| xìng： | ài xīn jué luó | |||||||||
| míng： | mín níng | |||||||||
| miàohào： | xuān zōng | |||||||||
| língmù： | mù líng | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
道光jiā qìng shí bā nián（ 1813 nián） fēng wéi zhì qīn wáng。 èr shí wǔ nián（ 1820 nián） jiā qìng dì zú， mián níng jì wèi， gǎi míng mín níng， dìng nián hào wéi dào guāng。 jí wèi shí zhèng zhí yā piàn fàn làn， dào guāng dì wéi wǎn jiù guó jiā cái zhèng wēi jī， yě zhù zhāng jìn yān， duō cì xià zhào jìn zhǐ yā piàn jìn kǒu， jìn zhǐ zì zhǒng zì zhì。 zhī hòu yā piàn zhàn zhēng bào fā， yóu yú dào guāng dì zhàn shǒu wú cè， shí hé shí zhàn， qīng cháo zhàn bài yú yīng guó， bìng yǔ yīng rén qiān dìng jìn dài shǒu tiáo bù píng děng tiáo yuē ──《 nán jīng tiáo yuē》， gē ràng xiāng gǎng jí kāi fàng wǔ kǒu tōng shāng。
dào guāng dì yī shēng jiǎn pǔ， suǒ chuān lóng páo shèn zhì shì gōng nèi jiù liào suǒ zhì， “ yī fēi sān huàn bù yì。 gōng zhōng yòng kuǎn， suì bù yú 'èr shí wàn， nèi wù fǔ zhǎng sī gè guān， jiē yòu ‘ chén shuò jī yù sǐ ’ zhuàng。 sòng zhī zhě wèi qí jiǎn dé shí sān dài xià dì yī rén， suī hàn wén dì sòng rén zōng yì bù néng jí。 ” mǎn cháo wén wǔ yì yīn cǐ tóu qí suǒ hǎo， suǒ chuān cháo fú gù yì dǎ shàng bǔ dīng， yǐ shì qīng lián。 cáo zhèn yōng shì dào guāng dì dì yī zhòng chén， fèng xíng“ duō kē tóu， shǎo shuō huà” zhé xué。 dà chén suǒ shàng zòu zhāng yě“ yǔ duō jí xiáng， xiōng zāi bù gǎn rù gào”。 jì qǐ de mù zhāng 'ā， rén chēng“ zài wèi 'èr shí nián， yì 'ài cái， yì bù dà tān， wéi xìng qiǎo nìng， yǐ qī wǎng méng bì wéi wù”。 yā piàn zhàn zhēng shí， zhěng gè zhàn zhēng guò chéng zhōng qián fāng jiàngshuài de bù duàn sǎ huǎng，“ zhàn bài hòu de guǎng zhōu， bìng méi yòu xiàng tōng cháng nà yàng sǐ qì chén chén， ér shì shàng shàng xià xià dū xǐ qì yáng yáng dì hù hè shēng qiān”， zhǐ huī guān“ jìng nì jiāng jūn” yì shān jìng bèi qīn mìng“ jiāo bù yōu xù”， shǎng bái yù líng guǎn。 lǐ bù yòu shì láng zēngguófān pī píng dào guāng shí dài：“ jiǔ qīng wú yī rén chén shí zhèng zhī dé shī， sī dào wú yī zhé yán dì fāng zhī lì bìng， xiāng shuài jiān mò。”“ yǐ wèi xǐ wéi shèn， yǐ róu mí wéi gōng。” nǎi zhì tài píng tiān guó bīng qǐ， dì fāng guān réng hù xiāng yǐn huì， bù gǎn shàng bào。
zài wèi sān shí nián， zhōng nián 69 suì， zàng yú mù líng（ jīn hé běi shěng yì xiàn xī）。
píng jià
* lì shǐ xué jiā mèng sēn rèn wéi：“ xuān zōng zhī yōng 'àn， yì wéi qīng cháo rù guān yǐ lái suǒ wèi yòu。” chēng zhè shí qī wéi“ jiā dào zhōng shuāi”。
dà shì nián biǎo
* qián lóng sì shí qī nián bā yuè chū shí rì， mián níng zài xié fāng diàn chū shēng。
* jiā qìng yuán nián， yǐ niǔ hù lù shì wéi dí fú jìn。
* jiā qìng shí bā nián jiǔ yuè， fēng wéi zhì qīn wáng。
* jiā qìng 'èr shí wǔ nián qī yuè， rén zōng qù shì， mián níng jì wèi， gēngmíng mín níng。
* dào guāng shí bā nián rùn sì yuè， huáng jué zī zòu qǐng“ jiāng nèi dì xī shí yā piàn zhě jù zuì sǐ”。 shí yī yuè mìng lín zé xú wéi
* dào guāng shí jiǔ nián sì yuè niàn 'èr rì， hǔ mén xiāo yān kāi shǐ。
* dào guāng 'èr shí nián wǔ yuè 'èr shí jiǔ rì， yīng jiàn fēng suǒ guǎng zhōu zhū jiāng kǒu， yā piàn zhàn zhēng zhèng shì kāi shǐ。 yīng jiàn běi shàng， liù yuè gōng xiàn zhè jiāng dìng hǎi， qī yuè dǐ dá tiān jīn fù jìn， qí hòu fǎn huí guǎng dōng。 jiǔ yuè lín zé xú bèi gé zhí。 qí shàn yǔ yīng fāng quán quán dài biǎo yì lǜ shāng yì hé yuē， shí 'èr yuè yì lǜ dān fāng miàn gōng bù《 chuān bí cǎo yuē》。
* dào guāng 'èr shí yī nián zhēngyuè， yīng jūn zhàn lǐng xiāng gǎng。 dào guāng dì bù chéng rèn《 chuān bí cǎo yuē》， èr yuè qí shàn bèi gé zhí， yā jīng shěn lǐ。
* dào guāng 'èr shí 'èr nián qī yuè， yīng jūn bīng lín nán jīng， qīng tíng tóng yì yì hé，《 nán jīng tiáo yuē》 lì。
* dào guāng 'èr shí sān nián bā yuè，《 zhōng yīng wǔ kǒu tōng shāng zhāng chéng》 lì。
* dào guāng 'èr shí liù nián zhēngyuè， zhèng shì jiě chú duì tiān zhù jiào de jìn lìng。
* dào guāng sān shí nián zhēngyuè， dào guāng dì zài yuán míng yuán qù shì。
hòu fēi
* xiào mù chéng huáng hòu， niǔ hù lù shì， hù bù shàng shū、 yī děng zǐ bù yán dá lái nǚ。 xuān zōng wéi huáng zǐ， jiā qìng yuán nián， rén zōng cè hòu wéi dí fú jìn。 shí sān nián zhēngyuè wù wǔ， hōng。 xuān zōng jí wèi， zhuī cè shì yuē xiào mù huáng hòu。 chū zàng wáng zuǒ cūn， yí bǎo huá yù， yǐ dì gōng jìn shuǐ， zài yí lóng quán yù， hòu jí yú cǐ qǐ mù líng yān。 xián fēng chū， shàng shì。 guāng xù jiān jiā shì， yuē xiào mù wēn hòu zhuāng sù duān chéng kè huì kuān qīn fú tiān yù shèng chéng huáng hòu。
* xiào shèn chéng huáng hòu， tóng jiā shì， sān děng chéng 'ēn gōng shū míng 'ā nǚ。 xuān zōng wéi huáng zǐ， dí fú jìn hōng， rén zōng cè hòu jì dí fú jìn。 xuān zōng jí wèi， lì wéi huáng hòu。 dào guāng shí sān nián sì yuè jǐ sì， bēng， shì yuē xiào shèn huáng hòu， zàng lóng quán yù。 xián fēng chū， shàng shì。 guāng xù jiān jiā shì， yuē xiào shèn mǐn sù zhé shùn hé yì chéng huì dūn kè xī tiān yí shèng chéng huáng hòu。 nǚ yī， shāng。
* xiào quán chéng huáng hòu， niǔ hù lù shì， èr děng shì wèi、 yī děng nán yí líng nǚ。 hòu shì xuān zōng， cè quán pín。 lěi jìn quán guì fēi。 dào guāng shí yī nián liù yuè jǐ chǒu， wén zōng shēng。 shí sān nián， jìn huáng guì fēi， shè liù gōng shì。 shí sì nián， lì wéi huáng hòu。 èr shí nián zhēngyuè rén yín， bēng， nián sān shí sān。 xuān zōng qīn dìng shì yuē xiào quán huáng hòu， zàng lóng quán yù。 xián fēng chū， shàng shì。 guāng xù jiān jiā shì， yuē xiào quán cí jìng kuān rén duān què 'ān huì chéng mǐn fú tiān dǔ shèng chéng huáng hòu。 zǐ yī， wén zōng。 nǚ 'èr： yī shāng， yī xià jià dé mù chǔ kè zhā bù。
* xiào jìng chéng huáng hòu（ kāng cí tài fēi、 kāng cí tài hòu）， bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì， xíng bù yuán wài láng huā liáng 'ā nǚ。 hòu shì xuān zōng wéi jìng guì rén。 lěi jìn jìng huáng guì fēi。 xiào quán huáng hòu bēng， wén zōng fāng shí suì， fēi fǔ yù yòu 'ēn。 wén zōng jí wèi， zūn wéi huáng kǎo kāng cí huáng guì tài fēi， jū shòu kāng gōng。 xián fēng wǔ nián qī yuè， tài fēi bìng dǔ， zūn wéi kāng cí huáng tài hòu。 yuè jiǔ rì gēng wǔ， bēng， nián sì shí sì。 zǐ sān： yì gāng、 yì jì、 yì xī。 nǚ yī， xià jià jǐng shòu。
* zhuāng shùn huáng guì fēi， wū yǎ shì。 shì xuān zōng， wéi cháng zài。 jìn lín guì rén， lěi jìn lín guì fēi。 wén zōng zūn wéi huáng kǎo lín guì tài fēi。 mù zōng zūn wéi huáng zǔ lín huáng guì tài fēi。 tóng zhì wǔ nián， hōng， mìng wáng gōng bǎi guān chí fú yī rì， shì yuē zhuāng shùn huáng guì fēi， zàng mù dōng líng yuán qǐn。 dé zōng cháo， dié mìng zēng jì pǐn， chóng guī zhì， shàng qīn yì xíng lǐ。 fēng sān dài， jiē yī pǐn。 zǐ sān， yì xuān、 yì hé、 yì huì。 nǚ yī， xià jià dé huī。
* tóng guì fēi， shū mù lǔ shì。 shì xuān zōng， wéi tóng guì rén。 lěi jìn tóng guì fēi。 fù jiàng guì rén。 wén zōng zūn wéi huáng kǎo tóng pín。 mù zōng lěi zūn wéi huáng zǔ tóng guì fēi。 nǚ sān， yī xià jià zhā lā fēng 'ā， èr shāng。
* hé fēi， nà lā shì。 chū yǐ guān nǚ zǐ， shì xuān zōng qián dǐ。 jiā qìng shí sān nián， zǐ yì wěi shēng。 rén zōng tè mìng wéi cè shì fú jìn。 dào guāng chū， fēng hé pín。 jìn hé fēi。
* xiáng fēi， niǔ hù lù shì。 shì xuān zōng， wéi guì rén。 jìn pín， fù jiàng。 wén zōng zūn wéi huáng kǎo xiáng fēi。 mù zōng zhuī zūn wéi huáng zǔ xiáng fēi。 zǐ yī， yì cóng。 nǚ 'èr， yī shāng， yī xià jià 'ēn chóng。
* cháng fēi， hè shè lǐ shì。 yóu guì rén jìn fēng cháng fēi。
* qí tā hòu fēi： jiā guì fēi， guō jiā shì； chéng guì fēi， niǔ hù lù shì： jiē shì xuān zōng， wéi guì rén， jìn pín， fù jiàng。 lì xián fēng、 tóng zhì 'èr cháo jìn fēng； shùn pín， shī qí shì， yǐ cháng zài jìn fēng。 héng pín， cài jiā shì； yù fēi， shàng jiā shì； guì rén lǐ shì， nà shì： yǐ dāyìng jìn fēng。
zǐ nǚ
dào guāng gòng shēng yòu 9 zǐ 10 nǚ。
* yì wěi， zhǎngzǐ， yǐn zhì jùn wáng， mǔ hé fēi nà lā shì；
* yì gāng， cì zǐ， shùn hé jùn wáng， mǔ xiào jìng chéng huáng hòu bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì；
* yì jì， sān zǐ， huì zhì jùn wáng， mǔ xiào jìng chéng huáng hòu bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì；
* yì zhǔ， sì zǐ， xián fēng dì， mǔ xiào quán chéng huáng hòu niǔ hù lù shì；
* yì cóng， wǔ zǐ， guò jì gěi dūn kè qīn wáng mián kǎi， wéi dūn qín qīn wáng， mǔ xiáng fēi niǔ hù lù shì；
* yì xī， liù zǐ， gōng zhōng qīn wáng， mǔ xiào jìng chéng huáng hòu bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì；
* yì xuān， qī zǐ， chún xián qīn wáng， mǔ zhuāng shùn huáng guì fēi wū yǎ shì；
* yì hé， bā zǐ， zhōng duān jùn wáng， mǔ zhuāng shùn huáng guì fēi wū yǎ shì；
* yì huì， jiǔ zǐ， fú jìng jùn wáng， mǔ zhuāng shùn huáng guì fēi wū yǎ shì。
* duān mǐn gù lún gōng zhù， cháng nǚ， shēng mǔ wéi xiào shèn chéng huáng hòu tóng jiā shì；
* cì nǚ（ 1825）， dào guāng wǔ nián zhēngyuè shí sān shēng， dāng nián qī yuè shí sì shāng， shēng mǔ wéi xiáng fēi niǔ hù lù shì（ shí wéi xiáng pín）；
* duān shùn gù lún gōng zhù， sān nǚ， shēng mǔ wéi xiào quán chéng huáng hòu niǔ hù lù shì；
* shòu 'ān gù lún gōng zhù， sì nǚ， shēng mǔ wéi xiào quán chéng huáng hòu niǔ hù lù shì；
* shòu zāng hé shuò gōng zhù， wǔ nǚ， shēng mǔ wéi xiáng fēi niǔ hù lù shì；
* shòu 'ēn gù lún gōng zhù， liù nǚ， shēng mǔ wéi xiào jìng chéng huáng hòu bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì；
* qī nǚ（ 1840 ～ 1844）， dào guāng 'èr shí nián qī yuè chū 'èr shēng， dào guāng 'èr shí sì nián shí 'èr yuè 'èr shí shāng， shēng mǔ wéi tóng guì fēi shū mù lǔ shì；
* shòu xǐ hé shuò gōng zhù， bā nǚ， shēng mǔ wéi tóng guì fēi shū mù lǔ shì；
* shòu zhuāng gù lún gōng zhù， jiǔ nǚ， shēng mǔ wéi zhuāng shùn huáng guì fēi wū yǎ shì；
* shí nǚ（ 1844～ 1845）， dào guāng 'èr shí sì nián sān yuè shí qī shēng， dào guāng 'èr shí wǔ nián zhēngyuè 'èr shí shāng， shēng mǔ wéi tóng guì fēi shū mù lǔ shì。
yì shì
dào guāng dì zài jì wèi zhī qián， qí qí shè wǔ gōng zài jiā qìng dì zhū zǐ lǐ xiāng dāng wén míng， yì xí dé yī shǒu hǎo qiāng fǎ。 jiā qìng nián jiān， tiān lǐ jiào lín qīng qǐ yì shí， yī dù gōng rù zǐ jìn chéng nèi bù， dào guāng dì zhè shí biǎo xiàn chū liǎo dàjiàng zhī fēng， shǒu zhí qiāng xiè bì shù dí， bìng zuò zhèn yòu fāng， shǐ dé gōng rù gōng zhōng de jiào tú kuì sàn bèi bài。 dào guāng dì yīn cǐ bèi fēng wéi zhì qīn wáng， suǒ zhí de yù qiāng yě bèi fēng wéi“ wēi liè”。
zài dào guāng huáng dì suǒ zhuàn《 yǎng zhèng shū wū quán jí》 de 〈 cì xiāng xuě lí gōng jì 〉 zhè piān wén zhāng lǐ， zhèng shí dào guāng huáng dì zài jí wèi zhī qián céng jīng xī shí guò yā piàn。 gāi wén jì yún：“ xīn sháo duō xiá， dú zuò xiǎo zhāi， fù zhí xīn xuě chū qíng， yuán lín fēng rì jiā lì， rì wéi yán zhū dú shǐ， wài wú suǒ shì， juàn zé mìng pú chuī yān guǎn xī zhī zài sān， dùn jué xīn shén qīng lǎng， ěr mù yí rán。 xī rén wèi zhī jiǔ yòu quán dé， wǒ jīn chēng yān yuē‘ rú yì’ xī！” kě jiàn dào guāng huáng dì duì yā piàn yān de hǎo chù shèn zhì huài chù dōuyòu suǒ tǐ yàn， rì hòu tā wèile yā piàn de dú hài 'ér yǔ yīng guó kāi zhàn， zhè duàn xī shí yā piàn de jīng yàn yīnggāi yǔ dào guāng huáng dì de jué dìng yòu xiē guān xì。
Early yearsHe was born in the Forbidden City, Beijing, and was given the name Mianning (綿寧), changed into Minning (旻寧; Manchu: ᠮᡳᠨ ᠨᡳᠩ Min ning) when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from Mian (綿) to Min (旻) so as to avoid the relatively common Mian character. This novelty was introduced by his grandfather the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the long-standing practice of naming taboo.
He was the second son of Yongyan (永琰), who became the Jiaqing Emperor in 1796. His mother, the principal wife of Yongyan, was Lady Hitara of the (Manchu) Hitara clan, who became empress when Jiaqing ascended the throne in 1796. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后).
Mianning was well liked by his grandfather the Qianlong Emperor and frequently accompanied the elderly emperor on hunting trips. On one such trip at the age of nine he successfully hunted a deer which greatly amused Qianlong. In 1813, while a prince, Mianning also played a vital role in repelling and killing White Lotus invaders who stormed the Forbidden City. This action earned Mianning important merits in securing his claim for the throne.
Reign as emperor and the opium tradeIn September 1820, at the age of 38, Mianning inherited the throne after his father the Jiaqing Emperor suddenly died of unknown causes. Now known as the Daoguang Emperor, he inherited a declining empire with Western imperialists encroaching upon the borders of China. During his reign, China experienced major problems with opium, which was imported into China by British merchants. Opium had started to trickle into China during the reign of his great grandfather Emperor Yongzheng but was limited to approximately 200 chests annually. By the time of Emperor Qianlong's reign, this amount had increased to 1000 chests, 4000 chests by Jiaqing's era and more than 30,000 chests during Daoguang's reign. He issued many edicts against opium in the 1820s and 1830s, which were carried out by Commissioner Lin Zexu. Lin Zexu's effort to halt the spread of opium in China led directly to the First Opium War. With the development of the Opium War, Lin was made a scapegoat and the Daoguang emperor removed Lin's authority and banished him to Yili. Meanwhile in the Himalayas, the Sikh Empire attempted an occupation of Tibet but where defeated in the Sino-Sikh war (1841–1842). But on the coasts, technologically and militarily inferior to the European powers, China lost the war and surrendered Hong Kong by way of the Treaty of Nanking in August 1842.
Court intrigues and incidentsIn 1831 Daoguang killed his own 23 year old son after striking him. In 1831 an attempt was made to usurp the throne and oust Daoguang by someone else. In 1850 this happened again, though it did not succeed.
Anti-ChristianityIn 1811 a clause sentencing Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism had been added to the statute called "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術) in the Great Qing Code. Protestants hoped that the Chinese government would discriminate between Protestantism and Catholicism, since the law mentioned the latter by name, but after Protestant missionaries gave Christian books to Chinese in 1835 and 1836, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives" in Canton who had supplied them with books. The foreign missionaries were strangled or expelled by the Chinese.
FamilyFather: Emperor Jiaqing (嘉庆帝).
Mother: Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后).
ConsortsEmpress Xiaomucheng (孝穆成皇后) (?–1808) of the Niohuru clan.
Empress Xiaoshencheng (孝慎成皇后) (?–1833) of the Tunggiya clan.
Empress Xiaoquancheng (孝全成皇后) (1808–1840) of the Niohuru clan.
Empress Xiaojingcheng (孝静成皇后) (1812–1855) of the Borjigit clan.
Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun (庄顺皇贵妃) (?–1867) of the Uya clan, she was the natural birth mother of the First Prince Chun.
Noble Consort Tóng (彤贵妃) (?–1877) of the Sumuru clan.
Noble Consort Jia (佳贵妃) (?–1890) of the Gogiya clan.
Noble Consort Cheng (成贵妃) (?–1888) of the Niohuru clan.
Consort He (和妃) (?–1836) of the Nara clan.
Consort Xiang (祥妃) (?–1861) of the Niohuru clan.
Consort Chang (常妃) (?–1860) of the Heseri clan. She died during the burning of the Yuan Ming Yuan summer palace.
Imperial Concubine Zhen (珍嫔) (?) of the Heseri clan. She was not interred in the Muling mausoleum for imperial concubines.
Imperial Concubine Tian (恬嫔) (?-1845) of the Fuca clan.
Imperial Concubine Yu (豫嫔) (1816–1898) of the Shanggiya clan.
Imperial Concubine Shun (順嬪) (?-1868) of the Shiqi clan.
Imperial Concubine Heng (恆嬪) (?-1876) of the Càigiya clan.
Worthy Lady Ping (平贵人)(?-1823) née Zhao.
Worthy lady Ting (定贵人)(?-1842) née Sun.
Worthy Lady Li (李贵人)(?-1872).
Worthy Lady Na (那贵人)(?-1865).
Children
Sons1.First son: Prince Yiwei (奕緯) (16 May 1808 – 23 May 1831), son of Consort He of the Nara clan.
2.Second son: Yikang (奕綱) (22 November 1826 – 5 March 1827), son of Empress Xiaojingcheng
3.Third son: Yichi (奕繼) (2 December 1829 – 22 January 1830), son of Empress Xiaojingcheng
4.Fourth son: Yichu (1831–1861), future Xianfeng Emperor, son of Empress Xiaoquancheng
5.Fifth son: (奕誴) Yicong (23 July 1831 – 18 February 1889), the second Prince Tun, great-grandfather of Prince Yuyan and son of Imperial Consort Xiang (祥妃) of the Niohuru clan.
6.Sixth son: (奕訢) Yixin (11 January 1833 – 29 May 1898), the Prince Gong. Son of Empress Xiaojingcheng.
7.Seventh son: Yixuan, the First (16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891) Prince Chun. Father of Zaitian the Guangxu Emperor.
8.Eight son: Yiho (奕詥) (21 February 1844 – 17 December 1868), son of the Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
9.Ninth son: Yihui(奕譓) (1845–1877) son of the Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
Daughters1.First daughter: State Princess Duanmin (端悯固伦公主) (1813–1819), daughter of Empress Xiaoshencheng.
2.Second daughter: (1825), daughter of Consort Xiang.
3.Third daughter: State Princess Duanshun (端顺固伦公主) (1825–1835), daughter of Empress Xiaoquancheng.
4.Fourth daughter: State Princess Shou-An (寿安固伦公主) (1826–1860), daughter of Empress Xiaoquancheng.
5.Fifth daughter: Princess of the second rank Shou-Zang (寿臧和硕公主) (1829–1856), daughter of Consort Xiang.
6.Sixth daughter: State Princess Shou-En (寿恩固伦公主) (1830–1859), daughter of Empress Xiaojingcheng.
7.Seventh daughter: (1840–1844), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
8.Eight daughter: Princess of the second rank Shou-Xi (寿禧和硕公主) (1841–1866), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
9.Ninth daughter: State Princess Shou-Zhuang (寿庄固伦公主) (1842–1884), daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
10.Tenth daughter: (1844–1845), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
Death and legacyDaoguang died on 25 February 1850, at the Old Summer Palace (圓明園), 8 km/5 miles northwest of the walls of Beijing. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son. Daoguang failed to understand the intention or determination of the Europeans, or the basic economics of a war on drugs. Although the Europeans were outnumbered, outgunned and were thousands of miles away from home, they could bring far superior firepower to bear at any point of contact along Chinese coast. The Manchu court was highly dependent on the continued flow of tax/levy payment from southern China via the Grand Canal, which was easily cut off by the British expeditionary force at ZhenJiang. He had a poor understanding of the British and the industrial revolution that Britain had undergone, preferring to turn a blind eye to the rest of the world. It was said that Daoguang did not even know where Britain was located in the world. His thirty-year reign introduced the initial onslaught by western imperialism and foreign invasions that would plague China, in one form or another, for the next one hundred years.
He was interred in the Muling (慕陵 – meaning "Tomb of longing", or "Tomb of admiration") mausoleum, which is part of the Western Qing Tombs (清西陵), 120 kilometers/75 miles southwest of Beijing.
SourcesThe history of China, Volume 2 by Demetrius Charles the Kavanagh Boulger. Publisher: W. Thacker & co., 1898
The Last Emperors "A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions", Evelyn S. Rawski. ISBN 0-520-22837-5
Daily life in the Forbidden City, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen. ISBN 0-670-81164-5.
Draft history of the Qing dynasty. 《清史稿》
References This article incorporates text from China in the light of history, by Ernst Faber, a publication from 1897 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from China in the light of history, by Ernst Faber, a publication from 1897 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from The Chinese recorder, Volume 27, a publication from 1896 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China, by Robert Samuel Maclay, a publication from 1861 now in the public domain in the United States.
1.^ Ernst Faber (1897). China in the light of history. American Presbyterian mission press. p. 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=WvpWAAAAMAAJ&q=the+emperor+tao+kwang%27s+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=snippet&q=%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20%201831%20age%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
2.^ The Chinese recorder, Volume 27. American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1896. p. 242. http://books.google.com/books?id=lNAWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA242&dq=the+emperor+tao+kwang's+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=onepage&q=the%20emperor%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20in%201831%20at%20the%20age%20of%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
3.^ Ernst Faber (1897). China in the light of history. American Presbyterian mission press. p. 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=S2hCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18&dq=the+emperor+tao+kwang's+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=onepage&q=the%20emperor%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20in%201831%20at%20the%20age%20of%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
4.^ a b Robert Samuel Maclay (1861). Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China. Carlton & Porter. p. 336–337. http://books.google.com/books?id=BZAPAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 6 Jul 2011.
5.^ Draft history of the Qing dynasty. 《清史稿》卷二百十四．列傳一．后妃傳.
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