| xìng： | ài xīn jué luó | |||||||||
| míng： | yóng yǎn | |||||||||
| wǎngbǐhào： | shòu tiān xīng yùn fū huà suí yóu chóng wén jīng wǔ xiào gōng qín jiǎn duān mǐn yīng zhé ruì huáng dì | |||||||||
| miàohào： | rén zōng | |||||||||
| língmù： | chāng líng | |||||||||
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jiā qìng huáng dì shì qīng cháo rù guān zhī hòu de dì wǔ dài huáng dì， xìng míng wéi 'ài xīn jué luó · yǒng yǎn（ hòu yīn bì huáng dì míng huì， gǎi wéi yóng yǎn）。 shēng yú gōng yuán 1760 nián， zú yú gōng yuán 1820 nián。 tā sān shí qī suì jí wèi， zài wèi 'èr shí wǔ nián， xiǎng nián liù shí yī suì。 miào hào rén zōng， shì hào ruì huáng dì。 yǔ fù qīn qián lóng dì xiāng bǐ， jiā qìng dì shì yī wèi jì méi yòu zhèng zhì dǎn lüè， yòu quē fá gé xīn jīng shén； jì méi yòu lǐ zhèng cái néng， yòu quē fá guǒ gǎn zuò wéi de píng yōng tiān zǐ。 ér jiā qìng dì de shí dài， zhèng shì dà qīng wáng cháo yóu kāng yōng qián shèng shì zǒu xiàng shuāi luò de shí qī， yīn cǐ， jiā qìng dì běn rén bèi lì shǐ xìng dì fù yú liǎo dà qīng dì guó yóu jí shèng zhuǎn wéi shuāi bài de bēi jù mìng yùn。 qián lóng huáng dì zài wèi shí， wèishénme huì zài zì jǐ zhòng duō de shí qī gè 'ér zǐ zhōng， piān piān xuǎn zé píng yōng de yǒng yǎn jì chéng huáng wèi ní？ zuì zhōng tuō yíng 'ér chū de yǒng yǎn， dào dǐ yòu zhe zěn yàng de gè rén tè diǎn ní？
rén wù zhuànjì
jiā qìng yú qián lóng sān shí bā nián (1773 nián ) bèi mì jiàn wéi huáng chǔ。 qián lóng wǔ shí sì nián (1789 nián ) bèi fēng wéi jiā qīn wáng。 qián lóng liù shí nián (1795 nián ) jiǔ yuè sān rì， bèi zhèng shì xuān bù lì wéi huáng tài zǐ。 dì 'èr nián zhēngyuè chū yī rì， shòu qián lóng dì shànwèi jí dì wèi。 qí hòu， cháo zhèng réng bèi tài shàng huáng qián lóng dì kòng zhì， yóng yǎn zàn shí jū zhù zài yù qìng gōng。 jiā qìng sì nián (1799 nián ) zhēngyuè， qián lóng dì sǐ hòu， kāi shǐ qīn zhèng。 miàn duì qián lóng mò nián wēi jī sì fú de zhèng jú， jiā qìng dì dǎ chū“ xián yǔ wéi xīn” de qí hào， zhěng chì nèi zhèng， zhěng sù gāng jì。 zhū shā quán chén hé shēn， bà chù、 qiú jìn hé kūn qīn xìn sǐ dǎng。 zhào qiú zhí yán， guǎng kāi yán lù， qū xié fú zhèng， bāo jiǎng qǐ fù qián lóng cháo yǐ yán huò zuì de guān yuán。 zhào bà gòng xiàn， chù shē chóng jiǎn。 yào qiú dì fāng guān yuán duì mín yǐn mín qíng“ xiān xī wú yǐn”， jù shí chén bào， lì jiè qī yǐn、 fěn shì、 dài duò zhī fēng。 dàn qí duì nèi zhèng de yòu xiàn zhěng dùn， wèi néng cóng gēn běn shàng niǔ zhuǎn qīng cháo zhèng jú de tuí bài。
guó nèi jiē jí máo dùn jiān ruì， nóng mín qǐ yì rú dà jǔ wéi jiǎo zhèn yā chuān、 chǔ、 shǎn nóng mín dà qǐ yì。 gèng yì tǒng bīng dà yuán， yán chéng zhèn yā bù lì de jiāng lì。 yán mì jūn shì bù shǔ， shí xíng jiǎo fǔ jiān shī de liǎng shǒu zhèng cè， fēn huà wǎ jiě qǐ yì jūn。 shí xíng zhài bǎo tuán liàn de jiān bì qīng yě zhèng cè， gē duàn liǎo qǐ yì jūn yǔ rén mín de lián xì。 jiā qìng shí nián (1805 nián )， chuān、 chǔ、 shǎn nóng mín qǐ yì bèi zhèn yā， qīng tǒng zhì lì liàng yě shòu dào yán zhòng xuē ruò。 jiā qìng shí wǔ nián (1810 nián )， zhèn yā liǎo bào fā yú dōng nán hǎi jiāng de cài qiān qǐ yì jūn。 jiā qìng shí bā nián (1813 nián )， běi fāng bào fā tiān lǐ jiào qǐ yì， bù fēn tiān lǐ jiào tú， zài tàijiàn jiē yìng xià chōng jìn huáng gōng，“ niàng chéng hàn táng、 sòng míng wèi yòu zhī shì”。 yóng yǎn xià zhào zuì yǐ， tóng shí yán lìng duì chōng jìn huáng gōng de qǐ yì jūn xuè xīng tú lù， wú yī xìng miǎn， bìng bǔ shā zài chéng wài de tóu mù lín qīng děng。 tiān lǐ jiào qǐ yì bèi zhèn yā。
zài duì wài jiāo shè zhōng， jiā qìng dì lì zhù yán jìn yā piàn， duì yīng guó qīn lüè zhě zài yán hǎi de sāo rǎo huó dòng bǎo chí liǎo gāo dù jǐng tì xìng， duì yīng guó tí chū de bāng zhù qīng cháo zhèn yā qǐ yì jūn， bāng zhù 'ào mén pú rén dǐ yù fǎ guó de jū xīn pǒ cè de yào qiú， míng zhì dì yán cí jù jué。 jiā qìng 'èr shí yī nián (1816 nián )， jù jué liǎo yīng guó tí chū de jiàn lì wài jiāo guān xì、 kāipì tōng shāng kǒu 'àn、 gē ràng zhè jiāng yán hǎi dǎo yǔ de yào qiú。 ér bì guān suǒ guó de chuán tǒng guān niàn， yě shǐ qí duì wài lái shì wù cǎi qǔ máng mù pái chì tài dù。 jiā qìng dì zài nèi luàn pín réng、 wài huàn jiàn bī zhōng， qīng lì qǐ tú wéi hù qīng wáng cháo de wěn dìng gǒng gù， rán 'ér bù kě nì zhuǎn de lì shǐ fā zhǎn qū shì， shǐ qīng wáng cháo de bài luò yú jiā qìng mò nián yǐ wán quán biǎo miàn huà， bìng cóng cǐ rì jiàn zǒu xiàng shuāi wáng。
zú shì shòu tiān xīng yùn fū huà suí yóu chóng wén jīng wǔ xiào gōng qín jiǎn duān mǐn yīng zhé ruì huáng dì。 miào hào rén zōng。 dào guāng dì jí wèi， yú“ xiào gōng” qián jiā shàng“ guāng yù” èr zì。 zàng hé běi yì xiàn qīng xī líng chāng líng
qián lóng céng xiān hòu lì guò sān gè huáng tài zǐ。 dì yī gè huáng tài zǐ shì huáng hòu fù chá shì suǒ shēng de huáng cì zǐ yǒng liǎn。 qián lóng rèn wéi“ yǒng liǎn nǎi huáng hòu suǒ shēng， zhèn zhī dí zǐ， cōng míng guì zhòng， qì yǔ bù fán”。 qián lóng jí wèi hòu， qīn shū mì zhǐ， lì yǒng liǎn wéi huáng tài zǐ， cáng zài qián qīng gōng“ zhèng dà guāng míng” biǎn 'é zhī hòu， dàn yǒng liǎn 9 suì shí sǐ qù。 dì 'èr wèi huáng tài zǐ shì yǒng cóng。 qián lóng zài yǒng liǎn bìng gù hòu， yòu lì huáng jiǔ zǐ yǒng cóng， dàn tā 2 suì shí yòu yīn dòu zhèng zǎo shāng。 dì sān wèi huáng tài zǐ shì huáng shí wǔ zǐ yóng yǎn， jiù shì hòu lái de jiā qìng huáng dì。 jiā qìng de míng zì běn lái jiào yǒng yǎn， wèishénme gǎi“ yǒng” zuò“ yóng” ní？ zhè lǐ jiǎn dān jiè shào yī xià qīng cháo huáng dì de míng huì。 qīng tài zǔ nǔ 'ěr hā chì、 qīng tài zōng huáng tài jí、 qīng shì zǔ fú lín de míng zì， méi yòu bì huì de guī dìng， zhǐ shì zài《 shí lù》、《 yù dié》 děng tè dìng wén xiàn chū xiàn de yù míng shàng tiē huáng（ jiù shì jiāng míng zì yòng huáng qiān gài shàng）。 qīng dì míng zì bì huì， cóng kāng xī dì kāi shǐ。 dà zhì de qíng kuàng shì： kāng xī míng zì xuán yè de“ xuán” zì， bì huì shí quē mò bǐ； yōng zhèng míng zì yìn zhēn de“ yìn” zì， bì huì shí quē mò bǐ， tóng shí mìng tā de xiōng dì jiāng“ yìn” zì gǎi zuò“ yǔn” zì； qián lóng míng zì hóng lì（ dāng shí xiě zuò“ hóng lì”） de“ hóng” zì， bì huì shí quē mò bǐ。“ lì” zì， zé gǎi zuò“ lì” zì。 dào jiā qìng yǒng yǎn shí， qián lóng kǎo lǜ jūn zhù míng huì，“ yǒng” zì wéi cháng yòng zì， bì huì bù biàn， mìng jiāng yǒng yǎn de“ yǒng” zì， gǎi wéi bù cháng jiàn de“ yóng” zì。 yǒng yǎn jì wèi zhī hòu， jiù gǎi chēng wéi“ yóng yǎn”。 qīng cháo huáng dì de míng zì， jiāng pái bèi fèn de zì， gǎi wéi tè bié de zì， shì cóng jiā qìng kāi shǐ de。
jiā qìng 'èr shí wǔ nián（ 1820 nián） qī yuè， jiā qìng zài cì qù mù lán yóu liè， zhù yú bì shǔ shān zhuāng。 tóu tòng fā rè， zhī hòu bìng qíng rì yì yán zhòng， jiā qìng zhī dào bù hǎo，
xiāng guān jìzǎi
qián lóng dì tuì wèi hòu， běn yìng zhù zài níng shòu gōng， ràng xīn huáng dì zhù zài yǎng xīn diàn， dàn tā bù yuàn qiān chū， ér ràng jiā qìng jū yù qìng gōng， cì míng“ jì dé táng”。 qián lóng jīng cháng yù diàn， shòu bǎi guān cháo hè， jiā qìng zé chǔyú péi shì de dì wèi。 cháo xiān shǐ chén dào běi jīng， mù jī jìzǎi shuō： jiā qìng“ shì zuò tài shàng huáng， shàng xǐ zé yì xǐ， xiào zé yì xiào”。 yòu jìzǎi： cì yàn zhī shí， jiā qìng“ shì zuò shàng huáng zhī cè， zhǐ shì shàng huáng zhī dòng jìng， ér yī bù zhuǎn zhǔ”。《 qīng shǐ gǎo · rén zōng běn jì》 yě jì dào：“ chū féng xùn zhèng， gōng jǐn wú wéi。”
rén wù píng jià
yǔ tā de fù、 zǔ xiāng bǐ， jiā qìng huáng dì shì yī wèi jì méi yòu zhèng zhì dǎn lüè yòu quē fá gé xīn jīng shén， jì méi yòu lǐ zhèng cái néng yòu quē fá yǒng yú zuò wéi pǐn gé de píng yōng tiān zǐ。“ píng yōng” liǎng gè zì， shì jiā qìng huáng dì de zhù yào xìng gé tè diǎn。 jiā qìng cháo shì qīng cháo yóu shèng zhuǎn shuāi de shí dài： shàng chéng“ lì jīng tú zhì、 kāi tuò jiāng yǔ、 sì zhēng bù tíng、 kuí wén fèn wǔ” de“ kāng qián shèng shì”， xià qǐ yā piàn zhàn zhēng、 nán jīng qiān yuē、 lián jūn rù jīng、 dì hòu chū táo de“ dào xián shuāi shì”。 qīng cháo shè huì de gù yòu máo dùn yǐ jīng jī lěi liǎo 180 nián， jiā qìng huáng dì bàn yǎn liǎo dà qīng dì guó yóu jí shèng 'ér zhuǎn wéi shuāi bài de lì shǐ juésè。 rán 'ér， jiā qìng de píng yōng， bìng bù shì tā de xìng qíng suǒ zhì， ér shì lì shǐ de bì rán， zài qián lóng wǎn qī， qīng cháo yǐ jīng chū xiàn liǎo shuāi bài de jì xiàng， bái lián jiào de qǐ yì， zài jiā shàng qián lóng wǎn nián jǔ bàn shòu yàn guò dù de shē huá， shǐ dé jiā qìng chū qī guó kù kōng xū， suǒ yǐ shuō qián lóng shí jì shàng shì liú xià liǎo gè làn tān zǐ gěi jiā qìng。 ér jiā qìng què kè qín kè jiǎn， hái xiǎng zhāofǎ zǐ gěi lǎo bǎi xìng jiǎn shuì， hái yòu tā zhū shā dà tān guān hé shēn， shǒu duàn lǎo liàn， bàn shì xùn sù， zhè yàng de huáng dì néng bèi chēng zuò píng yōng má？ dàn huà yòu shuō huí lái， qīng cháo gōng tíng de fǔ bài yǔ hēi 'àn， yǐ jiāng zhù dìng liǎo zhè gè fēng jiàn wáng cháo， bì jiāng zǒu xiàng miè wáng。 yīn cǐ， wǒ cái shuō jiā qìng de píng yōng， shì lì shǐ de bì rán。
xiǎo zī liào
jù yī fèn zī liào： zài jiā qìng dāng zhèng de 1800 nián， zhōng guó de GDP（ guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí） zhàn quán shì jiè GNP（ guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí） 33%， ōu zhōu zhàn 28%， měi guó zhǐ zhàn 0.8%; yī bǎi nián qián jí 1900 nián zhōng guó GDP zhǐ zhàn quán shì jiè 6.2%， ōu zhōu zhàn 62%， měi guó zhàn 23.6%。 1997 nián zhōng guó de GDP zhàn quán shì jiè GNP3.5%， ér měi guó zhàn 25.6%， suī rán zhōng guó jīng jì tǐ xì shì jiè pái míng dì qī（ lüè dī yú yì dà lì）， dàn gè rén suǒ dé shì jiè pái míng dì bā shí 'èr。 rú guǒ bù shì 1978 nián de gǎi gé kāi fàng zhèng cè， qíng kuàng gèng chā。（ zhāi zì 21/9/199【 xiāng gǎng xìn bào】 「 tóu zī zhě rì jì 」）
jiā qìng dēng jī hòu duì hòu fēi de cè fēng：
“ fèng tài shàng huáng dì zhī mìng， qiǎn dōng gé dà xué shì wáng jié wéi zhèng shǐ、 lǐ bù shì láng duō yǒng wǔ wéi fù shǐ， chí jié jī cè bǎo， cè lì dí fēi xǐ tǎ là shì wéi huáng hòu”；“ qiǎn lǐ bù shàng shū dé míng wéi zhèng shǐ、 lǐ bù yòu shì láng zhōu xīng dài wéi fù shǐ， chí jié jī cè bǎo， cè fēng cè fēi niǔ hù lù shì wéi guì fēi“；“ qiǎn lǐ bù shàng shū jì yún wéi zhèng shǐ、 nèi gé xué shì zhā láng 'ā wéi fù shǐ， chí jié jī cè yìn， cè fēng liú jiā shì wéi xián fēi”；“ qiǎn lǐ bù zuǒ shì láng tiě bǎo wéi zhèng shǐ、 nèi gé xué shì nà yàn chéng wéi fù shǐ， chí jié jī cè yìn， cè fēng hóu jiā shì wéi yíng pín”； cǐ shí， jiā qìng hái shì huáng zǐ shí de gé gé shěn jiā shì yǐ jīng qù shì。
jiā qìng sì nián（ gōng yuán 1799 nián） zhēngyuè chū sān， qián lóng huáng bēng shì， zhēngyuè shí wǔ jiā qìng huáng dì zhèng shì gōng bù liǎo hé shēn de 'èr shí dà zuì zhuàng。
jiā qìng dì hòu fēi
xiào shū ruì huáng hòu， xǐ tǎ là shì， fù dū tǒng、 nèi wù fǔ zǒng guǎn hé 'ěr jīng 'é zhī nǚ， rén zōng wéi huáng zǐ shí pìn wéi dí fú jìn， rén zōng jí wèi hòu cè wéi huáng hòu， jiā qìng 'èr nián 'èr yuè bēng。 shēng yī zǐ， xuān zōng， jí dào guāng dì， èr nǚ， yī shāng， yī xià jià mǎ ní bā dá lá。
xiào hé ruì huáng hòu， niǔ hù lù shì， lǐ bù shàng shū gōng 'ā lā zhī nǚ， rén zōng wéi huáng zǐ， cè wéi cè fú jìn。 rén zōng jí wèi hòu， fēng guì fēi。 xiào shū huáng hòu bēng hòu， qián lóng dì mìng qí wéi huáng hòu， xiān fēng wéi huáng guì fēi， jiā qìng liù nián， cè wéi huáng hòu。 jiā qìng 'èr shí wǔ nián bā yuè， jiā qìng dì zài rè hé xún xíng shí bēng， xiào hé huáng hòuzhuàn zhǐ lìng xuān zōng dào guāng dì jí wèi。 xuān zōng jí wèi hòu zūn wéi huáng tài hòu， dào guāng 'èr shí jiǔ nián shí 'èr yuè bēng， nián qī shí sì。 shēng 'èr zǐ， mián kǎi、 mián xīn， yī nǚ， shāng。
gōng shùn huáng guì fēi， niǔ hù lù shì。 jiā qìng chū nián， bèi xuǎn rù gōng， fēng wéi rú guì rén， lěi jìn rú fēi。 xuān zōng zūn wéi huáng kǎo rú huáng fēi， wén zōng shí zūn wéi huáng zǔ rú huáng guì tài fēi， hōng， nián qī shí sì。 shēng yī zǐ， mián yú， èr nǚ， jiē shāng。
hé yù huáng guì fēi， liú jiā shì。 rén zōng wéi huáng zǐ shí， yǐ wéi jiā qìng dì de fú jìn， jiā qìng chū nián， fēng wéi fēi， jìn fēng guì fēi， xuān zōng zūn wéi huáng kǎo xǐ huáng guì fēi， yī zǐ， shāng， yī nǚ xià jià suǒ tè nà mù duō bù zhāi。
huá fēi， hóu jiā shì， jiā qìng chū fēng yíng pín， yī nǚ， shāng。
jiǎn pín， guān jiā shì。
xùn pín， shěn jiā shì。
chún pín， dǒng jiā shì， jiā qìng chū nián cì hào chún guì rén， jiā qìng liù nián（ 1801 nián） sì yuè cè fēng wéi chún pín。 èr shí sì nián（ 1819 nián） shí yuè shí sān rì qù shì。
qí tā hòu fēi xìn fēi， liú jiā shì； ēn pín， wū yǎ shì； róng pín， liáng shì， jiē yóu guì rén jìn wèi； ān pín， sū wán ní guā 'ěr jiā shì， yóu cháng zài jìn wèi， bìng qiě dōuzài dào guāng dì shí shòu dào zūn fēng。
jiā qìng gòng shēng yòu 5 zǐ 9 nǚ。
zhǎngzǐ， wèi mìng míng， mù jùn wáng。
ài xīn jué luó mín níng， cì zǐ， qīng xuān zōng， dào guāng dì。
ài xīn jué luó mián kǎi， sān zǐ， dūn kè qīn wáng。
ài xīn jué luó mián xīn， sì zǐ， ruì huái qīn wáng。
ài xīn jué luó mián yú， wǔ zǐ， huì duān qīn wáng。
jiā qìng huáng shàng xiān hòu yòu liǎng wèi huáng hòu， dì yī wèi jiào xiào shū ruì huáng hòu， tā shēng de dì yī gè 'ér zǐ sǐ liǎo， shēng liǎo dì 'èr gè 'ér zǐ jiù shì mín níng jiù shì dào guāng。 dàn shì zhè gè xiào shū ruì huáng hòu zài jiā qìng 'èr nián bìng gù， zhè yī nián mín níng shí liù suì， nà jiā qìng yòu xù liǎo yī gè huáng hòu， jiù shì dì 'èr rèn huáng hòu， jiào xiào hé ruì huáng hòu， xiào hé ruì huáng hòu yòu liǎng gè 'ér zǐ， yī gè shì huáng sān zǐ jiào mián kǎi， yī gè shì huáng sì zǐ jiào mián xīn。 xiào hé ruì huáng hòu duì mín níng hěn hǎo， shí liù suì hái zǐ méi yòu mǔ qīn liǎo， duì tā bèi jiā 'ài hù hé guān zhào， suǒ yǐ mín níng zuò huáng zǐ de shí hòu hé tā zhè liǎng gè dì dì， tóng fù yì mǔ dì dì， jiù shì mián kǎi hé mián xīn de guān xì yě hěn hǎo， hé tā jì mǔ de guān xì yě hěn hǎo， zhèng shì yīn wéi yòu zhè zhǒng guān xì， suǒ yǐ jiā qìng huáng dì tū rán jià bēng de 'è hào chuán dào běi jīng de shí hòu， huáng tài hòu zài huáng gōng lì jí pài rén wǔ bǎi lǐ jiā jí bǎ huáng tài hòu de yì zhǐ， yīn wéi zhè shí hòu jiā qìng sǐ liǎo， tā suàn tài hòu liǎo， huáng tài hòu de yì zhǐ sòng dào chéng dé， dà yì shì shuō， shuō huáng cì zǐ mín níng zài jiā qìng shí bā nián de zhòng dà shì jiàn zhōng， lì yòu gōng láo， tā yì zhǐ， huáng cì zǐ mín níng lì jí zūn wèi， jiù shì mǎ shàng jì chéng dà wèi， mín níng jiù shì dào guāng jiē dào huáng tài hòu de yì zhǐ， kòu tóu xiè 'ēn， gǎn jī bù yǐ， dà jiā zhī dào， yīn wéi mín níng bù shì tài hòu de qīn shēng zǐ， tā zì jǐ hái yòu qīn shēng de liǎng gè 'ér zǐ， zài méi yòu zhǎo dào jiā qìng mì mì lì chǔ de yí zhào de shí hòu， tā shuō ràng mín níng， bù shì zì jǐ de qīn shēng 'ér zǐ jì chéng huáng wèi， yīngdāng shuō zhè gè xiōng huái hái shì bǐ jiào bó dà de， méi yòu jiè zhè gè jī huì zuò shǒu jiǎo， ràng zì jǐ de 'ér zǐ jì chéng huáng wèi， suǒ yǐ dào guāng guì zài dì shàng kē tóu， gǎn xiè huáng tài hòu de 'ēn diǎn。
xiào hé ruì huáng hòu zài dào guāng nián jiān shòu dào liǎo dào guāng huáng dì de gé wài zūn zhòng， dào guāng 'èr shí jiǔ nián（ gōng yuán 1849 nián） shí 'èr yuè， qī shí sì suì de xiào hé ruì tài hòu bìng wēi， dào guāng huáng dì jīng cháng dào shòu kāng gōng shì fèng tānɡ yào， dāng shí nián jìn qī shí de dào guāng dì yě zài shòu jí bìng de zhé mó。 xiào hé ruì tài hòu yú dāng yuè shí yī rì qù shì。 dào guāng huáng dì yǐ zuì chén tòng de fāng shì cāo bàn sāngshì。 jiēguǒ， dào guāng dì de jí bìng 'è huà， yī gè yuè hòu， dào guāng sān shí nián zhēngyuè shí sì， tā sǐ zài liǎo yuán míng yuán de shèn dé táng。
qīng rén zōng xiào hé ruì huáng hòu
qīng rén zōng xiào hé ruì huáng hòu niǔ hù lù shì（ 1776-1850 nián）， lǐ bù shàng shū gōng 'ā lā zhī nǚ。 céng rù shì rén zōng fān dǐ wéi cè fú jìn。 shēng dì qī nǚ， yāo zhé； shēng dì sān zǐ mián kǎi、 dì sì zǐ mián xīn。 jiā qìng yuán nián (1796 nián ) zhēngyuè rén zōng jì wèi， cè fēng wéi guì fēi。 èr nián (1797 nián ) sì yuè， xiào shū ruì huáng hòu zú。 wǔ yuè， tài shàng huáng hóng lì chì yù jì wèi zhōng gōng， xiān fēng wéi huáng guì fēi， shì xiào fú hòu xíng cè lǐ。 liù nián (1801 nián ) sì yuè lì wéi hòu。 èr shí wǔ nián（ 1820 nián） bā yuè， rén zōng zú yú rè hé， xuān zōng jì wèi， zūn qí wéi huáng tài hòu， jū shòu kāng gōng， shàng huī hào gōng cí huáng tài hòu。
dào guāng 'èr shí jiǔ nián shí 'èr yuè shí yī rì (1850 nián 1 yuè 23 rì ) zú， xiǎng nián 74 suì。 cì nián zhēngyuè， xuān zōng zú。 wén zōng wéi hòu shàng shì， fù tài miào。 xián fēng sān nián (1853 nián ) zàng yú qīng xī líng chāng líng zhī xī， chēng wéi chāng xī líng。 xián fēng、 tóng zhì cháo lěi jiā shì， wéi xiào hé gōng cí kāng yù 'ān chéng qīn shùn rén zhèng yìng tiān xī shèng ruì huáng hòu。
fù qīn qián lóng dì
mǔ qīn xiào yí chún huáng hòu wèi jiā shì
huáng hòu xiào shū ruì huáng hòu xǐ tǎ là shì
xiào hé ruì huáng hòu niǔ hù lù shì
huáng guì fēi gōng shùn huáng guì fēi niǔ hù lù shì
hé yù huáng guì fēi liú jiā shì
fēi huá fēi hóu jiā shì
shù fēi wán yán shì
zhuāng fēi wáng shì
xìn fēi liú jiā shì
pín jiǎn pín guān jiā shì
xùn pín shěn jiā shì
ēn pín wū yǎ shì
róng pín liáng shì
chún pín dǒng jiā shì
ān pín sū wán ní guā 'ěr jiā shì
huáng zǐ huáng zhǎngzǐ（ zǎo shāng， mǔ hé yù huáng guì fēi）
dào guāng dì mín níng（ mǔ xiào shū ruì huáng hòu）
dūn kè qīn wáng mián kǎi（ mǔ xiào hé ruì huáng hòu）
ruì huái qīn wáng mián xīn（ mǔ xiào hé ruì huáng hòu）
huì duān qīn wáng mián yú（ mǔ gōng shùn huáng guì fēi）
huáng nǚ huáng cháng nǚ（ zǎo shāng， mǔ jiǎn pín）
huáng cì nǚ（ zǎo shāng， mǔ xiào shū ruì huáng hòu）
zhuāng jìng hé shuò gōng zhù（ mǔ hé yù huáng guì fēi）
zhuāng jìng gù lún gōng zhù（ mǔ xiào shū ruì huáng hòu）
huì 'ān hé shuò gōng zhù（ mǔ xùn pín）
huáng liù nǚ（ zǎo shāng， mǔ huá fēi）
huáng qī nǚ（ zǎo shāng， mǔ xiào hé ruì huáng hòu）
huáng bā nǚ（ zǎo shāng， mǔ gōng shùn huáng guì fēi）
huì mǐn gù lún gōng zhù（ mǔ gōng shùn huáng guì fēi）
He was the son of the Qianlong Emperor. During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen (和珅) (the corrupt favourite of Qianlong) and attempted to restore the state and curb the smuggling of opium inside China.
Early yearsHe was born at the Old Summer Palace (圆明园/圓明園), 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was given the name Yongyan (永琰), changed into Yongyan (顒琰) when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from 永 to 顒, both pronounced Yong, as the former is used commonly. This novelty was introduced by his father the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the long-standing practice of naming taboo.
He was the fifteenth son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was a Han Chinese concubine of the second rank Ling (令贵妃/令貴妃), who became a favorite of Qianlong. She was posthumously made Empress Xiaoyichun (孝仪纯皇后/孝儀純皇后) when her son became emperor. She was the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an official in the Qing administration whose Han Chinese family had long been integrated in the Manchu elites. In 1818 Emperor Jiaqing made his mother's family officially Manchu, and changed their Chinese family name Wei into the Manchu clan name Weigiya.
After the first two original choices for heir to the throne succumbed early to disease, in December 1773 Yongyan was secretly chosen by Qianlong to be the next emperor. In 1789 he was made Prince of the 1st rank Jia (嘉亲王/嘉親王).
At the end of his reign, Qianlong worked closely with a Manchu government minister called Heshen. Prince Jia hated the notoriously corrupt Heshen for his abuse of power, and vowed to punish the minister once he became emperor.
Accession to the throne
Portrait of the Jiaqing Emperor in his studyIn October 1795, in the 60th year of his reign, Emperor Qianlong announced his intention to abdicate in favor of Prince Jia: he did not think it proper to rule longer than his grandfather, the late Kangxi Emperor. Prince Jia acceded to the throne and proclaimed the era name of Jiaqing (Chinese: 嘉慶; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡳᠴᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠨ saicungga fengšen) in February 1796. For the next three years however, Jiaqing ruled as Emperor in name only. Decisions were made by his father, the Retired Emperor Qianlong.
With the death of Qianlong at the beginning of February 1799, Jiaqing took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power. He was stripped of his titles and properties, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess He Xiao, a sister of the new emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates.
At the time the empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao Rebellions (1795–1806), as well as an empty treasury. Emperor Jiaqing engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. However, due in part to large outflows of silver from the country as payment for the opium smuggled into China from British India, the economy declined.
Court intrigues and incidentsMembers of the Qing royal family (relatives of Jiaqing) tried to assassinate him twice – in 1803 and in 1813. The princes involved in the attempts on his life were executed. Other members of the imperial family, numbering in the hundreds, were exiled.
Opposition to ChristianityThe Great Qing Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811 a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor, and abrogated in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor. It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys.
FamilySee also: Qing Dynasty nobility and Ranks of Imperial Consorts in China#Qing
Consort
EmpressesPer imperial regulations, there was only one Empress at any given time. However, that did not prevent others from being elevated to that position after the death of an existing empress. During Jiaqing's reign, there were two empresses, each serving in different periods of time:
Lady Hitara of the Hitara (Manchu) clan, who became Empress when Jiaqing ascended the throne in 1796. She was the mother of Daoguang Emperor (2nd son of Jiaqing) She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后).
Empress Xiaoherui, of the Niohuru clan (孝和睿皇后) (1776–1849), elevated after Empress Xiaoshurui died in 1798.
Imperial Noble ConsortsPer imperial regulations, only two Imperial Noble Consorts are allowed at any given time.
Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun, of the Niohuru clan (恭順皇貴妃) (1787–1860).
Imperial Noble Consort Heyu (d. 1833) of the Lugiya clan.
ConsortsPer imperial regulations, only four Consorts are allowed at any given time. Not counting those who were later elevated to higher titles and those who were elevated posthumously, there was effectively only two consorts during Jiaqing's reign.
Consort Hua (d. 1808) of the Hougiya clan.
Consort Zhuang (d. 1811) of the Wang clan.
Consort Shu of the Wanyan clan (Posthumously elevated. Never served as Consort in life)
Imperial ConcubinesPer imperial regulations, only six Imperial Concubines are allowed at any given time.
Imperial Concubine En (d. 1846) of the Wuya clan
Imperial Concubine Xuan of the Chengiya clan
Imperial Concubine Jian (d. 1780) of the Guangiya clan
Imperial Concubine Rong (d. 1826) of the Liang clan
Imperial Concubine Chun (d. 1819) of the Dongiya clan
Imperial Concubine An (d. 1837) of the Guargiya clan
Children
SonsFirst son: Mianmu, son of Imperial Noble Consort Heyu.
Second son: Mianning (綿寧) ( 16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850), son of Empress Xiaoshurui (Lady Hitara), succeeded his father as the Daoguang Emperor in 1820
Third son: Miankai (绵恺), son of Empress Xiaoherui, of the Niohuru clan
Fourth son: Mianxin (绵忻), son of Empress Xiaoherui, of the Niohuru clan
Fifth son: Mianyu (绵愉) (1814–1865). Son of Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun, of the Niohuru clan
DaughtersFirst daughter (1780–1783) her mother was Imperial Concubine Xuan.
Second daughter (1780–1783) her mother was Empress Xiaoshurui.
Heshuo Princess Zhuangjing [庄敬和硕公主] (1781–1811) daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Heyu.
Kurun Princess Zhuangjing [庄静固伦公主] (1784–1811) daughter of Empress Xiaoshurui.
Princess Hui'an (1786–1795).
Sixth daughter (1789–1790) daughter of Consort Hua.
Seventh daughter (1793–1795) daughter of Empress Xiaoherui.
Eighth daughter (1805) daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun.
Ninth daughter (1811–1815) Kurun Princess Huimin (慧悯固伦公主) posthumously in 1820, daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun.
Death and burialOn 2 September 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The Draft History of Qing did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, the Daoguang Emperor.
Renzong was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Changling (昌陵 – meaning "Splendid tomb") mausoleum complex.
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