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古斯塔夫·福楼拜chū shēng nián dài： 1821-1880
fǎ guó zhòng yào de pī pàn xiàn shí zhù yì zuò jiā
guó jí： fǎ guó
19 shì jì zhōng yè fǎ guó zhòng yào de pī pàn xiàn shí zhù yì zuò jiā jū sī dá fū · fú lóu bài， 1821 nián 12 yuè 17 rì chū shēng zài lú 'áng yī gè zhù míng de wài kē yī shēng jiā tíng。 qí zuò pǐn fǎn yìng liǎo 1848-1871 nián jiān fǎ guó de shí dài fēng mào， jiē lù liǎo chǒu 'è bǐ sú de zī chǎn jiē jí shè huì。 tā de “ kè guān 'ér wú dòng yú zhōng ” de chuàng zuò lǐ lùn hé jīng diāo xì kè de yì shù fēng gé， zài fǎ guó wén xué shǐ shàng dú shù yī zhì。 cóng xiǎo shēng huó zài yī yuàn huán jìng péi yǎng liǎo fú lóu bài shí yàn zhù yì qīng xiàng， shǐ tā zhù yì duì shì wù de zhěn mì guān chá， ér yǔ zōng jiào gé gé bù rù。 tā yǔ qīng nián zhé xué jiā pǔ wǎ tè wàn hěn zǎo jiù jié chéng liǎo qīn mì de yǒu yì， pǔ wǎ tè wàn de bēi guān zhù yì sī xiǎng hé wéi měi zhù yì guān diǎn duì fú lóu bài yòu xiāng dāng yǐng xiǎng。 fú lóu bài sī xiǎng shàng hái yòu zhe sī bīn nuò suō wú shén lùn sī xiǎng de míng xiǎn yǐng xiǎng。 tā zài shàng zhōng xué shí jiù rè xīn yuè dú làng màn zhù yì zuò pǐn， bìng cóng shì wén xué xí zuò。 zhè xiē zuò pǐn biǎo xiàn liǎo“ è mó shì de lì jǐ zhù yì” hé wú zhèng fǔ zhù yì shì de kuáng rè， dài yòu nóng hòu de làng màn zhù yì sè cǎi。《 kuáng rén huí yì》 (1838) xiě tā duì yī wèi yīnyuè chū bǎn shāng qī zǐ de chì rè gǎn qíng， zhè wèi chū bǎn shāng de qī zǐ jiù shì《 qíng gǎn jiào yù》 zhōng 'ā 'ěr nǔ fū rén de yuán xíng。
jū sī dá fū · fú lóu bài - shēng píng 1840 nián fú lóu bài fù bā lí gōng dú fǎ lǜ， yīn huàn shén jīng xì tǒng de jí bìng yú 1843 nián qiū chuò xué。 zài bā lí， tā jié shí liǎo lìng yī wèi dà wén háo yǔ guǒ。 1846 nián tā rèn shí liǎo nǚ shī rén lù yì sī · gāo lāi， liǎng rén yòu jiāng jìn shí nián de jiāo wǎng。 1843-1845 nián jiān， tā xiě liǎo《 qíng gǎn jiào yù》 chū gǎo。 1846 nián fù qīn qù shì hòu， tā zài lú 'áng fù jìn de kè luó wǎ sāibié shù dìng jū， mái tóu yú wén xué chuàng zuò， chú 'ǒu 'ěr dào bā lí bài huì yī xià wén yì jiè de péng yǒu wài， zài nà lǐ dú shēn zhōng qí yī shēng。
1849-1851 nián fú lóu bài hé dù gāng qù mǎ qí dùn、 āi jí、 bā lè sī tǎn、 xù lì yà、 tǔ 'ěr qí、 xī là hé yì dà lì lǚ xíng， zhè wéi tā rì hòu de chuàng zuò jī lěi liǎo fēng fù de sù cái。 tā zài jìn dōng gè guó suǒ jiàn dào de shè huì xiàn xiàng shǐ tā dà wéi shī wàng。 zài guó nèi wài jiàn dào de zhǒng zhǒng chǒu 'è xiàn xiàng， jiā shēn liǎo tā de bēi guān zhù yì qīng xiàng， shèn zhì duì rén lèi de qián tú shī qù xìn xīn。
shí jiǔ shì jì wǔ、 liù shí nián dài， tā wán chéng liǎo sān bù zhù yào zuò pǐn：《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》、《 sà lǎng bō》 hé《 qíng gǎn jiào yù》。《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 de fā biǎo， hōng dòng liǎo dāng shí de fǎ guó wén tán。 dàn shì zhè bù zuò pǐn què hěn kuài shòu dào liǎo dāng jú de zhǐ kòng， zuì míng shì bài huài dào dé， fěi bàng zōng jiào。 dāng jú yào qiú fǎ tíng duì“ zhù fàn fú lóu bài， bì xū cóng yán chéng bàn !” xìng lài yòu lǜ shī sài nà de shēng wàng hé biàn hù， fú lóu bài cái miǎn yú chǔfèn。 dàn shì“ zhèng fǔ gōng jī、 bào zhǐ mán mà、 jiào shì chóu shì” de jú miàn， duì tā shì hěn dà de yā lì， shǐ tā fàng qì liǎo xiàn shí tí cái de chuàng zuò， zhuànxiàng gǔ dài tí cái。 jīng guò liù nián de jiān kǔ xiě zuò， lì shǐ xiǎo shuō《 sà lǎng bō》 zhōng yú wèn shì。
《 sà lǎng bō》 gòng shí wǔ zhāng， miáo xiě gōng yuán qián 3 shì jì jiā tài jī de gù yōng jūn huá biàn qǐ yì de lì shǐ gù shì。 qǐ yì jūn zài shǒu lǐng mǎ tuō de shuài lǐng xià， hěn kuài dé dào quán guó qún zhòng jiē gān xiǎng yìng。 jiā tài jī tǒng shuài hàn mì jiā de nǚ 'ér sà lǎng bō qīng mù mǎ tuō de yǒng gǎn， zài huá biàn zhī chū jiù duì mǎ tuō biǎo shì guò hǎo gǎn， mǎ tuō yě 'ài shàng liǎo tā。 yì jūn suī jīng guò jiān kǔ de yù xuè zhàn dǒu， zuì zhōng hái shì bèi zhèn yā xià qù。 mǎ tuō bèi fú。 zhèng fǔ dāng jú jué dìng zài sà lǎng bō hé nà hā fǎ jǔ xíng hūn lǐ shí chù jué mǎ tuō。 sà lǎng bō zài shén diàn shí jiē shàng jiàn dào mǎ tuō xiān xuè lín lí bèi yājiè guò lái shí， biàn yǎng shēn dǎo dì 'ér sǐ。
《 qíng gǎn jiào yù》 shì zuò zhě dì 'èr bù yǐ dāng dài shēng huó wéi tí cái de zhòng yào xiǎo shuō。 xiǎo shuō de fù tí shì“ yī gè qīng nián de gù shì”。 xiǎo shuō zhù rén gōng fú léi dé lì kè · mò luó chū shēn yú fǎ guó wài shěng de yī gè zhōng chǎn jiē jí jiā tíng。 1840 nián qù bā lí shàng dà xué。 zài lǚ tú zhōng yǔ huà shāng 'ā 'ěr nǔ fū fù xiāng shí， duì 'ā 'ěr nǔ fū rén yī jiàn zhōng qíng， huí bā lí hòu xiǎng fāng shè fǎ gēn tā jiē jìn。 ā 'ěr nǔ fū rén wěn zhòng duān zhuāng， bù làn yòng gǎn qíng。 mò luó yóu yú dé bù dào 'ā 'ěr nǔ fū rén de 'ài qíng， yòu hé jiāo jì huā luó suō nī gòu hé， hái yòu liǎo yī gè hái zǐ。 cóng cǐ tā xiàn rù shuāngchóng liàn 'ài zhōng bù néng zì bá。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， tā hé gè zhǒng zhèng zhì qīng xiàng de rén wù jiāo wǎng， zhōng yú xué yè huāng fèi。 hòu lái yóu yú jiā tíng jīng jì kùn nán， zhǐ dé zhé jū jiā xiāng。 zhí dào 1845 nián tā dé dào shū fù de yī bǐ yí chǎn， cái chóngfǎn bā lí， zuò gǔ piào tóu jī shēng yì。 1848 nián 'èr yuè gé mìng bào fā， tā kuáng rè liǎo yī zhèn； dàn dào liù yuè gé mìng shí， tā de zhèng zhì rè qíng yǐ jīng wán quán xiāo shī。 wèile jī rù shàng liú shè huì， tā yòu qù zhuī qiú dà yínháng jiā táng bù luó shì de qī zǐ， dàn zāo dào jù jué。 tā bù dé yǐ fǎn huí jiā xiāng， xiǎng qù zhǎo guò qù yī zhí mí liàn zhe tā de nǚ zǐ lù yì sī， dàn cǐ shí tā yǐ jià gěi tā de péng yǒu dài luò lì yè。 xiǎo shuō yǐ tā hé dài luò lì yè zài lú biān yī qǐ huí yì wú liáo xū dù de yī shēng 'ér jié shù。
1871 nián， bào fā liǎo bā lí gōng shè gé mìng， fú lóu bài duì cǐ cǎi qǔ liǎo dí shì hé dǐ huǐ de tài dù。 70 nián dài， tā yòu yī cì xiū gǎi liǎo《 shèng 'ān dōng de yòu gǎn》。 zhè bù yú 1874 nián dìng gǎo de zuò pǐn， tōng guò yī xì liè qún mó zuò 'è de chǎng miàn， miáo xiě liǎo zhōng shì jì 'āi jí yī wèi shèng jié yǐn shì kè fú mó guǐ zhǒng zhǒng yòu huò de gù shì， biǎo dá liǎo zuò zhě duì shè huì tān yù de jí duān yàn 'è， yě fǎn yìng chū zuò zhě de bēi guān zhù yì hé sù mìng lùn qíng xù。
wǎn nián de fú lóu bài chú xī xīn zhǐ dǎo mò bó sāng xiě zuò wài， yī zhí zài xiě zuì hòu yī bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 bù wǎ 'ěr hé pèi jū xiè》 (1881)， zhǐ chā yī zhāng méi yòu wán chéng。 zhè bù xiǎo shuō kě yǐ shuō shì《 qíng gǎn jiào yù》 de zǐ mèi piān， kě chēng wéi“ lǐ zhì jiào yù”。 tā miáo xiě de shì 1848 nián gé mìng zài wài shěng de fǎn xiǎng， yǔ《 qíng gǎn jiào yù》 suǒ miáo xiě de 1848 nián gé mìng shí qī de bā lí xiāng hū yìng。 gé mìng qī jiān wài shěng bǎo shǒu shì lì de huáng kǒng bù 'ān yǔ 'áo zhāng qì yàn， ná pò lún sān shì shàng tái shí jiào shì men huān xīn gǔ wǔ de qíng tài， yǐ jí gōng nóng qún zhòng de qíng xù hé dòng xiàng， zài xiǎo shuō lǐ dū yòu zhēn shí de miáo huì。 xiǎo shuō hái xiě liǎo liǎng gè chāo xiě yuán yòu liǎo qián， qù“ tàn suǒ” kē xué hé zhēn lǐ， dàn yī yī zāo dào shī bài， zuì hòu zhǐ hǎo yòu huí dào chāo xiě de lǎo běn xíng。 zuò zhě duì tā men jìn xíng kē xué shì yàn de màn huà huà de miáo huì， yǐng shè liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí wén huà suǒ miàn lín de wēi jī。 tiáozhěng hé jiē lù liǎo zī chǎn jiē jí kē xué wén huà lǐng yù lǐ de zhù guān zhù yì hé jīng yàn zhù yì。 fú lóu bài duì zī běn zhù yì shè huì de fāng fāng miàn miàn dū gǎn dào shī wàng， tā de zhè zhǒng qíng xù zài tā shēn hòu cái chū bǎn de fěng cì xìng zuò pǐn《 zhòng suǒ zhōu zhī de zhēn lǐ cí diǎn》 zhōng yě yòu suǒ biǎo xiàn。
jū sī dá fū · fú lóu bài - gòng xiàn
fú lóu bài shì shí jiǔ shì jì zhōng hòu qī fǎ guó yī gè zhòng yào de xiàn shí zhù yì xiǎo shuō jiā . zài xiàn shí zhù yì xiàng xiàn dài zhù yì zhuǎn xíng zhōng , fú lóu bài qǐ liǎo chéng qián qǐ hòu de zuò yòng . tā shì shí jiǔ shì jì xiàn shí zhù yì de jié chū dài biǎo , shì xiàn shí zhù yì de jí dà chéng zhě ; dàn tā yòu bèi yù wéi xiàn dài zhù yì " bí zǔ ". tā tí chàng de " kè guān huà xiě zuò " wéi xiàn dài zhù yì xù shù zhōng líng jiāo jù de shǐ yòng tí gōng liǎo fàn lì . chū yú duì xiàn shí hé lì shǐ de yàn 'è , tā zài chuàng zuò zhōng fēi cháng zhòng shì miáo huì píng yōng de rì cháng shēng huó , zhè shǐ dé qí zuò pǐn zài qíng jié gòu zào shàng chū xiàn yī zhǒng rì cháng huà de qū shì . zhè yī chuàng zuò shǒu fǎ yě gěi xiàn dài zhù yì zuò jiā hěn dà qǐ fā , bìng zuì zhōng dǎo zhì liǎo " dàn huà qíng jié " zhè zhǒng xiàn dài zhù yì chuàng zuò shǒu fǎ de chū xiàn . wén zhāng yǐ kè guān huà xiě zuò、 qíng jié de rì cháng huà wéi qiē rù diǎn ,。 .
jū sī tǎ fū · fú lóu bài（ 1821-1880） shì 19 shì jì zhōng yè fǎ guó xiàn shí zhù yì zuò jiā。 shēng yú fǎ guó nuò màn dǐ lú 'áng yī shēng shì jiā。 tóng nián zài fù qīn yī yuàn lǐ dù guò， yī yuàn huán jìng péi yǎng liǎo tā xì zhì guān chá yǔ pōu xī shì wù de xí guàn， duì rì hòu wén xué chuàng zuò yòu jí dà de yǐng xiǎng。 fú lóu bài zài zhōng xué shí jiù rè 'ài làng màn zhù yì zuò pǐn， bìng cóng shì wén xué xí zuò。 zǎo qī xí zuò yòu nóng hòu làng màn zhù yì sè cǎi。 1840 nián， tā fù bā lí qiú xué， gōng dú fǎ lǜ， qī jiān jié shí yǔ guǒ。 1843 nián fàng qì fǎ lǜ， zhuān xīn wén xué。 1846 nián， huí lú 'áng， jié shí nǚ shī rén lù yì sī · kē lāi， suí hòu yòu jìn shí nián de jiāo wǎng。 dìng jū lú 'áng qī jiān， tā mái tóu xiě zuò， ǒu 'ěr bài huì wén yì jiè péng yǒu， zhí dào shēng mìng zuì hòu shí kè。 wǎn nián， tā céng xī xīn zhǐ dǎo mò bó sāng xiě zuò。
1857 nián， fú lóu bài chū bǎn dài biǎo zuò cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》， hōng dòng wén tán。 dàn zuò pǐn shòu dào dāng jú zhǐ kòng， zuì míng shì bài huài dào dé， huǐ bàng zōng jiào。 cǐ hòu， tā yī dù zhuǎn rù gǔ dài tí cái chuàng zuò， yú 1862 nián fā biǎo cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 sà lǎng bō》。 dàn 1870 nián fā biǎo de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 qíng gǎn jiào yù》， réng rán shì yī bù yǐ xiàn shí shēng huó wéi tí cái de zuò pǐn。 xiǎo shuō zài jiē lù gè rén bēi jù de shè huì yīn sù fāng miàn， yǔ《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 yòu yìqǔ tóng gōng zhī miào。 cǐ wài， tā hái xiě yòu《 shèng · ān dōng de yòu huò》（ 1874）、 wèi wán gǎo de《 bù wǎ 'ěr hé pèi jū xiè》、 jù běn《 jìng xuǎn rén》（ 1874） hé duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí《 sān gù shì》（ 1877） děng。 xiǎo shuō jí zhōng de《 yī kē jiǎn dān de xīn》， chū sè dì kè huà liǎo yī gè pǔ tōng láo dòng fù nǚ de xíng xiàng， shì tā duǎn piān zhōng de jié zuò。
fú lóu bài zhù zhāng xiǎo shuō jiā yìng xiàng kē xué jiā nà yàng shí shì qiú shì， yào tōng guò shí dì kǎo chá jìn xíng zhǔn què dì miáo xiě。 tóng shí， tā hái tí chàng“ kè guān 'ér wú dòng yú zhōng” de chuàng zuò lǐ lùn， fǎn duì xiǎo shuō jiā zài zuò pǐn zhōng biǎo xiàn zì jǐ。 zài yì shù fēng gé shàng， fú lóu bài cóng bù zuò gū lì、 dān dú de huán jìng miáo xiě， ér shì nǔ lì zuò dào yòng huán jìng lái hōng tuō rén wù xīn qíng， dá dào qíng jǐng jiāo róng de yì shù jìng jiè。 tā hái shì yǔ yán dà shī， zhù zhòng sī xiǎng yǔ yǔ yán de tǒng yī。 tā rèn wéi：“ sī xiǎng yuè shì měi hǎo， cí jù jiù yuè shì kēng qiāng， sī xiǎng de zhǔn què huì zào chéng yǔ yán de zhǔn què。” yòu shuō：“ biǎo dá yù shì jiē jìn sī xiǎng， yòng cí jiù yù shì tiē qiē， jiù yù shì měi。” yīn cǐ， tā jīng cháng kǔ xīn mó liàn， cǎn dàn jīng yíng， zhù yì chuí liàn yǔ yán hé jù zǐ。 tā de zuò pǐn yǔ yán jīng liàn、 zhǔn què、 kēng qiāng yòu lì， shì fǎ guó wén xué shǐ shàng de“ mó fàn sǎnwén” zhī zuò。
jū sī dá fū · fú lóu bài -《 fú lóu bài jiā de xīng qī tiān》
nà shí fú lóu bài zhù zài liù céng lóu de yī gè dān shēn sù shè lǐ， wū zǐ hěn jiǎn lòu， qiáng shàng kōng kōng de， jiā jù yě hěn shǎo。 tā hěn tǎo yàn yòng yī xiē méi yòu shí yòng jià zhí de gǔ dǒng lái zhuāng shì wū zǐ。 tā de bàn gōng zhuō shàng zǒng shì sǎnluàn dì pū zhe xiě mǎn mì mì má má de zì de gǎo zhǐ。
měi dào xīng qī tiān， cóng zhōng wǔ yī diǎn dào qī diǎn， tā jiā yī zhí dōuyòu kè rén lái。 mén líng yī xiǎng， tā jiù lì kè bǎ yī kuài hěnbáo de hóng shā tǎn gài dào bàn gōng zhuō shàng， bǎ zhuō shàng de gǎo zhǐ、 shū、 bǐ、 zì diǎn děng suǒ yòu gōng zuò yòng de dōng xī dū zhē liǎo qǐ lái。 tā zǒng shì qīn zì qù kāi mén， yīn wéi yōng rén jīhū měi gè xīng qī rì dōuyào huí jiā de。
dì yī gè lái dào de wǎng wǎng shì yī wàn tú gé niè fū。 tā xiàng qīn xiōng dì yī yàng dì yōng bào zhe zhè wèi bǐ tā lüè gāo de 'é guó xiǎo shuō jiā。 tú gé niè fū duì tā yòu yī zhǒng hěn qiáng liè bìng qiě hěn shēn hòu de 'ài。 tā men xiāng tóng de sī xiǎng、 zhé xué guān diǎn hé cái néng； gòng tóng de qù wèi、 shēng huó hé mèng xiǎng； xiāng tóng de wén xué zhù zhāng hé kuáng rè de lǐ xiǎng， gòng tóng de jiàn shǎng néng lì yǔ bó xué duō shí shǐ tā men liǎng rén cháng cháng shì yī pāi jí hé， yī jiàn miàn， liǎng réndōu bù yuē 'ér tóng dì gǎn dào yī zhǒng yǔ qí shuō shì xiāng hù lǐ jiě de yú kuài， dǎo bù rú shuō shì xīn líng nèi zài de huān lè。
tú gé niè fū yǎng zuò zài yī gè shā fā shàng， yòng yī zhǒng qīng qīng bìng yòu diǎn yóu yù de shēng diào màn màn dì jiǎng zhe； dàn shì bù guǎn shénme shì qíng yī jīng tā de zuǐ jiǎng chū， jiù dū dài shàng fēi fán de mèi lì hé jí dà de qù wèi。 fú lóu bài zhuàndòng zhe lán sè de dà yǎn jīng dīng zhe péng yǒu zhè zhāng bái xī de liǎn， shí fēn qīn pèi dì tīng zhe。 dāng tā huí dá shí， tā de sǎng yīn tè bié hóng liàng， fǎng fó zài tā nà gǔ gāo lú dǒu shì shì de dà hú xū xià miàn chuī xiǎng yī bǎ jūn hào。 tā men de tán huà hěn shǎo shè jí rì cháng suǒ shì， zǒng shì wéi rào zhe wén xué shǐ fāng miàn de shì jiàn。 tú gé niè fū yě cháng cháng dài lái yī xiē wài wén shū jí， bìng fēi cháng liú lì dì fān yì yī xiē gē dé hé pǔ xī jīn de shī jù。
guò liǎo yī huì 'ér， dū dé yě lái liǎo。 tā yī lái jiù tán qǐ bā lí de shì qíng， jiǎng xù zhe zhè gè tān tú xiǎng shòu、 xún huān zuò lè bìng shí fēn huó yuè hé yú kuài de bā lí。 tā zhǐ yòng jǐ jù huà， jiù gòu huà chū mǒu rén huá jī de lún kuò。 tā yòng tā nà dú tè de、 jù yòu nán fāng fēng wèi hé xī yǐn rén de fěng cì kǒu wěn tán lùn zhe yī qiē shì wù hé yī qiē rén ……
tā de tóu hěn xiǎo què hěn piào liàng， wū mù sè de nóng mì juǎnfà cóng tóu shàng yī zhí pī dào jiān shàng， hé juǎnqū de hú xū lián chéng yī piàn； tā xí guàn yòng shǒu luō zhe zì jǐ de hú zǐ jiān。 tā de yǎn jīng xiàng qiē kāi de cháng féng， mī féng zhe， dàn què cóng zhōng shè chū yī dào mò yī yàng de hēi guāng。 yě xǔ shì yóu yú guò dù jìn shì， tā de yǎn guāng yòu shí hěn mó hú； jiǎng huà shí diào zǐ yòu xiē xiàng chàng gē。 tā jǔ zhǐ huó yuè， shǒu shì shēng dòng， jù yòu yī qiē nán fāng rén de tè zhēng。
jiē zhe lái de shì zuǒ lā。 tā pá liǎo liù céng lóu de lóu tī lěi dé hū hū zhí chuǎn。 yī jìn lái jiù wāi zài yī bǎ shā fā shàng， bìng kāi shǐ yòng yǎn guāng cóng dà jiā de liǎn shàng xún zhǎo tán huà de qì fēn hé guān chá měi rén de jīng shén zhuàng tài。 tā hěn shǎo jiǎng huà， zǒng shì wāi zuò zhe， yā zhe yī tiáo tuǐ， yòng shǒu zhuā zhe zì jǐ de jiǎo huái， hěn xì xīn dì tīng dà jiā jiǎng。 dāng yī zhǒng wén xué rè cháo huò yī zhǒng yì shù de táo zuì shǐ tán huà zhě jī dòng liǎo qǐ lái， bìng bǎ tā men juǎnrù yī xiē fù yú xiǎng xiàng de rén suǒ xǐ 'ài de què yòu shì jí duān
zuǒ lā zhōng děng shēn cái， wēi wēi fā pàng， yī fù pǔ shí dàn hěn gù zhí de miàn páng。 tā de tóu xiàng gǔ shí yì dà lì bǎn huà zhōng rén wù de tóu lú yī yàng， suī rán bù piào liàng， dàn biǎo xiàn chū tā de cōng huì hé jiān qiáng xìng gé。 zài tā nà hěn fā dá de nǎo mén shàng shù lì zhe hěn duǎn de tóu fā， zhí tǐng tǐng de bí zǐ xiàng shì bèi rén hěn tū rán dì zài nà cháng mǎn nóng mì hú zǐ de zuǐ shàng yī dāo qiē duàn liǎo。 zhè zhāng féi pàng dàn hěn jiān yì de liǎn de xià bàn bù dū fù gài zhe xiū dé hěn duǎn de hú xū， hēi sè de yǎn jīng suī rán jìn shì， dàn tòu zhe shí fēn jiān ruì de tàn qiú de mù guāng。 tā de wēi xiào zǒng shǐ rén gǎn dào yòu diǎn cháo fěng， tā nà hěn tè bié de chún gōu shǐ shàng chún gāo gāo dì qiáo qǐ， yòu xiǎn dé shí fēn huá jī kě xiào。
jiàn jiàn dì， rén yuè lái yuè duō， jǐ mǎn liǎo xiǎo kè tīng。 xīn lái de rén zhǐ hǎo dào cān tīng lǐ qù。 zhè shí zhǐ jiàn fú lóu bài zuò zhe dà fú dù de dòng zuò（ jiù xiàng tā yào fēi qǐ lái shìde）， cóng zhè gè rén miàn qián yī bù kuà dào nà gè rén miàn qián， dài dòng dé tā de yī kù gǔ qǐ lái， xiàng yī tiáo yú chuán shàng de fēng fān。 tā shí 'ér jī qíng mǎn huái， shí 'ér yì fèn tián yīng； yòu shí rè liè jī dòng， yòu shí xióng biàn guò rén。 tā jī dòng qǐ lái wèi miǎn dòu rén fā xiào， dàn jī dòng hòu hé 'ǎi kě qīn de yàng zǐ yòu shǐ rén xīn qíng yú kuài； yóu qí shì tā nà jīng rén de jì yì lì hé chāo rén de bó xué duō shí wǎng wǎng shǐ rén jīng tàn bù yǐ。 tā kě yǐ yòng yī jù hěn míng liǎo hěn shēn kè de huà jié shù yīcháng biàn lùn。 sī xiǎng yī xià zǐ fēi yuè guò zòng guān jǐ gè shì jì， bìng cóng zhōng zhǎo chū liǎng gè lèi tóng de shì shí huò liǎng duàn lèi sì de gé yán， zài jiā yǐ bǐ jiào。 yú shì， jiù xiàng liǎng kuài tóng yàng de shí kuài pèng dào yī qǐ yī yàng， yī shù qǐ méng de huǒ huā cóng tā de huà yǔ lǐ bèng fā chū lái。
zuì hòu， tā de péng yǒu men yī gè gè dì lù xù zǒu liǎo。 tā fēn bié sòng dào qián tīng， zuì hòu zài dān dú hé měi gè rén jiǎng yī xiǎo huì 'ér， jǐn jǐn wò wò duì fāng de shǒu， zài rè qíng dì dà xiào zhe yòng shǒu pāi dǎ jǐ xià duì fāng de jiān tóu……
jū sī dá fū · fú lóu bài - dài biǎo zuò pǐn
jū sī dá fū · fú lóu bài fú lóu bài de dài biǎo zuò shì《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》
《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 shì fǎ guó zhù míng fú lóu bài de dài biǎo zuò。 zuò zhě yǐ jiǎn jié 'ér xì nì de wén bǐ， tōng guò yī gè fù yòu jī qíng de fù nǚ 'ài mǎ de jīng lì， zài xiàn liǎo 19 shì jì zhōng qī fǎ guó de shè huì shēng huó。《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 de yì shù xíng shì shǐ tā chéng wéi jìn dài xiǎo shuō de yī gè xīn zhuǎn jī。 cóng《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 wèn shì yǐ hòu， xiǎo shuō jiā zhī dào jí shǐ shì xiǎo shuō， yě yào jīng diāo xì zhuó。 zhè bù jǐn shì yī bù mó fàn xiǎo shuō， yě shì yī piān mó fàn sǎnwén。 dàn shì，《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 yě wéi zuò zhě dài lái liǎo má fán。 xǔ duō rén duì hào rù zuò， pī píng fú lóu bài zhè bù shū“ pò huài shè huì dào dé hé zōng jiào”， tā hái bèi fǎ yuàn chuán liǎo qù： yuán lái shì yòu rén gào tā“ yòu shāng fēng huà”。 zhè shí xǔ duō dú zhě fēn fēn xiàng fú lóu bài biǎo shì tóng qíng hé zhī chí， shèn zhì lián yī xiàng fǎn duì tā de làng màn zhù yì zuò jiā yě wéi tā biàn hù。 fǎ tíng shàng， jīng guò yī fān jī liè de biàn lùn， zuò jiā bèi xuān gào wú zuì héng héng yóu cǐ kě jiàn《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 de yǐng xiǎng。
mǐ lán · kūn dé lā yòu yī jù liú chuán hěn guǎng de míng yán， dà yì shì， zhí dào fú lóu bài de chū xiàn， xiǎo shuō cái zhōng yú gǎn shàng liǎo shī gē。 zhòng suǒ zhōu zhī， ōu zhōu de xiǎo shuō zuì zǎo shì cóng xù shì cháng shī zhōng fēn huà chū lái de。 yě jiù shì shuō， xù shì shī zhōng miáo shù shì jiàn jìn chéng de bù fēn bèi bō lí chū lái， jiàn jiàn chéng wéi yī zhǒng zhuān mén de shuō gù shì de tǐ cái。 xiǎo shuō de dàn shēng shǐ shī gē shī qù liǎo“ xù shì” de tiān rán quán lì， ér jiào duō dì cóng shì shū qíng。 rán 'ér， yǔ shī gē zhè zhǒng gǔ lǎo de yì shù xiāng bǐ， xiǎo shuō de yòu zhì shì wú yōng zhì yí de。 tā cháng qī yǐ lái zāo shòu lěng luò yǔ qí shì yě jiù bùzúwèi guài liǎo。 zài wǒ kàn lái， xiǎo shuō de bù chéng shú， chú liǎo tā zuò wéi yī mén zhuān mén de yì shù shàng wèi dé dào chōng fēn de fā yù zhī wài， gèng zhòng yào de shì， tā yǔ shī gē de guān xì shí fēn 'ài mèi， méi yòu bǎi tuō duì yú shī gē mǔ tǐ de yǐ lài。 tā zì shēn tè shū 'ér yán gé de wén tǐ shàng de guī dìng xìng zài xiāng dāng cháng de shí jiān nèi wèi néng xíng chéng。 zǎo qī xiǎo shuō de gù shì xìng dào shì dà dà zēng qiáng liǎo， rán 'ér shī gē yě kě yǐ jiǎng gù shì， ér qiě yī dù jiǎng dé hěn hǎo， nà me xiǎo shuō yǔ xù shì shī de chā bié jiū jìng zài nǎ 'ér？ shèn zhì jiù lián xiǎo shuō yì shù de píng jià chǐ dù， yě shì cóng shī gē nà lǐ jiè yòng guò lái de。 yī gè zuì míng xiǎn de lì zǐ shì， zhí dào jīn tiān， wǒ men zài píng jià yī bù wěi dà xiǎo shuō shí zuì cháng yòng de yǔ huì réng rán shì“ zhè zhǒng yī bù wěi dà de shǐ shī”。“ shǐ shī” de fēng fàn yǐ jiù shì xiǎo shuō de zuì gāo píng pàn biāo zhǔn。 zhè jiù hǎo bǐ shuō， zài xiǎo shuō de yuán dì lǐ huò dé chéng jiù， què yào dào shī gē de guó dù qù lǐng shòu jiǎng shǎng。
fú lóu bài de chū xiàn shì jù yòu huàshídài yì yì de， ér《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 gèng bèi rèn wéi shì“ xīn yì shù de fǎ diǎn”， yī bù“ zuì wán měi de xiǎo shuō”，“ zài wén tán chǎn shēng liǎo gé mìng xìng de hòu guǒ”。 bō dé lāi 'ěr、 shèng bó fù、 zuǒ lā děng rén fēn fēn jǐyǔ zhè bù zuò pǐn jí gāo de píng jià。 yóu yú zhè bù zuò pǐn de wèn shì， fú lóu bài zài yī yè zhī jiān chéng wéi zú kě yǔ bā 'ěr zhā kè、 sī tānɡ dá 'ěr bǐ jiān de xiǎo shuō dà shī， jǔ shì gōng rèn de jié chū de wén tǐ jiā。 fú lóu bài de jù dà shēng yù zài xiāng dāng chéng dù shàng shì yīn wéi《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 wú xiè kě jī de wén tǐ chéng jiù。 dào liǎo běn shì jì chū， fú lóu bài de yǐng xiǎng yǔ rì jù zēng， xiàn dài zhù yì de xiǎo shuō jiā yě bǎ tā fèng wéi shǐ zǔ yǔ jiē mó， yóu qí shì 50 nián dài hòu de fǎ guó“ xīn xiǎo shuō”， duì fú lóu bài gèng shì tuī chóng bèi zhì， tā men rèn wéi zhèng shì fú lóu bài shǐ xiǎo shuō huò dé liǎo yǔ shī gē bìng jià qí qū de dì wèi。 xīn xiǎo shuō de zhòng yào dài biǎo 'ā lán · luó bù － gé lǐ yé wèile jìn xíng suǒ wèi de wén xué biàn gé， jiāng fú lóu bài kàn chéng xù shì yì shù shàng zhēn zhèng de dǎo shī hé qǐ méng zhě， shèn zhì bǎ fú lóu bài shì wéi bā 'ěr zhā kè de duì lì miàn， duì bā 'ěr zhā kè shìde“ guò shí de” xiě zuò fāng shì zhǎn kāi chè dǐ dì pī pàn hé qīng suàn。 nà me，《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 zài wén tǐ hé xù shì shàng jiū jìng qǔ dé zěn yàng bù tóng fán xiǎng de chéng jiù， duì yú xiǎo shuō de fā zhǎn yòu qǐ dào liǎo zěn yàng de zuò yòng ní？
《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 shàng juàn de dì yī xiǎo jié shì cǎi yòng dì yī rén chēng lái xù shì gù shì de。 cóng dì 'èr xiǎo jié kāi shǐ zhí zhì zuò pǐn jié shù yòng de shì dì sān rén chēng。 zhè bù zuò pǐn de dì yīháng chū xiàn liǎo zhè yàng yī gè jù zǐ：“ wǒ men zhèng shàng zì xí， xiào cháng jìn lái liǎo， hòu miàn gēn zhe yī gè méi yòu chuān zhì fú de xīn shēng hé yī gè duān zhe yī zhāng dà shū zhuō de xiào gōng。”
zài zhè lǐ，“ wǒ men” zhè gè cí kě bù shì suí biàn xiě xiě de， tā de yì yì fēi tóng yī bān。 zhū wèi bù fáng huí yì yī xià bā 'ěr zhā kè de xiǎo shuō tōng cháng shì rú hé kāi tóu de。 bǐ rú shuō：“ lù yì · lǎng bèi 'ěr yú 1797 nián shēng yú wàng dài shěng de yī gè xiǎo zhèn méng tè wǎ 'ěr， tā de fù qīn zài nà lǐ jīng yíng zhe yī suǒ bù qǐ yǎn de zhì gé chǎng”（ bā 'ěr zhā kè《 lù yì · lǎng bèi 'ěr yú》）。 yòu rén céng zhēn duì zhè gè kāi tóu tí chū liǎo zhè yàng yī gè wèn tí： shuí zài jiǎng shù zhè gè gù shì ní？ shì zuò zhě má？ zuò zhě de yǔ diào wèishénme nà me bù róng zhì yí？ tā wèishénme huì wú suǒ bù zhī？ dāng rán， bìng bù shì měi yī wèi xiǎo shuō dú zhě dū huì tí chū zhè yàng de wèn tí， dàn shì zhè zhǒng jiān dìng、 míng què、 wú suǒ bù zhī de yǔ diào xiǎn shì chū zuò zhě líng jià yú gù shì、 dú zhě zhī shàng， dāng shǔ méi yòu yí wèn。 ér qiě zhè zhǒng kǒu wěn shàng wèi wán quán bǎi tuō kǒu tóu gù shì de jiǎng shù xíng shì。 rú guǒ yòu rén zhēn duì《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 tí chū tóng yàng de wèn tí： shuí zài jiǎng shù《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 de gù shì？ dá 'àn shì“ wǒ men”； jiǎng shù zhě shì rú hé zhī dào de？ dá 'àn shì“ wǒ men kàn dào liǎo”； ér qiě xù shì zhě zài“ kàn dào” de tóng shí， dú zhě yě kàn dào liǎo。 gù shì zhǎn kāi de shí jiān yǔ dú zhě yuè dú de shí jiān shì tóng bù de（ zài bā 'ěr zhā kè nà lǐ， gù shì zǎo jiù fā shēng guò liǎo）， zhè yàng yī lái， zuò zhě yī xià zǐ bǎ dú zhě dài rù dào shì jiàn de xiàn chǎng， xiāng duì yú bā 'ěr zhā kè， zhè lǐ de gù shì xiǎn rán gèng jù yòu bī zhēn de xiào guǒ。 yòng jīn tiān de yǎn guāng lái kàn， lèi sì de dì yī rén chēng xù shì bìng bù shì shénme liǎo bù qǐ de wán yì 'ér， kě zài dāng shí， fú lóu bài suǒ kuà chū de zhè yī xiǎo bù， qí yì yì què bù tóng xún cháng。 ér qiě wǒ rèn wéi fú lóu bài zài wén tǐ shàng de gòng xiàn dāng rán bù zhǐ shì rén chēng de biàn huà。 zài zhè zhǒng biàn huà de bèi hòu， yī zhǒng wán quán bù tóng yú yǔ guǒ、 sī tānɡ dá、 bā 'ěr zhā kè de xù shì fāng shì zhēn zhèng què lì liǎo qǐ lái， zài fú lóu bài de bǐ xià， yǐ wǎng quán zhī de xù shì shì jiǎo shòu dào liǎo yán gé de xiàn zhì： zuò zhě bù zài zhàn zài wú suǒ bù zhī de lì chǎng， mó fǎng shàng dì de kǒu wěn shuō huà； bù huì suí shí cóng xù shì zhōng“ xiàn shēn”， duì zuò pǐn de rén wù、 zhù tí zhǎn kāi píng shù， tí gōng yì yì； bù zài yōng yòu jiāng zì jǐ de sī xiǎng hé qīng xiàng qiáng jiā gěi dú zhě de tè quán。
fú lóu bài shì 'ōu zhōu wén xué shǐ shàng zuì zǎo de yào qiú zuò zhě tuì chū xiǎo shuō， bìng kāi shǐ zài shí jiàn zhōng chéng gōng shí xiàn zhè yī xìn tiáo de zuò jiā zhī yī。 tā yào qiú xù shì pái chú yī qiē de zhù guān shū qíng， pái chú zuò zhě de shēng yīn， ràng shì shí zhǎn xiàn tā zì jǐ。 tā rèn wéi zuò zhě de yì tú hé qīng xiàng， rú guǒ ràng dú zhě mó mó hú hú dì gǎn jué hé cāi cè dào， dōushì bù yǔn xǔ de； wén xué zuò pǐn de měi yī gè duàn luò， měi yī gè zì jù dōubù yīngyǒu yī diǎn diǎn zuò zhě guān niàn de hén jì。 zhèng rú tā de xué shēng mò bó sāng suǒ shuō de nà yàng， fú lóu bài zǒng shì zài zuò pǐn zhōng“ shēn shēn dì yǐn cáng zì jǐ， xiàng mù 'ǒu xì yǎn yuán nà yàng xiǎo xīn yì yì dì zhē yǎn zhe zì jǐ shǒu zhōng de tí xiàn， jìn kě néng bù ràng guān zhòng jué chá chū tā de shēng yīn”。 fú lóu bài zài gěi qiáo zhì · sāng de xìn zhōng yě céng zhè yàng xiě dào：“ shuō dào wǒ duì yú yì shù de lǐ xiǎng， wǒ rèn wéi jiù bù gāi bào lù zì jǐ， yì shù jiā bù gāi zài tā de zuò pǐn lǐ lòumiàn， jiù xiàng shàng dì bù gāi zài dà zì rán lǐ lòumiàn。” fǎ guó xué zhě bù lǚ nà céng mǐn ruì dì zhǐ chū，“ zài fǎ guó xiǎo shuō shǐ lǐ，《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 jù yòu huàshídài de yì yì， tā shuō míng mǒu xiē dōng xī de jié shù hé mǒu xiē dōng xī de kāi shǐ。” wǒ men cóng hòu lái de luó lán · bā tè、 dé lǐ dá děng rén de xù shì lǐ lùn zhōng dōukě yǐ qīng xī dì tīng dào fú lóu bài de shēng yīn。 rú guǒ shuō 'ōu zhōu xiǎo shuō wén tǐ biàn gé de lì shǐ， kě yǐ xiàng bù sī suǒ miáo shù de nà yàng， bèi kàn chéng shì zuò zhě de shēng yīn bù duàn cóng zuò pǐn zhōng xiāo tuì de lì shǐ， nà me fú lóu bài wú yí shì yī gè bù kě hū lüè de guān jiàn xìng rén wù。
yě xǔ huì yòu tóng xué tí chū zhè yàng de guān diǎn： jì rán xiǎo shuō dōushì xū gòu de， zài zuò zhě yǔ dú zhě zhī jiān zǎo jiù dá chéng liǎo yī zhǒng mò qì， yě jiù shì shuō， dú zhě zài yuè dú xiǎo shuō zhī qián zǎo jiù yù xiān jiē shòu liǎo xiǎo shuō de xū gòu xìng zhè yàng yī gè shì shí， nà me zuò zhě rú hé jiǎng shù zhè gè gù shì（ shì kè guān huà hái shì zhù guān huà de xù shì） bìng bù zhòng yào， zhòng yào de shì zuò pǐn néng fǒu dǎ dòng dú zhě， gèng hé kuàng， zuò zhě gù yì zài zuò pǐn zhōng yǐn cáng zì jǐ， bìng wèi wán quán fàng qì duì dú zhě de“ yǐn dǎo”， zhǐ bù guò zhè zhǒng“ yǐn dǎo” gèng wéi yǐn bì、 gèng wéi jī qiǎo。 duì yī zhǒng xiū cí de fàng qì jiù bì rán yì wèi zhe lìng yī zhǒng xiū cí díquè lì， shuō dào dǐ，“ kè guān huà” yě zhǐ néng shì yī zhǒng xiū cí shǒu duàn 'ér yǐ。 wǒ rèn wéi zhè zhǒng guān diǎn shì hěn yòu yì sī de， yě hěn hé lǐ。 tǎn shuài dì shuō， wǒ yě shì cóng xiū cí xué de jiǎo dù lái lǐ jiě fú lóu bài wén tǐ biàn gé de yì yì de。 shí jì shàng， fú lóu bài jiāng zì jǐ cóng xù shì zhōng yǐn cáng qǐ lái， qí mùdì zhǐ shì wèile gèng hǎo dì“ xiǎn lù”； duì xù shì shì jiǎo jìn xíng xiàn zhì， qí mùdì zhèng shì wèile ràng xù shì huò qǔ gèng dà de zì yóu。
zài quán zhī shì jiǎo de xù shì zhōng， zuò zhě yǔ dú zhě zhī jiān de jiāo liú shì gōng kāi jìn xíng de（ zài gǔ lǎo de shuō shū de chǎng hé， tīng zhòng shèn zhì hái kě yǐ zhí jiē xiàng jiǎng shù zhě tí wèn， huò zhě jìn xíng tǎo lùn）： zuò zhě jiǎng shù， dú zhě yuè dú。 dàn fú lóu bài bù mǎn zú yú zhè zhǒng gōng kāi de jiāo liú， yīn wéi jiāo liú de xiào guǒ shòu dào xiàn zhì。 tā gèng xǐ huān yī zhǒng 'àn zhōng jiāo liú， yě jiù shì shuō， zuò zhě bìng bù gào sù dú zhě zì jǐ de jiàn jiě hé qīng xiàng， ér ràng dú zhě tōng guò yuè dú dé chū zì jǐ de jié lùn， zhè yàng yī lái， dú zhě yǔ zuò zhě zhī jiān jiāo liú de jiāng yù yī xià zǐ jiù kuò dà liǎo。
fú lóu bài de kè guān huà xù shì bìng méi yòu wán quán fàng qì liǎo zì jǐ“ yǐn dǎo” dú zhě de quán lì。 yīn wéi cóng《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 zhè gè zuò pǐn lái kàn， zuò zhě běn rén de qīng xiàng、 lì chǎng hé yì tú réng rán kě yǐ zài yuè dú zhōng bèi wǒ men gǎn jué dào。 lìng wài wǒ yě bù tóng yì“ chún kè guān” zhè yàng de shuō fǎ。 yīn wéi zhè gè gài niàn bǎ yī xiē běn lái hěn qīng chǔ de shì shí nòng dé yī tuán zāo。 kuàng qiě，《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 bìng bù shì yī gè“ chún kè guān” de zuò pǐn， tā yǔ hòu lái“ xīn xiǎo shuō” de luó bù－ gé lǐ yé děng rén suǒ wèi de“ wù huà xiǎo shuō”、“ chún kè guān xù shì” yòu zhe běn zhì de bù tóng（ wǒ yě bù shì shuō luó bù－ gé lǐ yé de zuò pǐn jiù yī wú shì chù， zhì shǎo tā de《 jí dù》 xiāng dāng bù cuò）， dàn luó bù－ gé lǐ yé bǎ fú lóu bài zài xiū cí shàng de yī xiē qù xiàng jí duān huà zhī hòu， jǐn jiē zhe jiù chū xiàn liǎo yī gè tā běn rén yě shǐ liào bù jí de wèn tí：“ fēi rén gé huà xù shì” yě hǎo， chún kè guān、 wù huà xù shì yě hǎo， zuò zhě yòu rú hé néng zuò dào zhè zhǒng“ chún kè guān” ní？ yī gè míng xiǎn de shì shí shì， zuò jiā xiě zuò dāng rán bù néng lí kāi yǔ yán wén zì zhè yī gōng jù， yǔ yán wén zì běn lái jiù shì“ wén huà” de chǎn wù， tā jì bù“ chún”， yě fēi“ wù”，“ chún kè guān” rú hé shí xiàn ní？ tā bù shì shén huà yòu shì shénme？ hòu lái luó bù－ gé lǐ yé gān cuì bù xiě xiǎo shuō（ jù shuō zuì jìn tā yòu cóng zhòng cāo jiù yè）， qù gǎo diàn yǐng liǎo， yīn wéi tā jué dé shè yǐng jī gèng jiē jìn tā de“ wù huà” yào qiú。 zài wǒ kàn lái， zhè réng rán bù néng zì yuán qí shuō。 shè yǐng jī gù rán shì wù， dàn cāo zòng shè yǐng jī de rén dāng rán yě shì“ wén huà” de chǎn wù， tā（ tā） yòu zhe zì jǐ de tè shū de jià zhí guān hé gǎn qíng shàng de xǐ、 zēng、 āi、 lè， rú hé néng gòu“ chún kè guān” ní？ jiù《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 ér yán， fú lóu bài de biàn gé bìng wèi pāo qì chuán tǒng de xù shì zī yuán， yě méi yòu sǔn hài zuò pǐn wén tǐ de hé xié yǔ wán měi， yǐ jí zuì wéi zhòng yào de， xù shì fēn cùn gǎn。 wǒ men zài yǐ qián céng shuō guò xiàng liè fū · tuō 'ěr sī tài zhè yàng de zuò jiā shì bù tài kě néng qīng yì mó fǎng de， tā jù dà de cái huá běn shēn jiù shì yī gè qí jì（ cí wēi gé shuō tā bǐ wěi rén hái wěi dà）， ér fú lóu bài de shēn shàng gèng jù yòu jiàng rén de tè diǎn。 háo wú yí wèn， tā shì yī gè zhuó yuè de qiǎo jiàng。《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 shì yī bù jīng xīn zhì zuò chū lái de jié zuò， zì cóng wèn shì yǐ lái， jí chéng wéi“ wán měi” de xiàng zhēng。 fú lóu bài duì yǔ yán hé wén tǐ shí fēn mǐn gǎn， chuàng zuò tài dù gèng shì jīng jīng yè yè、 yī sī bù gǒu， zài《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 zhè bù zuò pǐn zhōng， zuò zhě bìng wèi suí yì chǔlǐ rèn hé yī gè xì jié hé xiàn suǒ， lì tú zuò dào jìn shàn jìn měi。 xù shì de jié zòu， yǔ yán de fēn cùn， sù dù hé qiáng dù de 'ān pái dū qià dào hǎo chù， zuò pǐn zhōng de měi yī gè rén wù de chū chǎng cì xù， zài gù shì zhōng zhàn de bǐ zhòng， zhù yào rén wù yǔ cì yào rén wù de guān xì dū fú hé tè dìng de bǐ lì。 bǐ rú shuō， ài mǎ shǒu xiān yǔ lāi 'áng xiāng yù， dàn zài 'ài mǎ yǔ lāi 'áng de guān xì jí jù shēng wēn de shí hòu， zuò zhě què ràng tā qù liǎo bā lí， lāi 'áng lí kāi hòu liú xià de jù dà qíng gǎn kòngquē shǐ tā fēi 'é pū huǒ dì tóu rù lǔ dào 'ěr fú de huái bào， ér dāng 'ài mǎ yǔ lǔ dào 'ěr fú de qíng gǎn lěng què zhī hòu， lāi 'áng yòu cóng bā lí huí lái liǎo。 zhè yàng de 'ān pái bù jǐn shǐ qíng jié de fā zhǎn hé qíng hé lǐ， ér qiě xù shì yì chū xiàn diē dàng hé biàn huà， bì miǎn liǎo píng pū zhí xù de tōng bìng。 zài bǐ rú， zǐ jué yǔ xiā zǐ zài zuò pǐn zhōng dōushì xiàng zhēng xìng de rén wù， suī rán zhuóbǐ bù duō， dàn tā men měi cì chū xiàn dū huì yòu tè dìng de yì wèi， sì hū dū yù shì zhe gù shì jìn chéng de mǒu zhǒng wēi miào biàn huà。 ài mǎ de“ shī zú”（ tā yǔ lǔ dào 'ěr fú zhuì rù yù wàng de hé liú） zài xiǎo shuō de gù shì zhōng shí fēn zhòng yào， dàn zuò zhě suǒ tiǎo xuǎn de dì diǎn jì fēi lǔ dào 'ěr fú de mù wū， yě fēi tā men sàn bù de shù lín hé huā yuán， ér shì bié chū xīn cái dì 'ān pái zài yī cì nóng yè zhǎn lǎn huì de huì yì tīng lǐ。 qí jiān， lǔ dào 'ěr fú duì 'ài mǎ fā dòng de yǔ yán gōng shì cháng cháng bèi dà huì zhù xí de jiǎng huà suǒ dǎ duàn。 xū wěi de 'ài qíng shì yán hé biǎo bái yǔ gōng niú、 zhǒng zǐ、 jiǎng zhāng、 fèn chí yī lèi de huà yǔ wán quán bìng liè zài yī qǐ， zuò zhě wèi jiā rèn hé shuō míng。 zhěng gè tiáoqíng guò chéng kàn shàng qù jì huá jī， yòu
guān yú yǔ yán， fú lóu bài zài xiǎo shuō zhōng yòu guò zhè yàng yī duàn miáo shù： wǒ men qiāo dǎ yǔ yán de pò tiě guō， shì tú yòng tā lái gǎn dòng tiān shàng de xīng xīng， qí jiēguǒ zhǐ néng shǐ gǒu xióng tiào wǔ。 kàn lái， fú lóu bài duì yǔ yán yòu zhe tè shū de mǐn gǎn， duì yú yǔ yán zài biǎo shù yì yì fāng miàn de jù dà kùn nán yòu zhe shí fēn qīng xǐng de rèn shí。 yóu cǐ wǒ men kě yǐ liǎo jiě， wèishénme fú lóu bài bǎ yǔ yán de zhǔn què xìng kàn chéng shì zuò zhě biǎo shù shàng de wéi yī shǐ mìng； yě kě yǐ lǐ jiě zuò zhě duì yǔ cí de zhēn bié hé qǔshě wèishénme huì dào liǎo zǒu huǒ rù mó de dì bù。 yòu rén jiāng《 bāo fǎ lì fū rén》 shì wéi xué xí xiě zuò zhě de zuì hǎo jiào kē shū， zhè yàng de píng jià bìng bù guòfèn。
jū sī dá fū · fú lóu bài - míng yán
rén de yī shēng zhōng， zuì guāng huī de yī tiān bìng fēi shì gōng chéng míng jiù nà tiān， ér shì cóng bēi tàn yǔ jué wàng zhōng chǎn shēng duì rén shēng de tiǎo zhàn， yǐ yǒng gǎn mài xiàng yì zhì nà tiān。
tú gǎi hé nán chǎn shì tiān cái de biāo zhì。
zuò jiā zài zuò pǐn zhōng yīnggāi xiàng shàng dì zài yǔ zhòu zhōng yī yàng， dào chù cún zài， yòu wú chù kě jiàn。
duì nǐ suǒ yào biǎo xiàn de dōng xī， yào cháng shí jiān hěn zhù yì dì qù guān chá tā， yǐ biàn néng fā xiàn bié rén méi yòu fā xiàn guò hé méi yòu xiě guò de tè diǎn。
suǒ yòu jié zuò de mì jué quán zài zhè yī diǎn： tí zhǐ tóng zuò zhě xìng qíng fú hé。
xiě shū gēn yǎng 'ér zǐ bù yī yàng， què hé jiàn zào jīn zì tǎ yī bān， xū yào yù xiān nǐ dìng jìhuà， rán hòu huā fèi nǎo lì、 shí jiān hé hàn shuǐ， jiāng shí tóu yī kuài yī kuài dì duī qì shàng qù。
xíng shì hé sī xiǎng jiù xiàng shēn tǐ hé líng hún； zài wǒ kàn lái， zhè shì yī gè zhěng tǐ， shì bù kě fēn gē de， wǒ bù zhī dào méi yòu zhè yī gè， lìng yī gè huì biàn chéng shénme。
zài wén bǐ， yóu rú zài yīnyuè shàng： zuì měi 'ér qiě zuì zhēn guì de， shì shēng yīn de chún jié。
yī gè rén dà 'ài wén bǐ， jiù yòu kàn bù jiàn zì jǐ xiě shénme de wēi xiǎn！
bù lùn yī gè zuò jiā suǒ yào miáo xiě de dōng xī shì shénme， zhǐ yòu yī gè míng cí kě gōng tā shǐ yòng， yòng yī gè dòng cí yào shǐ duì xiàng shēng dòng， yī gè xíng róng cí yào shǐ duì xiàng de xìng zhì xiān míng。 yīn cǐ jiù dé yòng xīn qù xún zhǎo， zhí zhì zhǎo dào nà yī gè míng cí， nà yī gè dòng cí hé nà yī gè xíng róng cí。
fēi fán de jī qíng cái néng chǎn shēng zhuó yuè de zuò pǐn。
Early life and education
Flaubert was born on December 12, 1821, in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, in the Haute-Normandie region of France. He was the second son of Achille-Cléophas Flaubert (1784–1846), a surgeon, and Anne Justine Caroline (née Fleuriot) (1793–1872). He began writing at an early age, as early as eight according to some sources.
He was educated in his native city and did not leave it until 1840, when he went to Paris to study law. In Paris, he was an indifferent student and found the city distasteful. He made a few acquaintances, including Victor Hugo. Towards the close of 1840, he traveled in the Pyrenees and Corsica. In 1846, after an attack of epilepsy, he left Paris and abandoned the study of law.
Personal life
From 1846 to 1854, Flaubert had a relationship with the poet Louise Colet (his letters to her survive). After leaving Paris, Flaubert returned to Croisset, near the Seine, close to Rouen, and lived with his mother in their home for the rest of his life; with occasional visits to Paris and England, where he apparently had a mistress. Flaubert never married. According to his biographer Émile Faguet, his affair with Louise Colet was his only serious romantic relationship. He sometimes visited prostitutes. Eventually, the end of his affair with Louise Colet led Flaubert to lose interest in romance and seek platonic companionship, particularly with other writers.
With his lifelong friend Maxime du Camp, he traveled in Brittany in 1846. In 1849-1850 he went on a long journey to the Middle East, visiting Greece and Egypt. In Beirut he contracted syphilis. He spent five weeks in Constantinople in 1850. He visited Carthage in 1858 to conduct research for his novel Salammbô.
Flaubert was a tireless worker and often complained in his letters to friends about the strenuous nature of his work. He was close to his niece, Caroline Commanville, and had a close friendship and correspondence with George Sand. He occasionally visited Parisian acquaintances, including Émile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Ivan Turgenev, and Edmond and Jules de Goncourt.
The 1870s were a difficult time for Flaubert. Prussian soldiers occupied his house during the War of 1870, and his mother died in 1872. After her death, he fell into financial straits. Flaubert suffered from venereal diseases most of his life. His health declined and he died at Croisset of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1880 at the age of 58. He was buried in the family vault in the cemetery of Rouen. A monument to him by Henri Chapu was unveiled at the museum of Rouen.
Writing career
His first finished work was November, a novella, which was completed in 1842.
In September 1849, Flaubert completed the first version of a novel, The Temptation of Saint Anthony. He read the novel aloud to Louis Bouilhet and Maxime du Camp over the course of four days, not allowing them to interrupt or give any opinions. At the end of the reading, his friends told him to throw the manuscript in the fire, suggesting instead that he focus on day to day life rather than on fantastic subjects.
In 1850, after returning from Egypt, Flaubert began work on Madame Bovary. The novel, which took five years to write, was serialized in the Revue de Paris in 1856. The government brought an action against the publisher and author on the charge of immorality, which was heard during the following year, but both were acquitted. When Madame Bovary appeared in book form, it met with a warm reception.
In 1858, Flaubert traveled to Carthage to gather material for his next novel, Salammbô. The novel was completed in 1862 after four years of work.
Drawing on his childhood experiences, Flaubert next wrote L'Éducation sentimentale (Sentimental Education), an effort that took seven years. L'Éducation sentimentale, his last complete novel, was published in 1869.
He wrote an unsuccessful drama, Le Candidat, and published a reworked version of La Tentation de Saint-Antoine, portions of which had been published as early as 1857. He devoted much of his time to an ongoing project, Les Deux Cloportes (The Two Woodlice), which later became Bouvard et Pécuchet, breaking from the obsessive project only to write the Three Tales in 1877. This book comprised three stories: Un Cœur simple (A Simple Heart), La Légende de Saint-Julien l'Hospitalier (The Legend of St. Julian the Hospitaller), and Hérodias (Herodias). After the publication of the stories, he spent the remainder of his life toiling on the unfinished Bouvard et Pécuchet, which was posthumously printed in 1881. It was a grand satire on the futility of human knowledge and the ubiquity of mediocrity. He believed the work to be his masterpiece, though the posthumous version received lukewarm reviews. Flaubert was a prolific letter writer, and his letters have been collected in several publications.
At the time of his death, he may have been working on a further historical novel, based on the Battle of Thermopylae
Work and legacy
Gustave FlaubertFlaubert scrupulously avoids the inexact, the abstract, the vaguely inapt expression which is the bane of ordinary methods of composition. As a writer, Flaubert was nearly equal parts romantic, realist, and pure stylist. Hence, members of various schools, especially realists and formalists, have traced their origins to his work. The exactitude with which he adapts his expressions to his purpose can be seen in all parts of his work, especially in the portraits he draws of the figures in his principal romances. The degree to which Flaubert's fame has extended since his death presents an interesting chapter of literary history in itself. He is also accredited with spreading the popularity of the colour Tuscany Cypress, a colour often mentioned in his chef-d'oeuvre Madame Bovary.
Flaubert was fastidious in his devotion to finding the right word ("le mot juste"), and his mode of composition reflected that. He worked in sullen solitude - sometimes occupying a week in the completion of one page - never satisfied with what he had composed, violently tormenting his brain for the best turn of phrase, the final adjective. His private letters indeed show that he was not one of those to whom correct, flowing language came naturally. His style was achieved through the unceasing sweat of his brow. Flaubert’s just reward, then, is that many critics consider his best works to be exemplary models of style.
“ Novelists should thank Flaubert the way poets thank spring; it all begins again with him. There really is time before Flaubert and a time after him. Flaubert decisively established what most readers and writers think of as modern realist narration, and his influence is almost too familiar to be visible. We hardly remark of good prose that it favors the telling of brilliant detail; that it privileges a high degree of visual noticing; that it maintains an unsentimental composure and knows how to withdraw, like a good valet, from superfluous commentary; that it judges good and bad neutrally; that it seeks out the truth, even at the cost of repelling us; and that the author's fingerprints on all this are paradoxically, traceable but not visible. You can find some of this in Defoe or Austen or Balzac, but not all of it until Flaubert. ”
—Critic James Wood in How Fiction Works (2008)
Flaubert's lean and precise writing style has had a large influence on 20th century writers such as Franz Kafka through to J. M. Coetzee. As Vladimir Nabokov discussed in his famous lecture series:
The greatest literary influence upon Kafka was Flaubert's. Flaubert who loathed pretty-pretty prose would have applauded Kafka's attitude towards his tool. Kafka liked to draw his terms from the language of law and science, giving them a kind of ironic precision, with no intrusion of the author's private sentiments; this was exactly Flaubert's method through which he achieved a singular poetic effect.
This painstaking style of writing is also evident when one compares Flaubert’s output over a lifetime to that of his peers (see, for example Balzac or Zola). Flaubert published much less prolifically than was the norm for his time and never got near the pace of a novel a year, as his peers often achieved during their peaks of activity. The legacy of his work habits can best be described, therefore, as paving the way towards a slower and more inspective manner of writing.
The publication of Madame Bovary in 1856 was followed by more scandal than admiration; it was not understood at first that this novel was the beginning of something new: the scrupulously truthful portraiture of life. Gradually, this aspect of his genius was accepted, and it began to crowd out all others. At the time of his death he was widely regarded as the most influential French Realist. Under this aspect Flaubert exercised an extraordinary influence over Guy de Maupassant, Edmond de Goncourt, Alphonse Daudet, and Zola. Even after the decline of the Realist school, Flaubert did not lose prestige in the literary community; he continues to appeal to other writers because of his deep commitment to aesthetic principles, his devotion to style, and his indefatigable pursuit of the perfect expression.
He can be said to have made cynicism into an art form, as evinced by this observation from 1846:
To be stupid, and selfish, and to have good health are the three requirements for happiness; though if stupidity is lacking, the others are useless.
His Œuvres Complètes (8 vols., 1885) were printed from the original manuscripts, and included, besides the works mentioned already, the two plays, Le Candidat and Le Château des cœurs. Another edition (10 vols.) appeared in 1873–1885. Flaubert's correspondence with George Sand was published in 1884 with an introduction by Guy de Maupassant.
He has been admired or written about by almost every major literary personality of the 20th century, including philosophers and sociologists such as Pierre Bourdieu and Jean Paul Sartre whose partially psychoanalytic portrait of Flaubert in The Family Idiot was published in 1971. Georges Perec named Sentimental Education as one of his favourite novels. The Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa is another great admirer of Flaubert. Apart from Perpetual Orgy, which is solely devoted to Flaubert's art, one can find lucid discussions in Vargas Llosa's recently published Letters to a Young Novelist.