wén xué sù yǎng hé fēng fù de xiǎng xiàng lì。 zhè yàng de xí zuò， kě yǐ shuō wéi tā wǎng hòu zài wén tán shàng yī jǔ chéng míng zuò liǎo chōng fēn zhǔn bèi。
15 suì shí， xià luò dì jìn wǔ lè xiǎo jiě zài luó hǎi dé bàn de xué xiào dú shū。 jǐ nián hòu， tā wèile zhèng qián gōng dì mèi men shàng xué， yòu zài zhè suǒ xué xiào lǐ dāng liǎo jiào shī。 tā yī biān jiāoshū， yī biān jì xù xiě zuò， dàn zhì cǐ hái méi yòu fā biǎo guò rèn hé zuò pǐn。 1836 nián， yě jiù shì zài tā 20 suì shí， tā dà zhe dǎn zǐ bǎ zì jǐ de jǐ shǒu duǎn shī jì gěi dāng shí de guì guān shī rén sāo sài。 rán 'ér， dé dào de què shì zhè wèi dà shī rén de yī dùn xùn chì。 sāo sài zài huí xìn zhōng háo bù kè qì dì duì tā shuō：“ wén xué bù shì nǚ rén de shì qíng， nǐ men méi yòu xiě shī de tiān fù。” zhè yī pén lěng shuǐ shǐ xià luò dì hěn shāng xīn， dàn tā bìng méi yòu yīn cǐ 'ér sàng shī xìn xīn， réng rán mò mò dì jiān chí xiě zuò。 1838 nián， xià luò dì lí kāi wǔ lè xiǎo jiě de xué xiào。 dì 'èr nián， tā dào yòu qián rén jiā lǐ dān rèn jiā tíng jiào shī。 zhè yī zhí yè zài dāng shí shì shòu qí shì de， ér xià luò dì gèng shì qīn shēn tǐ yàn liǎo zuò wéi yī míng jiā tíng nǚ jiào shī de xīn kǔ yǔ qū rǔ。 tā zài dāng shí gěi mèi mèi 'ài mǐ lì de yī fēng xìn zhōng zhè yàng xiě dào：“ sī rén jiào shī …… shì méi yòu cún zài yì yì de， gēn běn bù bèi dāng zuò huó de、 yòu lǐ xìng de rén kàn dài。” suǒ yǐ， tā hěn kuài jiù tǎo yàn shèn zhì zēng 'è jiā tíng jiào shī zhèyīháng dāng liǎo。 tā zài 1839 nián hé 1841 nián fēn bié dāng guò liǎng cì jiā tíng jiào shī， dàn měi cì dū zhǐ yòu jǐ gè yuè de shí jiān， yīn wéi tā rěn shòu bù liǎo。 yě jiù shì zài zhè liǎng nián lǐ， yòu rén xiàng xià luò dì qiú hūn： yī cì shì tā de yī gè nǚ yǒu de gē gē， lìng yī cì shì yī wèi nián qīng de mù shī。 dàn shì， zhè liǎng cì qiú hūn dōubèi tā jù jué liǎo， yuán yīn shì tā rèn wéi tā men bìng bù shì zhēn zhèng 'ài tā， zhǐ shì 'àn chuán tǒng yào qǔ gè qī zǐ 'ér yǐ。
xià luò dì hé 'ài mǐ lì dōubù yuàn lí kāi jiā dào wài miàn qù móu shēng， dàn jǐn kào fù qīn de shōu rù yòu wú fǎ shēng huó， yú shì tā men biàn xiǎng zài běn cūn bàn yī suǒ xué xiào， jiào dāng dì hái zǐ dú shū， zhè yàng yě xǔ néng wéi chí shēng jì。 tā men dū xiǎng jiào fǎ yǔ， kě shì tā men de fǎ yǔ bìng bù hǎo。 zhè shí， zài tā men jiā lǐ bāng zhù zhào liào jiā wù de yí mā tǐng shēn 'ér chū， ná chū tā suǒ yòu de jī xù， ràng jiě mèi liǎ dào bù lǔ sài 'ěr qù gōng dú fǎ yǔ。
zhè yàng， tā men jiù jìn liǎo bù lǔ sài 'ěr de yī suǒ fǎ yǔ xué xiào。 zhè suǒ xué xiào shì yóu yī duì xìng 'āi rè de fū fù bàn de， bìng yóu 'āi rè xiān shēng qīn zì jiào shòu fǎ yǔ。 āi rè xiān shēng de fǎ guó wén xué zào yì hěn shēn， bó lǎng tè jiě mèi liǎ zài tā de jiào huì xià， jǐn yòng yī nián shí jiān， jiù zhǎng wò liǎo fǎ yǔ jī chǔ zhī shí， hái yuè dú liǎo dà liàng fǎ guó wén xué míng zhù， liǎo jiě liǎo gè zhǒng liú pài zuò jiā de chuàng zuò fēng gé hé yì shù tè diǎn。 dàn shì， duì xià luò dì lái shuō， zài bù lǔ sài 'ěr de yī nián jiān， gěi tā liú xià zuì shēn kè yìn xiàng de què shì 'āi rè xiān shēng běn rén。 tā bù jǐn xué shí yuān bó， cōng míng guò rén， hái yòu yī zhǒng duì nián qīng nǚ zǐ fēi cháng yòu xī yǐn lì de nán xìng qì， jí róng yì jī dòng， yòu diǎn cū lǔ， dàn shí fēn shuài zhí、 shuǎng kuài。 xià luò dì nèi xīn yǐ 'ài shàng zhè gè yòu fù zhī fū， dàn tā shǐ zhōng méi yòu míng què biǎo lù。 āi rè xiān shēng duì tā zé quán rán wú xīn， suǒ yǐ tā jiù bǎ zhè zhǒng wēi miào de qíng gǎn yī zhí yā zài zì jǐ xīn lǐ。 cóng bù lǔ sài 'ěr huí guó hòu， xià luò dì biàn hé liǎng gè mèi mèi yī qǐ kāi shǐ chóu bàn xué xiào， hái guà chū liǎo“ bó lǎng tè jiě mèi xué xiào” de zhāo pái。 kě shì， tā men wàn wàn méi yòu xiǎng dào， zài jǐ gè yuè lǐ jìng rán méi yòu yī gè xué shēng lái bào míng rù xué， děng lái de zhǐ shì shàng mén shōu shuì de guān yuán。
bàn xué de lǐ xiǎng pò miè liǎo。 xià luò dì jué dé， xiě zuò yě xǔ hái yòu chū lù。 1845 nián qiū tiān， tā 'ǒu rán dú liǎo mèi mèi 'ài mǐ lì xiě de yī xiē shī， tū rán xiǎng dào tā men sān jiě mèi kě yǐ hé chū yī běn shī jí。 yú shì tā men shāng liàng zhī hòu， měi rén ná chū yī xiē shī hé zài yī qǐ， yòng dāng shí yǐ qù shì de yí mā liú xià de yī xiē qián zì fèi chū bǎn liǎo yī běn shī jí。 tā men méi yòu shǔ zhēn míng， ér shì fēn bié yòng liǎo sān gè jiǎ míng： kē lè · bèi 'ěr、 āi lì sī · bèi 'ěr hé 'ā kè dùn · bèi 'ěr。 jìn guǎn tā men de shī xiěde hěn měi， què méi yòu rén zhù yì， chū bǎn hòu zhǐ mài diào liǎo liǎng běn。
dàn shì， bù guǎn zěn me shuō， shī jí de chū bǎn duì tā men lái shuō zǒng shì yī jiàn dà shì。 tā men de chuàng zuò rè qíng shòu dào liǎo jī lì， yú shì sān jiě mèi yòu kāi shǐ mái tóu xiě xiǎo shuō。 zhè shí， xià luò dì yǐ sān shí suì。 tā huā liǎo jiāng jìn yī nián shí jiān， xiě chéng yī bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō， qǔ míng《 jiào shī》； mèi mèi 'ài mǐ lì hé 'ān nī zé fēn bié xiě liǎo cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 hé《 ài gé ní sī · gé léi》。 tā men bǎ sān bù xiǎo shuō yī qǐ jì gěi chū bǎn shāng。 bù jiǔ， chū bǎn shāng huí fù tā men shuō，《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 hé《 ài gé ní sī · gé léi》 yǐ bèi jiē shòu， dàn xià luò dì de《 jiào shī》 jiāng bèi tuì huí。
zhè duì xià luò dì lái shuō kě shì gè bù xiǎo de dǎ jī。 dàn tā méi yòu tuì suō， fǎn 'ér biē zhe yī gǔ qì yòu kāi shǐ xiě lìng yī bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō。 zhè jiù shì《 jiǎn · ài》。
《 jiǎn · ài》 zhōng de rén wù hé qíng jié， dà duō shì tā zài shēng huó zhōng jīng lì guò huò zhě fēi cháng shú xī de， zài shuō tā yòu chōng mǎn liǎo jī qíng， suǒ yǐ xiě zuò jìn dù hěn kuài， bù dào yī nián jiù tuō gǎo liǎo。 gǎo zǐ jiāo chū qù hòu， lìng chū bǎn shāng dà wéi jīng xǐ， tōng xiāo bù mián dì shěn dú。 zuì hòu， chū bǎn shāng rèn dìng tā shì yī bù jié zuò， jué dìng mǎ shàng chū bǎn。 jiù zhè yàng， liǎng gè yuè hòu，《 jiǎn · ài》（ 1847） jiù wèn shì liǎo， ér liǎng gè mèi mèi de zuò pǐn cǐ shí hái zài yìn shuà zhī zhōng。
bù jiǔ， sān jiě mèi de sān bù zuò pǐn quán bù wèn shì。 dāng shí de yīng guó wén tán dà wéi zhèn jīng， yīn wéi sān jiě mèi de sān bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō dū fēi cháng chū sè， yóu qí shì xià luò dì de《 jiǎn · ài》（ chū bǎn shí zuò zhě shǔ míng wéi kē lè · bèi 'ěr）， gèng shì yǐn qǐ hōng dòng， dà jiē xiǎo xiàng lǐ dōuzài tán lùn zhè bù xiǎo shuō， rén men hái dào chù dǎ tīng hé cāi cè， zuò zhě dào dǐ shì shuí？
bó lǎng tè sān jiě mèi zài wén xué chuàng zuò shàng de chéng gōng， gěi bó lǎng tè yī jiā dài lái liǎo jí dà de huān lè。 dàn shì bù jiǔ， jiā lǐ jiù fā shēng liǎo yī lián chuàn bù xìng shì jiàn。 1848 nián 9 yuè， tā men de dì dì huàn bìng qù shì。 sān gè yuè hòu， ài mǐ lì rǎn shàng jié hé bìng， xiāng jì qù shì。 xià luò dì dān xīn xiǎo mèi mèi 'ān nī yě huì rǎn shàng， bù qiǎo shì qíng zhèng shì zhè yàng。 ān nī dé bìng hòu tuō liǎo 5 gè yuè， yě lí kāi liǎo rén jiān。
xià luò dì shēn shòu dǎ jī， tā zhǐ yòu quán shēn xīn tóu rù xiě zuò， cái néng zàn shí yí wàng nèi xīn de bēi tòng。 tā mái tóu xiě cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 xiè lì》， yú 1849 nián 8 yuè wán chéng， 10 yuè chū bǎn。《 xiè lì》 shǐ tā zài yī cì huò dé jù dà chéng gōng。 zhè zhī hòu， tā biàn qù liǎo lún dūn。 zài lún dūn de jǐ nián lǐ， tā jié shí liǎo bù shǎo zuò jiā， qí zhōng zuì yòu míng de shì sà kè léi hé gài sī kǎi 'ěr fū rén。 sà kè léi duì tā de zuò pǐn píng jià hěn gāo， ér tā zé bǎ《 jiǎn · ài》 dì 'èr bǎn tí xiàn gěi sà kè léi， yǐ biǎo shì duì zhè wèi zhù míng zuò jiā de jìng yì。 gài sī kǎi 'ěr fū rén chéng liǎo tā de zhì yǒu， liǎng rén guò wǎng shèn mì。 tā hái wán chéng bìng chū bǎn liǎo cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 wéi lāi tè》， bìng yú yī bā wǔ sān nián shí yī yuè kāi shǐ chuàng zuò cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 ài mǎ》。
yī bā wǔ sì nián liù yuè 'èr shí jiǔ rì， sān shí bā suì de xià luò dì zhōng yú kè fú gù zhí de lǎo fù de fǎn duì， hé 'ā bèi ní kē 'ěr sī mù shī jié liǎo hūn。 chí lái de 'ài qíng gěi tā dài lái liǎo wèi jiè hé huān lè， dàn hūn hòu de xìng fú jìng shì nà me duǎn zàn， liù gè yuè hòu de yī tiān， xià luò dì hé zhàng fū dào lí jiā shù yīng lǐ de huāng yuán shēn chù guān kàn shān jiàn pù bù， guī tú zhōng yù yǔ shòu hán， cǐ hòu biàn yī bìng bù qǐ。 yī bā wǔ wǔ nián sān yuè sān shí yī rì， sān shí bā suì de xià luò dì bù xìng lí kāi liǎo rén jiān， hái dài qù liǎo yī gè shàng wèi chū shì de yīng 'ér。
dì 'èr bǎn běn：
yīng guó nǚ xiǎo shuō jiā， ài mǐ lì · bó lǎng tè zhī jiě， shì huó yuè zài yīng guó wén tán shàng de bó lǎng tè sān jiě mèi zhī yī。 tā shì sān jiě mèi zhōng nián líng zuì dà de。 sān jiě mèi chū shēng zài yīng gé lán běi bù yuē kè jùn yī gè yǔ shì gé jué de cūn zǐ lǐ。 fù qīn shì gè qióng mù shī。 quán kào tā men yī wèi xiǎo yòu zī chǎn de yí mā zī zhù tā men shàng xué， bìng liú gěi tā men cái chǎn。 hòu lái sān jiě mèi lì yòng zhè bǐ cái chǎn de yī bù fēn zì fèi chū bǎn liǎo tā men de dì yī bù shī gē hé jí。 tóng nián de xià luò dì cháng hé qí tā xiōng dì jiě mèi yī qǐ yòng xiǎo běn xiě yī xiē qí tè de gù shì。 jī yú fù mǔ yí chuán de tiānfèn hé tā men hòu tiān de nǔ lì， sān jiě mèi dōuyòu míng shàn cháng xiě zuò， 1847 nián， tā mendōu fā biǎo liǎo xiǎo shuō， xià luò dì yòng kē lè bèi 'ěr de bǐ míng fā biǎo liǎo《 jiǎn · ài》。 xià luò dì dāng guò jiào shī hé jiā tíng jiào shī， yě céng yǔ mèi mèi 'ài mǐ lì yī qǐ yú 1842 nián qù bǐ lì shí bù lǔ sài 'ěr xué xí fǎ yǔ hé gǔ diǎn wén xué。 xià luò dì de zuò pǐn zhù yào miáo xiě pín kǔ de xiǎo zī chǎn zhě de gū dú、 fǎn kàng hé fèn dǒu， shǔ yú bèi mǎ kè sī chēng wéi yǐ dí gèng sī wéi shǒu de“ chū sè de yī pài”。《 jiǎn · ài》 shì tā de chǔnǚ zuò， yě shì dài biǎo zuò， zhì jīn réng shòu dào guǎng dà dú zhě de huān yíng。 shí jì shàng， bó lǎng tè sān jiě mèi zì yòu biàn rè 'ài xiě zuò， cháng cháng yī qǐ zài běn shàng xiě yī xiē guān yú bó jué de xiǎo shuō， kě xī rì hòu dū diū shī liǎo。 xià luò dì hái chū bǎn guò shī jí。 tā de qí tā xiǎo shuō yòu：《 xuě lì》（ 1849）、《 wéi lāi tè》（ 1853） hé《 jiào shī》（ 1857）。 qí zhōng《 wéi lāi tè》 kě yǐ kàn zuò shì tā gè rén de xiǎo shuō tǐ zìzhuàn， yǔ tā de rén shēng jīng lì shí fēn xiāng sì。 zhè wèi tiān shēng tǐ ruò de nǚ zuò jiā shì shí jiǔ shì jì yīng guó wén tán shàng yī kē cuǐ càn de míng zhū。
bó lǎng tè jiě mèi
1847 nián，《 jiǎn · ài》 hé《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 zài yīng guó xiān hòu chū bǎn。 zhè liǎng bù zuò pǐn de chū xiàn， yǐn qǐ liǎo wén xué jiè qiáng liè de hōng dòng； ér zhè liǎng bù bù xiǔ de míng zhù jìng chū yú míng bù jiàn chuán de liǎng jiě mèi zhī shǒu， gèng chéng liǎo yīng guó wén xué shǐ shàng de jiā huà。 zhè liǎng jiě mèi jiù shì xià luò dì · bó lǎng tè hé 'ài mǐ lì · bó lǎng tè。 xià luò dì de《 jiǎn · ài》 yīn tí cái de xīn yíng hé gǎn qíng de zhēn zhì lì jí yǐn qǐ dāng shí píng lùn jiè de zhòng shì， ér 'ài mǐ lì zé píng zhe《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 zhè bù yòu zhe qí xiǎng xiàng lì de xiǎo shuō zài yīng guó wén xué shǐ shàng zhàn yòu tū chū dì wèi。 rán 'ér rén men méi yòu xiǎng dào， zhè liǎng jiě mèi de chéng gōng què yuán zì tā men nà gū dú、 kǔ mèn hé bù xìng de shēng huó。
qī liáng、 gū dú de tóng nián
bó lǎng tè jiě mèi shēngzhǎng zài yī gè qióng mù shī jiā tíng， tā men de mǔ qīn zài hái zǐ men hái hěn nián yòu shí huàn fèi 'ái qù shì， zhè shǐ quán jiā xiàn rù liǎo bù xìng。 shī qù liǎo mǔ qīn， hái zǐ men de tóng nián jiù xiàng méi yòu yáng guāng de shēn dōng， qī liáng 'ér méi yòu huān lè。 suǒ xìng de shì， tā men de fù qīn －－ nà wèi qióng mù shī－－ xué shí yuān bó， tā qīn zì jiào tā men dú shū， zhǐ dǎo tā men kàn shū dú bào， zhè xiē dū gěi liǎo tā men hěn dà de yǐng xiǎng， zhè yě suàn shì bù xìng zhōng de wàn xìng。
yóu yú shēng huó de qī kǔ， bó lǎng tè jiě mèi bù dé bù zài cí shàn xué xiào dù guò liǎo yī duàn tóng nián。 yīn wéi xué xiào lǐ de shēng huó tiáo jiàn shí fēn 'è liè， xià luò dì hé 'ài mǐ lì de liǎng gè jiě jiě xiān hòu huàn fèi bìng sǐ qù， zhè gěi xià luò dì jí qí chén zhòng de dǎ jī。 hòu lái， tā jiāng zhè jiā xué xiào bān jìn liǎo《 jiǎn · ài》， bìng qiě wèile jì niàn tā de jiě jiě， zài shū zhōng sù zào liǎo yī gè hǎi lún · péng sī de kě 'ài de xiǎo gū niàn de xíng xiàng。 cǐ hòu， xià luò dì hé 'ài mǐ lì jiù huí dào jiā lǐ， yǔ dì dì bó lán wēi 'ěr hé mèi mèi 'ān nī yī qǐ zì xué。
tā men de jiā jū zhù zài huāng liáng piān pì de shān qū， zài jiā shàng zhè gè jiā tíng yī xiàng lí qún suǒ jū， yīn cǐ tā men yóu wán de chǎng dì zhǐ yòu yī wàng wú jì de zhǎo zé hé xī biān de kuàng yě。 tā men cháng zài kuàng yě lǐ sàn bù， gǎn shòu zhe kuàng yě de qì fēn， tè bié shì 'ài mǐ lì， tā biǎo miàn chén mò guǎ yán， nèi xīn què rè qíng bēn fàng， tā jiāng kuàng yě de gǎn shòu quán xiě jìn liǎo《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》， gòu chéng liǎo《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 de dú tè fēn wéi。 wèile dǎ fā jì mò de shí guāng， tā men sì gè biàn cháng cháng dú shū、 xiě zuò shī gē yǐ jí dù zhuàn chuán qí gù shì， tā men zì bàn liǎo yī gè shǒu chāo de kān wù：《 nián qīng rén de zá zhì》， zì biān zì xiě zì dú， zhè gěi tā men dài lái liǎo mò dà lè qù， duì tā men yǐ hòu chéng wéi zhù míng de zuò jiā shì yī gè chū bù duàn liàn。 lóu shí， xià luò dì xiě liǎo xǔ duō xiǎo shuō、 shī gē hé jù běn， jù tā zì jǐ zài 14 suì shí kāi liè de zuò pǐn míng dān， jiù yòu 22 juàn。
jiān kǔ gōng zuò hòu de jiě tuō
wèile shēng huó， bó lǎng tè jiě mèi xiān hòu lí jiā chū wài dāng jiā tíng jiào shī， qū rǔ de shēng huó jī qǐ liǎo tā men qiáng liè de fèn nù zhī qíng。 xià luò dì bèi gǎn qí shì hé gū dú， tā zēng hèn jiā tíng jiào shī zhè gè hángdāng， liǎng cì dū zhǐ gōng zuò liǎo jǐ gè yuè jiù lí kāi liǎo， dàn zhè duàn jīng lì què wéi《 jiǎn · ài》 tí gōng liǎo jí qí zhòng yào de sù cái。 zài jiān ruò、 bìsè de shēng huó zhōng， bó lǎng tè jiě mèi jīng cháng lì yòng wǎn shàng de yī diǎn yú xiá jī jí dì xiě zuò， zuò wéi duì yī tiān kū zào fá wèi de xīn láo gōng zuò de yī zhǒng jiě tuō。 yóu qí shì 'ài mǐ lì， tā chú liǎo gōng zuò zhī wài， hái yào chéng dān quán jiā fán zhòng de jiā wù láo dòng， xǐ yī fú、 shāo cài、 kǎo miàn bāo， wèile suí shí jì xià xiě zuò sù cái， tā zài chú fáng lǐ gànhuó shí， zǒng shì suí shēn dài zhe zhǐ hé bǐ， zhǐ yào yī yòu kōng xì， jiù lì jí bǎ nǎo liǎo liǎo lǐ yǒng xiàn de sī xiǎng xiě xià lái， rán hòu jì xù shāo fàn。
zhè yī duàn shí qī， tā men yī zhí méi yòu tíng zhǐ chuàng zuò huó dòng。 1836 nián， xià luò dì bǎ zì jǐ xiě de jǐ shǒu shī jì gěi liǎo dāng shí zhù míng de guì guān shī rén sāo sài， bù liào sāo sài jìng rèn wéi wén xué bù shì fù nǚ de shì yè， ér qiě rèn wéi xià luò dì méi yòu tè shū de cái néng。 tā jué bù huì xiǎng dào， zhèng shì zhè gè tā rèn wéi méi yòu tè shū cái néng de xià luò dì · bó lǎng tè zài 10 nián hòu huì chéng wéi hōng dòng yīng guó wén tán de zuò jiā。
bó lǎng tè jiě mèi céng dǎ suàn hé lì bàn yī suǒ xué xiào， kě shì yìn liǎo zhāo shēng guǎng gào， què méi yòu rén lái bào míng。 zhè shí tā men wéi yī de dì dì bó lán wēi 'ěr yóu yú huán jìng de cì jī， yǎng chéng liǎo xù jiǔ de 'è xí， bìng wéi cǐ diū diào liǎo gōng zuò， chéng wéi jiā tíng de fù dān。 1845 nián qiū jì de yī tiān， xià luò dì 'ǒu rán kàn dào 'ài mǐ lì xiě de yī běn shī jí， tā shēn shòu gǎn dòng， xiǎng dào xiě zuò yě xǔ shì yī tiáo chū lù， yú shì， tā dòng yòng liǎo qù shì de yí mā liú gěi tā men de yí chǎn， yǔ liǎng gè mèi mèi hé chū yī běn shī jí。 dàn shì jìn guǎn shī xiěde hěn měi， què wèi néng yǐn qǐ rén men de zhù yì， zhǐ mài diào liǎo liǎng běn。
xiǎo shuō chuàng zuò shàng de chéng gōng
suī rán rú cǐ， zhè běn shī jí de chū bǎn réng gǔ wǔ liǎo tā men de chuàng zuò qíng xù， yú shì bó lǎng tè jiě mèi mái tóu xiě qǐ xiǎo shuō lái。 zhè yī nián， xiǎo mèi mèi 'ān nī · bó lǎng tè xiě chéng liǎo《 ài gé nī sī · gé léi》， ài mǐ lì xiě chéng liǎo《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》， xià luò dì xiě chéng liǎo《 jiào shòu》。 qián liǎng bù dōubèi chū bǎn shāng jiē shòu liǎo， zhǐ yòu《 jiào shòu》 bèi tuì huí。 dàn xià luò dì méi yòu huī xīn， tā kāi shǐ xiě《 jiǎn · ài》， xiǎo shuō zhōng de rén wù hé qíng jié hěn duō dōushì tā cóng shēng huó zhōng jīng lì guò de huò shì shú xī de。 tā yòng liǎo yī nián shí jiān yǐ xiāng dāng kuài de sù dù xiě hǎo liǎo《 jiǎn · ài》， liǎng gè yuè yǐ hòu， shū chū bǎn liǎo， ér《 ài gé nī sī · gé léi》 hé《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 zhí dào《 jiǎn · ài》 chū bǎn hòu fāng cái chū bǎn。 rán 'ér shì zhǐ yòu《 jiǎn · ài》 huò dé liǎo chéng gōng， shòu dào zhòng shì，《 hū xiào shān zhuāng》 què bùwèi dāng shí de dú zhě suǒ lǐ jiě。
Biography
Charlotte was born in Thornton, Yorkshire in 1816, the third of six children, to Patrick Brontë (formerly "Patrick Brunty"), an Irish Anglican clergyman, and his wife, Maria née Branwell. In 1820, the family moved a few miles to Haworth, where Patrick had been appointed Perpetual Curate. Mrs Brontë died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters and a son to be taken care of by her sister Elizabeth Branwell. In August 1824, Charlotte was sent with three of her sisters, Emily, Maria and Elizabeth, to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire (which she would describe as Lowood School in Jane Eyre). Its poor conditions, Charlotte maintained, permanently affected her health and physical development and hastened the deaths of her two elder sisters, Maria (born 1814) and Elizabeth (born 1815), who died of tuberculosis in June 1825 soon after their father removed them from the school on 1 June.
At home in Haworth Parsonage, Charlotte and the other surviving children — Branwell, Emily and Anne — began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of their imaginary kingdoms. Charlotte and Branwell wrote Byronic stories about their country — Angria — and Emily and Anne wrote articles and poems about theirs — Gondal. The sagas were elaborate and convoluted (and still exist in part manuscripts) and provided them with an obsessive interest in childhood and early adolescence, which prepared them for their literary vocations in adulthood.
Charlotte continued her education at Roe Head, Mirfield, from 1831 to 1832, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents, Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor. During this period, she wrote her novella The Green Dwarf (1833) under the name of Wellesley. Charlotte returned as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. In 1839, she took up the first of many positions as governess to various families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841.
In 1842 she and Emily travelled to Brussels to enroll in a boarding school run by Constantin Heger (1809 – 1896) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Heger (1814 – 1891). In return for board and tuition, Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. Their time at the boarding school was cut short when Elizabeth Branwell, their aunt who joined the family after the death of their mother to look after the children, died of internal obstruction in October 1842. Charlotte returned alone to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a teaching post at the boarding school. Her second stay at the boarding school was not a happy one; she became lonely, homesick and deeply attached to Constantin Heger. She finally returned to Haworth in January 1844 and later used her time at the boarding school as the inspiration for some of The Professor and Villette.
In May 1846, Charlotte, Emily and Anne published a joint collection of poetry under the assumed names of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. Although only two copies were sold, the sisters continued writing for publication and began their first novels. Charlotte used "Currer Bell" when she published her first two novels. Of this, Brontë later wrote:
Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because—without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine' -- we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice; we had noticed how critics sometimes use for their chastisement the weapon of personality, and for their reward, a flattery, which is not true praise.
Indeed, her novels were deemed coarse by the critics.[citation needed] There was speculation about the identity of Currer Bell, and whether Bell was a man or a woman.
Title page of the first edition of Jane Eyre
Charlotte's brother, Branwell, the only son of the family, died of chronic bronchitis and marasmus exacerbated by heavy drinking in September 1848, although Charlotte believed his death was due to tuberculosis. Branwell was also a suspected "opium eater", (i.e. a laudanum addict). Emily and Anne both died of pulmonary tuberculosis in December 1848 and May 1849, respectively.
Charlotte and her father were now left alone together. In view of the enormous success of Jane Eyre, she was persuaded by her publisher to visit London occasionally, where she revealed her true identity and began to move in a more exalted social circle, becoming friends with Harriet Martineau, Elizabeth Gaskell, William Makepeace Thackeray and G. H. Lewes. Her book had sparked a movement in regards to feminism in literature. The main character, Jane Eyre, in her novel Jane Eyre, was a parallel to herself, a woman who was strong. However, she never left Haworth for more than a few weeks at a time as she did not want to leave her aging father's side.
Thackeray’s daughter, the writer Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie recalled a visit to her father by Charlotte Brontë:
“... two gentlemen come in, leading a tiny, delicate, serious, little lady, with fair straight hair, and steady eyes. She may be a little over thirty; she is dressed in a little barège dress with a pattern of faint green moss. She enters in mittens, in silence, in seriousness; our hearts are beating with wild excitement. This then is the authoress, the unknown power whose books have set all London talking, reading, speculating; some people even say our father wrote the books - the wonderful books... The moment is so breathless that dinner comes as a relief to the solemnity of the occasion, and we all smile as my father stoops to offer his arm; for, genius though she may be, Miss Brontë can barely reach his elbow. My own personal impressions are that she is somewhat grave and stern, specially to forward little girls who wish to chatter... Every one waited for the brilliant conversation which never began at all. Miss Brontë retired to the sofa in the study, and murmured a low word now and then to our kind governess... the conversation grew dimmer and more dim, the ladies sat round still expectant, my father was too much perturbed by the gloom and the silence to be able to cope with it at all... after Miss Brontë had left, I was surprised to see my father opening the front door with his hat on. He put his fingers to his lips, walked out into the darkness, and shut the door quietly behind him... long afterwards... Mrs. Procter asked me if I knew what had happened... It was one of the dullest evenings [Mrs Procter] had ever spent in her life... the ladies who had all come expecting so much delightful conversation, and the gloom and the constraint, and how finally, overwhelmed by the situation, my father had quietly left the room, left the house, and gone off to his club.”
In June 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father's curate, and became pregnant soon thereafter. Her health declined rapidly during this time, and according to Gaskell, her earliest biographer, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness." Charlotte died, along with her unborn child, on 31 March 1855, at the young age of 38. Her death certificate gives the cause of death as phthisis (tuberculosis), but many biographers suggest she may have died from dehydration and malnourishment, caused by excessive vomiting from severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum. There is also evidence to suggest that Charlotte died from typhus she may have caught from Tabitha Ackroyd, the Brontë household's oldest servant, who died shortly before her. Charlotte was interred in the family vault in The Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Haworth, West Yorkshire, England.
The Life of Charlotte Brontë, the posthumous biography of Charlotte Brontë by Gaskell, was the first of many biographies about Charlotte to be published. Though frank in places, Gaskell suppressed details of Charlotte's love for Heger, a married man, as being too much of an affront to contemporary morals and as a possible source of distress to Charlotte's still-living friends, father and husband (Lane 1853 178–183). Gaskell also provided doubtful and inaccurate information about Patrick Brontë, claiming, for example, that he did not allow his children to eat meat. This is refuted by one of Emily Brontë's diary papers, in which she describes the preparation of meat and potatoes for dinner at the parsonage, as Juliet Barker points out in her recent biography, The Brontës. It was discovered that Charlotte wrote 20 manuscript pages of a book, but died before she could finish; Clare Boylan finished it in 2007 as Emma Brown: A Novel from the Unfinished Manuscript by Charlotte Brontë.