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yuèdòuxīn bō sī kǎ Wisława Szymborskazài诗海dezuòpǐn!!! | |
辛波丝卡于一九二三年七月二日生于波兰的小镇布宁的一个知识分子家庭里。那时，她的国家刚刚摆脱第一次世界大战的阴影。一九三一年全家迁往波兰南部的克拉科夫。克拉科夫市从十四世纪到十七世纪一直是波兰的首都，曾被联合国评为世界上十二座最美丽的城市之一。这时有古老的志愿人员，历代波兰皇帝的陵墓，雄伟的广场，收藏丰富的博物馆，凡此种种，构成了浓郁的文化氛围。与这个城市的文化氛围相一致的，是诗人的长年飘逸书香的家庭氛围。据诗人回忆，在她童年时代的家庭生活中，谈论得最多的就是读书。她五岁就开始作儿童诗，她的父亲是第一个热心读者。辛波丝卡于一九四五年到一九四作年就读于波兰雅盖沃大学哲学系。这是波兰最古老的大学，建于十中世纪，以政治和宗教的宽容为建校之本，知名的天文学家哥白尼、镭的发现者居里夫人均毕业于这所大学。诗人一生结过二次婚，没有生育有儿女。辛波丝卡是懂得诗和生命的滋味的，所以她这样说：“我偏爱写诗的荒谬胜过不写诗的荒谬。”
一九九六年诺贝尔文学奖得主辛波丝卡(Wislawa Szymborska)，一九二三年七月二日出生于波兰西部小镇布宁（Bnin，今为科尼克[Kornik]一部份），八岁时移居克拉科夫(Cracow)，至今仍居住在这南方大城。她是第三位获得诺贝尔文学奖的女诗人（前两位是一九四五年智利的密丝特拉儿和一九六六年德国的沙克丝），第四位获得诺贝尔文学奖的波兰作家，也是当今波兰最受欢迎的女诗人。她的诗作虽具高度的严谨性及严肃性，在波兰却拥有十分广大的读者。她一九七六年出版的诗集《巨大的数目》，第一刷一万本在一周内即售光，这在诗坛真算是巨大的数目。
辛波丝卡于一九四五年至一九四八年间，在克拉科夫著名的的雅格隆尼安大学修习社会学和波兰文学。一九四五年三月，她在波兰日报副刊发表了她第一首诗作〈我追寻文字〉。一九四八年，当她正打算出第一本诗集时，波兰政局生变，共产政权得势，主张文学当为社会政策而作。辛波丝卡于是对其作品风格及主题进行全面之修改，诗集延至一九五二年出版，名为《存活的理由》。辛波丝卡后来对这本以反西方思想，为和平奋斗，致力社会主义建设为主题的处女诗集，显然有无限的失望和憎厌，在一九七O年出版的全集中，她未收录其中任何一首诗作。
一九五四年，第二本诗集《自问集》出版。在这本诗集里，涉及政治主题的诗作大大减少，处理爱情和传统抒情诗主题的诗作占了相当可观的篇幅。一九五七年，《呼唤雪人》出版，至此她已完全抛开官方鼓吹的政治主题，找到了自己的声音，触及人与自然，人与社会，人与历史，人与爱情的关系。 一九九六年诺贝尔文学奖得主辛波丝卡(Wislawa Szymborska)，一九二三年出生于 波兰科尼克(Kornik)，八岁时移居克拉科夫(Cracow)，至今仍居住在这南方大城。她 是第三个获得诺贝尔文学奖的女诗人 (前两位是一九四五年智利的密丝特拉儿和一九 六六年德国的沙克丝) ，第四个获得诺贝尔文学奖的波兰作家，也是当今波兰最受欢 迎的女诗人。她的诗作虽具高度的严谨性及严肃性，在波兰却拥有十分广大的读者。 她一九七六年出版的诗集《巨大的数目》，第一刷一万本在一周内即售光，这在诗坛 真算是巨大的数目。
在大学修习社会学和波兰文学的辛波丝卡，于一九四五年三月在波兰日报副刊发表 了她第一首诗作＜我追寻文字＞。一九四八年，当她正打算出第一本诗集时，波兰政局 生变，共产政权得势，主张文学当为社会政策而作。辛波丝卡于是对其作品风格及主 题进行全面之修改，诗集延至一九五二年出版，名为《存活的理由》。辛波丝卡后来 对这本以反西方思想，为和平奋斗，致力社会主义建设为主题的处女诗集，显然有无 限的失望和憎厌，在一九七0年出版的全集中，她未收录其中任何一首诗作。 一九五四年，第二本诗集《自问集》出版。在这本诗集里，涉及政治主题的诗作大 大减少，处理爱情和传统抒情诗主题的诗作占了相当可观的篇幅。一九五七年，《呼 唤叶提》出版，至此她已完全抛开官方鼓吹的政治主题，找到了自己的声音，触及人 与社会，人与历史，人与爱情的关系。在一九六二年出版的《盐》里，我们看到她对 新的写作方向进行更深、更广的探索。
一九六七年，《一百个笑声》出版，这本在技巧上强调自由诗体，在主题上思索人 类在宇宙处境的诗集，可说是她迈入成熟期的作品。一九七二年的《只因为恩典》和 一九七六年的《巨大的数目》更见大师风范。在一九七六年之前的三十年创作生涯中 ，辛波丝卡以质代量，共出版了一百八十首诗，其中只有一百四十五首是她自认成熟 之作，她对作品要求之严由此可见一斑。
在辛波丝卡的每一本诗集中，几乎都可以看到她追求新风格、尝试新技法的用心。 她擅长自日常生活汲取喜悦，以小隐喻开发深刻的思想，寓严肃于幽默、机智，是以 小搏大，举重若轻的语言大师。一九七六年之后，十年间未见其新诗集出版。一九八 六年《桥上的人们》一出，遂格外引人注目。令人惊讶的是，这本诗集竟然只有二十 二首诗作，然而篇篇佳构，各具特色，可说是她诗艺的高峰。
辛波丝卡关心政治，但不介入政治。严格地说，她称不上是政治诗人—也因此她 的书能逃过官方检查制度的大剪，得以完整的面貌问世——但隐含的政治意涵在她诗 中到处可见。在《桥上的人们》这本诗集里，她多半以日常生活经验为元素，透过独 特的叙述手法，多样的诗风，锤链出生命的共相，直指现实之荒谬、局限，人性之愚 昧、妥协。此处译介的五首诗即出自此书。
＜葬礼＞ 一诗以三十五句对白组成，辛波丝卡以类似荒谬剧的手法，让观礼者的话 语以不合逻辑的顺序穿梭、流动、交错，前后句之间多半无问答之关联，有些在本质 上甚至是互相冲突的。这些对白唯一的共通点是——它们都是生活的声音，琐碎、空 洞却又是真实生命的回音。在本该为死者哀恸的肃穆葬礼上，我们听到的反而是生者 的喧哗。藉着这种实质和形式之间的矛盾，辛波丝卡呈现出真实的生命形貌和质感， 没有嘲讽，没有苛责，只有会心的幽默和谅解。
在 ＜写履历表＞ 一诗，辛波丝卡则以颇为辛辣的语调讥讽现代人功利导向的价值观 ——将一张单薄的履历表和一个漫长、复杂的人生划上等号，企图以一份空有外在形 式而无内在价值的资料去界定一个人，企图以片面、无意义的具体事实去取代生命中 诸多抽象、无以名之的的美好经验。然而，这样的荒谬行径却在现代人不自觉的实践 中，成为根深蒂固的生活仪式，诗人为我们提出了警讯。
在 ＜衣服＞ 一诗中，辛波丝卡不厌其烦地列出不同质料、样式的衣服名称，及其相 关之配件、设计细节，似乎暗示生命的局限——再严密的设防，也无法阻拦焦虑、心 事、病痛、疏离感的渗透。即使抽出了围巾，在衣服外再裹一层保护膜，也只是一个 苍凉无效的生命手势。
辛波丝卡的政治嘲讽和机智在 ＜对色情文学的看法＞ 一诗中发挥得淋漓尽致。八十 年代的波兰在检查制度之下，政治性、思想性的着作敛迹，出版界充斥着色情文学。 在这首诗里，辛波丝卡虚拟了一个拥护政府「以思想箝制确保国家安全」政策的说话 者，让他义正严词地指陈思想问题的严重性超乎色情问题之上，让他滔滔不绝地以一 连串的色情意象痛斥自由思想之猥亵、邪恶。但在持续五个诗节嘉年华会式的激情语 调之后，辛波丝卡设计了一个反高潮——在冷静、节制的诗的末段，他刻意呈现自由 思想者与志同道合者喝茶、翘脚、聊天的自得和无伤大雅。这样的设计顿时瓦解了说 话者前面的论点，凸显其对思想大力抨击之荒谬可笑，也间接对集权国家无所不在的 思想监控所造成的生存恐惧，提出了无言的抗议。
辛波丝卡认为生存是天赋人权，理应受到尊重。在 ＜种种可能＞ 一诗，她对自己的 价值观、生活品味、生命认知做了相当坦率的表白。从她偏爱的事物，我们不难看出 她恬淡自得、自在从容、悲悯敦厚、不道学、不迂腐的个性特质。每个人都是独立的 自主个体，依附于每一个个体的「种种可能」正是人间的可爱之处。透过这首诗，辛 波丝卡向世人宣告生命之多样美好以及自在生存的权利，因为「存在的理由是不假外 求的」。
这也许不是一个诗的时代——或者，从来就未曾有过诗的时代——但人们依旧写诗 、读诗，诗依旧存活着，并且给我们快乐，安慰。辛波丝卡是懂得诗和生命的况味的， 当她这样说：「我偏爱写诗的荒谬╱胜过不写诗的荒谬。」
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《辛波丝卡诗选》
陈黎‧张芬龄 译
【目 录】
未进行的喜马拉雅之旅 博物馆 不期而遇 金婚纪念日
写作的喜悦 特技表演者 剧场印象
广告 回家 在一颗小星星底下
致谢函 微笑 隐居 一粒沙看世界 衣服
写履历表 葬礼 对色情文学的看法 种种可能
桥上的人们 天空 结束与开始 仇恨 一见锺情
Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska (Polish: [viˈswava ʂɨmˈbɔrska]; 2 July 1923 – 1 February 2012) was a Polish poet, essayist, translator and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent, which has since become part of Kórnik, she later resided in Kraków until the end of her life. In Poland, Szymborska's books have reached sales rivaling prominent prose authors', though she wrote in a poem, "Some Like Poetry" ("Niektórzy lubią poezję"), that "perhaps" two in a thousand people like poetry.
Szymborska was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality". She became better known internationally as a result. Her work has been translated into English and many European languages, as well as into Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, Persian and Chinese.
Szymborska frequently employs literary devices such as irony, paradox, contradiction, and understatement, to illuminate philosophical themes and obsessions. Szymborska's compact poems often conjure large existential puzzles, touching on issues of ethical import, and reflecting on the condition of people both as individuals and as members of human society. Szymborska's style is succinct and marked by introspection and wit.
Szymborska's reputation rests on a relatively small body of work: she has not published more than 250 poems to date. She is often described as modest to the point of shyness . She has long been cherished by Polish literary contemporaries (including Czesław Miłosz) and her poetry has been set to music by Zbigniew Preisner. Szymborska became better known internationally after she was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize. Szymborska's work has been translated into many European languages, as well as into Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese and Chinese.
In 1931, Szymborska's family moved to Kraków. She has been linked with this city, where she studied, worked, and still resides, ever since.
When World War II broke out in 1939, she continued her education in underground lessons. From 1943, she worked as a railroad employee and managed to avoid being deported to Germany as a forced labourer. It was during this time that her career as an artist began with illustrations for an English-language textbook. She also began writing stories and occasional poems.
Beginning in 1945, Szymborska took up studies of Polish language and literature before switching to sociology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. There she soon became involved in the local writing scene, and met and was influenced by Czesław Miłosz. In March 1945, she published her first poem Szukam słowa ("I seek the word") in the daily paper Dziennik Polski; her poems continued to be published in various newspapers and periodicals for a number of years. In 1948 she quit her studies without a degree, due to her poor financial circumstances; the same year, she married poet Adam Włodek, whom she divorced in 1954. At that time, she was working as a secretary for an educational biweekly magazine as well as an illustrator.
During Stalinism in Poland in 1953 she has participated in defamation of Catholic priests from Kraków groundlessly condemned by Communists to death penalty. Her first book was originally to be published in 1949, but did not pass censorship as it "did not meet socialist requirements." Like many other intellectuals in post-war Poland, however, Szymborska remained loyal to the PRL official ideology early in her career, signing political petitions and praising Stalin, Lenin and the realities of socialism. This attitude is seen in her debut collection Dlatego żyjemy ("That is what we are living for"), containing the poems Lenin and Młodzieży budującej Nową Hutę ("For the Youth that Builds Nowa Huta"), about the construction of a Stalinist industrial town near Kraków. She also became a member of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party.
Like many Polish intellectuals initially close to the official party line, Szymborska gradually grew estranged from socialist ideology and renounced her earlier political work. Although she did not officially leave the party until 1966, she began to establish contacts with dissidents. As early as 1957, she befriended Jerzy Giedroyc, the editor of the influential Paris-based emigré journal Kultura, to which she also contributed. In 1964 she subscribed Communist backed protest to The Times against independent intellectuals, demanding freedom of speech.
In 1953, she joined the staff of the literary review magazine Życie Literackie ("Literary Life"), where she continued to work until 1981 and from 1968 ran her own book review column entitled Lektury Nadobowiązkowe ("Non-compulsory Reading"). Many of her essays from this period were later published in book form. From 1981 to 1983, Szymborska was an editor of the Kraków-based monthly Pismo. During the 1980s, she intensified her oppositional activities, contributing to the samizdat periodical Arka under the pseudonym "Stańczykówna", as well as to Kultura in Paris.
Szymborska has also translated French literature into Polish, in particular Baroque poetry and the works of Agrippa d'Aubigné.
In Germany, Szymborska is often associated with her translator Karl Dedecius, who did much to popularize her works there.
Prizes and awards
1954: The City of Cracow Prize for Literature
1963: The Polish Ministry of Culture Prize
1991: The Goethe Prize
1995: The Herder Prize
1995: Honorary Doctor of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
1996: The Polish PEN Club prize
1996: Nobel Prize for Literature
Major works
1952: Dlatego żyjemy ("That's Why We Are Alive")
1954: Pytania zadawane sobie ("Questioning Yourself")
1957: Wołanie do Yeti ("Calling Out to Yeti")
1962: Sól ("Salt")
1966: 101 wierszy ("101 Poems")
1967: Sto pociech ("No End of Fun")
1967: Poezje wybrane ("Selected Poetry")
1972: Wszelki wypadek ("Could Have")
1976: Wielka liczba ("A Large Number")
1986: Ludzie na moście ("People on the Bridge")
1989: Poezje: Poems, bilingual Polish-English edition
1992: Lektury nadobowiązkowe ("Non-required Reading")
1993: Koniec i początek ("The End and the Beginning")
1996: Widok z ziarnkiem piasku ("View with a Grain of Sand")
1997: Sto wierszy - sto pociech ("100 Poems - 100 Happinesses")
2002: Chwila ("Moment")
2003: Rymowanki dla dużych dzieci ("Rhymes for Big Kids")
2005: Dwukropek ("Colon")
Reviews
1998 Boston Review: Poems - New and Collected 1957-1997 by Francis Padorr Brent
2006 The Christian Science Monitor: A fascinating journey with two women poets by Elizabeth Lund
2006 Moondance magazine: Stories/Poems. Plain and Simple. -- Mapping the Words of Wislawa Szymborska on Her Latest Book, Monologue of a Dog by Lys Anzia
2006 Sarmatian Review: Wislawa Szymborska's 'Conversation With a Stone' -- An Interpretation by Mary Ann Furno
2006 Words Without Borders: Monologue of a Dog -- New Poems of Wislawa Szymborska by W. Martin
External links
Wislawa Szymborska: Including biography and Nobel speech - NobelPrize.org
Poems of Wislawa Szymborska
Wislawa Szymborska in translation
Wislawa Szymborska poems in English
More translated Wislawa Szymborska poems
Poems of Wislawa Szymborska in light projections by artist Jenny Holzer in London
Wislawa Szymborska's "True Love" in Poem for Rent project.
Enciclopædia Britannica article about Szymborska
See also
Polish poets
^ Wojciech Czuchnowski Blizna. Proces kurii krakowskiej 1953, Kraków 2003
^ Stanisław Krajski Wisława Szymborska: Zabić księży
^ Sebastian Pasławski Ludzie: Wisława Szymborska Admiratorka Lenina i Stalina