| xìng： | ài xīn jué luó | |||||||||||||
| míng： | hóng lì | |||||||||||||
| wǎngbǐhào： | qīng gāo zōng | |||||||||||||
yuèdòuqián lóng Qian Longzài诗海dezuòpǐn!!! | ||||||||||||||
乾隆
乾隆zài píng dìng tiān shān nán lù shí， qīng jūn fú lǔ liǎo xiǎo hé zhuó mù de yī gè fēi zǐ， tā shì yī wèi jué sè jiā rén， shēn shàng yòu sàn fā chū yī zhǒng tiān rán de qí xiāng， rén chēng xiāng fēi。 qián lóng biàn jiāng tā shōu wéi fēi zǐ sòng rù gōng zhōng， hái tè dì zhāo lái huí jiào tú fú shì tā de chī chuān。 yòu zài gōng zhōng xī yuàn zào liǎo huí zú de zhù fáng、 lǐ bài táng， yǐ bó qǔ tā de huān xīn。 xiāng fēi què háo bù dòng xīn， jiān jué bù cóng。 yī tiān， gōng nǚ fèng qián lóng zhī mìng lái quàn shuō， xiāng fēi měng dì qǔ chū yī bǎ bǐ shǒu， xià dé gōng nǚ sì sàn duǒ bì。 tài hòu pà qián lóng zāo dào bù cè， chèn qián lóng qù jiāo jì shí， bǎ xiāng fēi zhào lái， lìng qí zì shā。 qián lóng zhī dào hòu hái shēng liǎo yīcháng bìng， shì hòu xià lìng jiāng xiāng fēi yí tǐ yòng ruǎn jiào tái huí xīn jiāng kā shí rù zàng， jiàn xiāng fēi mù。 jìn nián lái， zhuān jiā jīng guò dà liàng kǎo zhèng。 rèn wéi xiāng fēi shí wéi qián lóng de róng fēi， zài gōng zhōng shēng huó liǎo 28 nián， 55 suì shí bìng mò， zàng yú dōng líng， guān shàng shū yòu 'ā lā bó wén de《 kě lán jīng》。
qián lóng dì xiàng mù fēng yǎ， jīng yú qí shè， céng xiān hòu liù cì xià jiāng nán， biàn yóu míng chéng， bǐ mò liú yú dà jiāng nán běi。 qián lóng hái shì yī gè yòu míng de wén wù shōu cáng jiā。 qīng gōng shū huà dà duō shì tā shōu cáng de， tā zài wèi qī jiān biān zuǎn de《 sì kù quán shū》 gòng shōu shū 3503 zhǒng， 79337 juàn， 36304 cè， dàn shì yīn biān zuǎn cǐ shū 'ér jìn huǐ de gǔ shū dá shí wàn cè zhī duō。 dàn qián lóng suǒ xīng qǐ de wén xué yù， zài qīng cháo lì dài zhōng wéi shù zuì duō。 rú yòu gè wén rén hú zhōng zǎo xiě liǎo yī jù “ yī bǎ xīn cháng lùn zhuó qīng ” de shī jù， qián lóng rèn wéi zhè shì fěi bàng qīng cháo， jiāng hú zhōng zǎo miè zú
qián lóng hàodàxǐgōng , wéi rén zhòng shē mí， pū zhāng làng fèi， bìng zì chēng wéi“ shí quán lǎo rén”。 tā zài wèi hòu qī rèn yòng hé kūn 'èr shí nián。 hé kūn shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng zuì dà de tān guān， zhì shǐ zhè 'èr shí nián jiān tān wū chéng fēng， zhèng zhì fǔ bài， gè dì nóng mín qǐ yì pín fán。 qīng wáng cháo kāi shǐ cóng qiáng shèng zǒu xiàng shuāi bài。
qián lóng jiāo yín shē chǐ， bù gù guó kù kōng xū， liù xià jiāng nán， dǎo zhì jiāng nán mín zhòng wú yǐ wéi shēng。 wàng xiǎng yǐ zhēng zhàn gè guó chāo yuè qí zǔ fù， fā dòng liǎo shí cì zhàn zhēng， qióng bīng dú wǔ， láo mín shāng cái， qián lóng yě shì qīng cháo huáng dì zhōng zhì zào wén zì yù zuì duō de huáng dì， dá 160 duō qǐ， duō zé dá bǎi rén， shǐ quán guó bǎi xìng jìn ruò hán chán， sī xiǎng jìn gù， wén huà kē xué wú fǎ zhèng cháng fā zhǎn
qián lóng liù shí nián（ 1795 nián） dǐ， qián lóng jué dìng jiāng huáng wèi shànràng gěi huáng tài zǐ。 tā xià zhào shuō：“ wǒ 25 suì shí jì wèi， dāng shí céng jīng duì tiān qǐ shì， rú guǒ néng gòu zài wèi 60 nián， jiù yī dìng zì xíng chuán wèi gěi huáng tài zǐ， bù gǎn yǔ huáng zǔ（ zhǐ kāng xī） de zài wèi nián shù yī yàng。 xiàn zài wǒ zài wèi yǐ jīng mǎn 60 nián， bù gǎn shí yán， jué dìng shànwèi yǔ huáng shí wǔ zǐ yóng yǎn。 tā rú yī shí nán yǐ chǔlǐ cháo zhèng， yóu wǒ xùn zhèng。” hé kūn děng dà chén jí lì quàn zǔ， qián lóng bù tīng， yú jiā qìng yuán nián（ 1796 nián） zhēngyuè chū yī zài tài jí diàn jǔ xíng shànwèi dà diǎn， zì chēng tài shàng huáng， dàn réng zhǎng wò zhe cháo tíng shí quán。 jiā qìng sì nián（ 1799 nián） zhēngyuè， qián lóng dé bìng， suī jīng guò bù shǎo míng yī yī zhì， dōubù jiàn qǐ sè， chū sān sǐ yú yǎng xīn diàn。
duì yú zhōng guó lái shuō， mǎn qīng nà shí shì běi fāng zì chēng mǎn zhōu de wài zú， tā men jiāng qí rù zhù zhōng yuán de wáng cháo mìng míng wéi“ qīng”， yì wéi qīng bái wú xiá， jìn guǎn zhè gè wáng cháo suǒ zuò suǒ wéi yǔ zhè gè cí háo bù xiāng gān。 mǎn zú rén shì yóu měnggǔ rén， cháo xiān rén， huí zú rén hé Jurchen bù zú hùn hé 'ér chéng。 tā men de wén huà jì chéng zì nà xiē yǐ bìng rù zhōng dōng， yìn dù， xīzàng hé 'ōu zhōu wén míng de yóu mù zhēng fú zhě men。 nà fú guān fāng miǎn lǐ shàng de qián lóng --- zhè cì zhǎn chū jiù shì tū xiàn zhè sī de --- de huà xiàng， shì yóu yī gè yì dà lì yé sū jiào shì suǒ huà de。
qián lóng shì yī gè yòu qù de dì wáng， yī gè zhēn zhèng de wéi wǒ dú zūn de huáng dì， tán dào tā jiù yào shè jí jǐ gè ràng rén yìn xiàng shēn kè de shù zì。 cóng 1736 zhì 1795， tā tǒng zhì liǎo dāng shí yī gè shì jiè shàng zuì fù yù de guó jiā， jìn 3 yì rén kǒu。 tā zhì shāng bù dī， xiě chū liǎo chāo guò 44000 duō shǒu suǒ wèi“ shī” hé shù qiān sǎnwén。 tā hái shì yī gè yīnyuè jiā（ zhǎn chū zhōng yòu tā shǐ yòng guò de qín huò zhèng）， yī gè shuǐ píng chū zhòng de shū fǎ jiā， yě shì yī gè rè xīn de sān liú de huà jiā。 zuò wéi tǒng zhì zhě tā shì bì gōng qīn， duì xíng zhèng shì wù yòu zhe jīng rén de jì yì lì， qīn zì qiān shǔ qí zhèng quán suǒ bān fā de měi yī tiáo fǎ lìng， bìng zài zhōng guó jìn xíng liǎo chāo guò 150 cì cháng shí qī mín jiān xún yóu， huì jiàn， tàn fǎng hé hé chá yǐ bǎo zhèng dì fāng guān yuán duì tā yán tīng bì cóng。 tā duì lì shǐ wén huà xīng qù jí nóng， tóng shí yě hěn shí yòng zhù yì。 tā qīng chǔ yóu yú mǎn qīng zài zhèng zhì shàng bù shòu xìn rèn， bù dé yǐ bǎo chí yǔ zhōng guó de chuán tǒng jǐn mì lián xì。 wèicǐ tā xiǎng chū liǎo yī gè bàn fǎ， yǐ xiū shū wéi míng jiāng guò qù suǒ yòu xìng cún xià lái de hàn yǔ zhù zuò shōu jí qǐ lái。 zhè xiàng gōng zuò hào fèi liǎo 300 míng quǎn rú hé 3600 míng chāo xiě zhě 10 nián de shí jiān cái dé yǐ wán chéng jìn 420 wàn yè wén zì， zuò wéi yī zhǒng yù fáng cuò shī jià zhí wú kě gūliáng。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， zhè yě ràng zhè gè huáng dì dé yǐ shěn chá zhōng guó de wén zì shǐ bìng jiā yǐ dà sì cuàn gǎi。 tā huǐ miè liǎo shù yǐ qiān jì tā rèn wéi fǎn dì zhì de shū jí， jǐ yǔ tā suǒ bǎo cún de shū jí shù liàng xiāng ruò。 zhè cì zhǎn shì zài zhèng míng mǎn qīng zài hé děng zēng 'è bèi zhōng guó rén tóng huà fāng miàn yóu qí yòu yòng， tōng guò chā rù yī gè mǎn zú biāo zhì jiāng qí jiā yú zhǔmín shàng。 zài tā men tǒng zhì xià， zhōng guó jìng nèi suǒ yòu réndōu bù dé bù zāqǐ mǎn zhōu shì de zhū wěi bā biàn zǐ。 mǎn rén fù nǚ bù xǔ shù jiǎo。 zài fù nǚ fú shì zhōng， hàn rén de kuān xiù fú shì bèi jìn， mǎn rén de zhǎi xiù fú shì xīng qǐ， rú tóng mǎ xuē yī yàng， tí xǐng zhe tā men bù wàng qí jiǔ yuǎn de yóu mù lì shǐ。 mǎn qīng lì shǐ zài qián lóng shǒu zhōng dào dá liǎo tā de dǐng fēng， dàn zài qí tǒng zhì jié shù qián jiù yǐ rán 'àn dàn wú guāng。 qián lóng jué fēi zhì huì zhī shén， suí zhe nián suì zēngzhǎng tā biàn dé yú jiā cán bào， bìng zhòng yòng yī qún fǔ bài 'ér yòu tān dé wú yàn de gù wèn， fén shū kēng rú shì jiàn yě rì yì zēng duō。 shè huì fēng qì yě biàn dé cū mán xiá 'ài。 mǎn qīng wáng cháo cóng yī gè yōng yòu zhe zhēng fú shì jiè de qián lì de kě bù gāo dù， huá xiàng liǎo shuāi bài， zhí zhì 1911 nián zuì hòu yī gè mǎn qīng huáng dì jiāng zǐ jìn chéng hé tā de bǎozàng qì zhī shēn hòu luò huāng 'ér táo。 zhōng guó hé xī fāng de dāng dài yì shù shǐ xué zhě men cháng jiǔ yǐ láidōu duì zhè xiē guǎn cáng bù xiè yī gù， xiāng fǎn tā men zhuān zhù yú mǎn qīng shí qī yì shù de lìng yī gè fāng miàn， yī zhǒng cóng míng cháo yán xí xià lái de xué yuàn pài huì huà chuán tǒng。 chéng rán， zhè cì jiāng chí xù dào 9 yuè 12 rì zhǎn chū shì zài yī gè zì rán lì shǐ， zhǒng zú xué hé rén lèi xué bó wù guǎn， ér bù shì zài yì shù bó wù guǎn jǔ xíng yě shuō míng liǎo xiē shénme。 shí jì shàng， jìn guǎn mǎn qīng shí qī zhū rú yù diāo děng xíng shì de yì shù jì qiǎo dá dào liǎo diān fēng， dàn yǐ dà duō shù 21 shì jì rén de yǎn guāng lái kàn， tā men de zhè zhǒng jīng yì qiú jīng de shěn měi guān zhǐ shì yī zhǒng guò shí de pǐn wèi。 méi yòu bǐ tōng guò Field bó wù guǎn fù zé rén ChuimeiHo hé BennetBronson suǒ xiě jiù de zhǎn pǐn mù lù， yǐ yī zhǒng lì shǐ jiǎng shù zhě de jì qiǎo lái huò qǔ nà duàn kǔ sè lì shǐ de dì dào yàng lì gèng jiā de tú jìng liǎo。 zhè gè zhǎn shì shì yī cì hěn hǎo de jiè shào， dàn xiào guǒ hé xuān yáng zhě de chū zhōng jié rán bù tóng。 yōng jǐ bù kān， jiáo róu zào zuò， tā zhǎn xiàn liǎo yī zhǒng wán quán bù sī jìn qǔ de duì jì shēng wén huà de chén nì， ér zhè zhǒng chén nì bèi kě chǐ dì jiā yǐ pāo guāng měi huà de chéng dù zhī rú tā de huāng miù chéng dù， chuán tǒng de zhōng guó hé zǐ jìn chéng de tú lán duō huì jù zài liǎo yī qǐ（ yì zhě zhù： tú lán duō shì yì dà lì gē jù dà shī pǔ qì ní de tóng míng gē jù zhōng de yī gè mǎn qīng gé gé， zài cǐ kě néng zhǐ dài mǎn zhōu tǒng zhì jiē céng）， zhǎn lǎn zhōng jīhū zhàn jù liǎo bàn bì jiāng shān de lǐ pǐn shòu mài diàn yě pō jù shuō míng yì yì。 zhè què shí hěn yòu mǎn qīng de fēng gé， hěn yòu wǒ men de fēng gé。
qián lóng zì chēng“ shí quán lǎo rén”， yòu“ shí quán wǔ gōng” héng héng fā dòng liǎo shí cì zhàn zhēng， qióng bīng dú wǔ， láo mín shāng cái， bǎ“ shèng shì” de jiā dǐ hào jìn， 1、 1747 nián： píng dà xiǎo jīn chuān； 2、 1755 nián： píng zhǔn bù； 3、 1757 nián： zài píng zhǔn bù； 4、 1759 nián： píng huí bù； 5、 1769 nián： píng miǎn diàn； 6、 1776 nián： zài píng dà xiǎo jīn chuān； 7、 1788 nián： píng tái wān； 8、 1789 nián： píng yuè nán； 9、 1791 nián： píng ní bó 'ěr； 10、 1792 nián： zài píng ní bó 'ěr。
zòng guān qián lóng de“ shí dà wǔ gōng”， jué dà duō shù dōushì zì wǒ xuān chuán de jiēguǒ： dà jīn chuān（ sì chuān jìng huà） hé xiǎo jīn chuān（ sì chuān mào gōng） shì xīzàng mín zú bù luò jiān de fēn zhēng， qīng zhèng fǔ jiā yǐ gān shè； tái wān shì hàn rén lín shuǎng wén de kàng bào gé mìng； zhè sān dà wǔ gōng dōushì xuè xīng de duì nèi zhèn yā， bù néng chēng zhī wéi“ wǔ gōng”。 píng miǎn diàn、 píng yuè nán hé píng ní bó 'ěr dōushì chǒu jù hé bài zhàng， gèng chēng bù shàng“ wǔ gōng”。 qí shí qián lóng de wǔ gōng zhǐ yòu yī gè héng héng zhēng fú zhǔn gá 'ěr hàn guó， kāipì xīn jiāng shěng， kě qián lóng què bǎ zhè yī gè fēn wéi sān gè héng héng píng zhǔn bù、 zài píng zhǔn bù、 píng huí bù。 qián lóng fēi yào còu zú shí xiàng bù kě， jìn yī bù chèn tuō chū tā de xū róng fú huá hé bǎ ròu má dāng yòu qù。
qián lóng de xū róng xīn hái tǐ xiàn zài mǎn qīng dì guó de“ wài jiāo” shàng。 qián lóng de wài jiāo lǐ niàn kě yǐ yòng liǎng gè zì lái gài kuò： nà jiù shì“ jìn gòng”。 fán shì kěn xiàng qīng guó“ jìn gòng” de guó jiādōu shì xiǎo guó hé qióng guó。 qīng guó hé zhè xiē guó jiā“ jiàn jiāo” bìng méi yòu duō shǎo shí zhì xìng de“ yì chù”， tā men xiàng qīng guó jìn gòng de mùdì hěn shǎo shì chū yú“ yǒu hǎo” de dòng jī， ér shì tān tú qīng guó de“ shǎng cì”。 qián lóng huáng dì wèile gǔ lì qīng guó yǐ wài de guó jiā xiàng tā“ jìn gòng”， duì qián lái“ jìn gòng” de“ fān shǔ guó” de“ shǎng cì” shí fēn fēng hòu， shǎng cì de jià zhí wǎng wǎng shí bèi shèn zhì bǎi bèi yú“ gòng jīn” de jià zhí。 lì rú qīng guó yǔ yìn dù zhī jiān yòu yī gè zhī má guó jù kǎn dī wáng guó， tā měi sān nián xiàng zhōng guó jìn gòng yī cì， měi cì jìn gòng shā jīn yī liǎng wǔ qián。 qīng guó de huí bào zé shì duī jī chéng shān de chóu duàn、 yín bì hé chá yè。 jiǎ shǐ shì jiè shàng yòu yī zhǒng yī běn wàn lì de jiāo yì， nà jiù mò guò yú xiàng qián lóng huáng dì jìn gòng liǎo。 dāng zhōu biān de guó jiā fā xiàn xiàng qián lóng jìn gòng de hǎo chù shí， jiù fēn fēn lì yòng jìn gòng de míng yì qiāo zhà zhōng guó， bìng bù xī yòng zhàn zhēng xiāng wēi xié yào qiú zēng jiā“ jìn gòng” de cì shù。 qián lóng huáng dì wèile yī jǐ xū róng hé“ miàn zǐ”， bǎ bǎi xìng de shuì qián bù dāng huí shì， shǐ zhōng huá dì guó de cái fù dà liàng wài liú。 sì、 è zhí hǎo yú， zhòng yòng dà tān guān hé shēn。
qián lóng duì bù xià de 'ēyú fèng chéng yòu kuáng rè de 'àihào， zhè yī shì hǎo zhí jiē dǎo zhì liǎo zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng qián yú gǔ rén hòu wú lái zhě de dà tān guān hé shēn de chū chǎng。
hé shēn shì yī wèi shì wèi chū shēn de mǎn zhōu huā huā gōng zǐ， yīn wéi tè shū de jī yuán shòu dào qián lóng de xìn rèn hé zhòng yòng， zài tā tǒng zhì de hòu qī bǎ dì guó de xíng zhèng dà quán jiāo gěi tā， zhuó shēng tā wéi dà xué shì . jūn jī dà chén jiān shǒu dū zhì 'ān zǒng sī lìng（ jiǔ mén tí dū）。 hé shēn yòu zhe jué dǐng de xiǎo cōng míng， shú 'ān zuò guān jì qiǎo， yòng ròu má de chǎn mèi hé gōng jǐn de wài mào， bǎ zì yǐ wéi yīng míng gài shì de qián lóng wán nòng yú gǔ zhǎng zhī shàng。 hé shēn de quán bù xíng zhèng cái néng shì tān wū huònòng quán， duì qián lóng zhòng yòng tā de huí bào shì zài quán guó jiàn lì yī gè shǐ wú qián lì de tān wū xì tǒng， bǎ qīng dì guó de qiáng jī tāo kōng。 quán guó guān yuán fā xiàn， rú guǒ bù xiàng shàng jí xíng shǐ jù 'é huì lù， jiù yào bèi wú qíng dì táo tài chū jú， shèn zhì bèi tóu rù jiān yù， tā men bù dé bù shì yìng zhè yī xíng shì。 qián lóng sǐ hòu， hé shēn yě gēn zhe dǎo tái， chá chāo tā de jiā chǎn zhé hé bái yín jiǔ yì liǎng， xiāng dāng yú quán guó shí 'èr nián cái zhèng shōu rù de zǒng hé。 rú guǒ bāo kuò tā huī huò diào de hé qīn rén tān wū de kuǎn xiàng， zǒng shù yīnggāi bù xià 'èr shí nián de cái zhèng shōu rù， hé shēn dāng quán gāng hǎo 'èr shí nián！ qīng cháo zài tā shǒu shàng yóu shèng zhuǎn shuāi。 wèile chōng dàn wǔ fū xíng xiàng， tā jí lì fù yōng fēng yǎ， wǔ wén nòng mò， xiě liǎo jǐ qiān shǒu shī， shōu cáng lì dài shū fǎ jīng pǐn， dào chù tí zì， fǎng fó shì yī gè jí yòu wén huà xiū yǎng de rú yǎ zhī shì。 rán 'ér， zài zhè mí rén de biǎo xiàng yǎn gài xià， tā de lìng yī miàn què shì yī gè wén huà zhuān zhì zhù yì de kuáng rè tuī xíng zhě。 dì zhì shí dài de dú cái jūn zhù dū tuī xíng wén huà zhuān zhì zhù yì， ér yǐ qīng cháo wéi zuì shèn， qīng zé yǐ qián lóng wéi zuì shèn。 zhè yàng shuō， jué bù shì kuā zhāng。
wén huà zhuān zhì de tū chū biǎo xiàn jiù shì dà xīng wén zì yù， duì zhī shí fènzǐ de shī wén chuī máo qiú cī， bǔ fēng zhuō yǐng， wú zhōng shēng yòu， shàng gāng shàng xiàn， dòng zhé shā tóu chāo jiā chōng jūn。 wén tán shàng， yī piàn sù shā zhī qì。 kāng xī shí， dài míng shì de zhù zuò《 nán shān jí》， bèi dāng jú rèn wéi yòu“ zhèng zhì wèn tí”， zāo dào yán chéng， zhù fàn dài míng shì bèi shā tóu， zhū lián qīn qī péng yǒu jǐ bǎi rén。 wǔ shí duō nián yǐ hòu， qián lóng huáng dì zài cì jiù shì chóngtí， lì yòng“ nán shān jí 'àn” dà xīng yuān yù， shā hài liǎo 71 suì de jǔ rén cài xiǎn， zhū lián 24 rén。
shì qíng de qǐ yīn bìng bù lí qí。 cài xiǎn de shī wén jí《 xián xián lù》 chū bǎn yǐ hòu， bèi yāo gōng de xiǎo rén jiē fā， shuō shì qí zhōng yòu“ yuàn wàng shàn bàng” zhī cí。 nà me suǒ wèi“ yuàn wàng shàn bàng” zhī cí shì shénme ní？ shuō lái kě xiào， bù guò shì cài xiǎn yǐn yòng gǔ rén《 yǒng zǐ mǔ dān》 shī jù：“ duó zhū fēi zhèng sè， yì zhǒng jìn chēng wáng”。 shī de yuán yì wú fēi shì shuō， hóng sè de mǔ dān shì shàng pǐn， zǐ sè de mǔ dān chēng wéi shàng pǐn， shì duó liǎo mǔ dān de“ zhèng sè”， shì“ yì zhǒng chēng wáng”。 rú cǐ 'ér yǐ。 nà xiē guān liáo men jìng wàng wén shēng yì， qiǎngcí duó lǐ dì zhǐ zé cài xiǎn hán shā shè yǐng，“ duó zhū” shì yǐng shè mǎn rén duó qǔ zhū míng tiān xià，“ yì zhǒng chēng wáng” shì yǐng shè mǎn rén jiàn lì qīng cháo。
liǎng jiāng zǒng dū gāo jìn、 jiāng sū xún fǔ míng dé bǎ zhè gè 'àn jiàn shàng bào huáng dì， zhù zhāng 'àn zhào“ dà nì” zuì， líng chí chǔsǐ cài xiǎn。 qián lóng huáng dì zǎi xì kàn liǎo gāo jìn hé míng dé de zòu zhé， yǐ jí suí tóng zòu zhé fù shàng de《 xián xián lù》， xià liǎo yī dào shèng zhǐ， bǎ líng chí gǎi wéi zhǎn shǒu， tóng shí duì gāo jìn、 míng dé dà jiā xùn chì。 zhè shì shénme dào lǐ？ nán dào tā dà fā shàn xīn liǎo má？ fēi yě。 yuán lái tā cóng《 xián xián lù》 zhōng zhǎo dào liǎo“ dài míng shì yǐ《 nán shān jí》 qì shì” zhī lèi zì jù， yǐ wéi cài xiǎn shì zài fā xiè duì xiàn shí zhèng zhì de bù mǎn， ér gāo jìn、 míng dé chá bàn cǐ 'àn shí jìng rán méi yòu fā xiàn zhè lèi zì jù， shì kě rěn， shú bù kě rěn！ yú shì hū， tā zài shèng zhǐ zhōng hěn hěn xùn chì zhè liǎng gè fēng jiāng dà lì， shì“ yòu xīn yǐn yào qí cí， gān yǔ 'è nì zhī rén wéi wǔ”， gù yì zòng róng bāo bì、 tóng liú hé wū， xū yào chéng dān yī bù fēn zuì zé。 yīn cǐ bǎ cài xiǎn yóu líng chí gǎi wéi zhǎn shǒu， yì zài jǐng gào dà chén men， yǐ hòu jīng bàn cǐ lèi 'àn jiàn， wù bì chǔxīn jī lǜ dì shōu jí zuì zhèng， bù néng yòu suǒ yí lòu。 jiēguǒ， cài xiǎn hé tā de 17 suì 'ér zǐ bèi chǔsǐ， yòu zǐ jí mén shēng duō rén chōng jūn。 yuán yīn jiù shì yī jù yín yǒng mǔ dān de shī jù， yǐ jí yī jù fǎn yìng shì shí de dà bái huà：“ dài míng shì yǐ《 nán shān jí》 qì shì”。
zài dà xīng wén zì yù zhè diǎn shàng， qián lóng huáng dì bǐ tā de dà chén yào lì hài bǎi bèi。 zhè cóng“ zì guàn 'àn” kě yǐ gèng jiā qīng chǔ。 jǔ rén wáng xī hóu， wèile gěi cān jiā kē jǔ kǎo shì díshì zǐ tí gōng fāng biàn， bǎ《 kāng xī zì diǎn》 jiā yǐ jīng jiǎn， biān liǎo yī běn《 zì guàn》。 zhè zhǒng shì qíng， zài xiàn zài kàn lái shí fēn xún cháng。 shū bù zhī， zhè yī jǔ dòng zài dāng jú de yǎn zhōng， yǐ jīng shǔ yú“ dà nì bù dào”。 yīn wéi，《 kāng xī zì diǎn》 shì kāng xī huáng dì“ qīn dìng” de， wáng xī hóu dǎn gǎn shàn zì shān gǎi， biàn shì yī dà zuì zhuàng。 hé kuàng《 zì guàn》 méi yòu wéi qīng cháo huáng dì de míng zì bì huì， gòu chéng lìng yī zuì zhuàng。 bù dàn wáng xī hóu zāo dào yán chéng， shū bǎn、 shū cè quán bù xiāo huǐ， ér qiě jīng bàn cǐ 'àn de jiāng xī xún fǔ hǎi chéng yě yīn“ shī chá” ér zhì zuì。
jiāng xī xún fǔ hǎi chéng shòu dào qiān lián shì wèishénme ní？ yuán lái hǎi chéng zài xiàng huáng dì bào gào shí， shuō yòu rén jiē fā wáng xī hóu shān gǎi《 kāng xī zì diǎn》， lìng kè《 zì guàn》， shí zài kuáng wàng bù fǎ， jiàn yì gé qù wáng xī hóu de jǔ rén gōng míng。 dàn tā bìng méi yòu xì xì shěn chá《 zì guàn》 běn shēn de wén zì shì fǒu yòu wèn tí。 qián lóng què hěn xì xīn， kàn liǎo hǎi chéng de zòu zhé hòu， yòu zǎi xì shěn chá liǎo suí tóng zòu zhé fù shàng de《 zì guàn》。 fā xiàn shì qíng bìng fēi xún cháng kuáng dàn zhī tú wàng xíng zhù shū lì shuō nà me jiǎn dān， tā zài《 zì guàn》 xù wén hòu miàn de“ fán lì” zhōng fā xiàn， wáng xī hóu jū rán bǎ shèng zǔ（ kāng xī）、 shì zōng（ yōng zhèng） de“ miào huì”， yǐ jí tā zì jǐ de“ yù míng”， yě jiù shì xuán yè、 yìn zhēn、 hóng lì zhī lèi， háo wú bì huì de kāi liè chū lái。 tā rèn wéi zhè shì“ shēn kān fàzhǐ”、“ dà nì bù fǎ” zhī jǔ， yīnggāi 'àn zhào“ dà nì” lǜ wèn zuì。 dàn shì， jiāng xī xún fǔ hǎi chéng jǐn jǐn jiàn yì gé qù jǔ rén， dà cuò tè cuò。 shèng nù zhī xià， tā gěi jūn jī dà chén fā qù yī dào yù zhǐ， hěn hěn xùn chì dào： hǎi chéng jì rán jīng bàn cǐ 'àn， jìng rán méi yòu kàn guò yuán shū， cǎo shuài de píng jiè yōng lòu mù liáo de yì jiàn shàng bào。 ér nà xiē“ dà nì bù fǎ” de nèi róng， jiù zài gāi shū de dì shí yè， kāi juàn jí jiàn。 hǎi chéng yīn cǐ bèi gé zhí chá bàn， yā sòng jīng chéng， jiāo xíng bù zhì zuì。 zuì jù fěng cì yì wèi de shì， hǎi chéng shì guàn chè qián lóng de wén huà zhuān zhì zhù yì zuì wéi mài lì de rén， shì gè shěng jìn shū de shǐ zuò yǒng zhě， bèi shòu huáng dì xìn rèn， tā zěn me yě xiǎng bù dào zì jǐ jìng rán zì jué fén mù zāi zài chá bàn wén zì yù de“ shī chá” shàng。
wáng xī hóu dāng rán yào 'àn zhào huáng dì de yù zhǐ chóngxīn shěn wèn， liú xià shěn xùn bǐ lù shí fēn huá jī， qí zhōng de piàn duàn rú：
héng héng guān yuán wèn： nǐ shēn wéi jǔ rén， yīnggāi zhī dào zūn qīn dà yì， jìng rán gǎn yú duì shèng zǔ rén huáng dì qīn dìng de《 kāng xī zì diǎn》 shàn zì jìn xíng biàn bó， lìng biān《 zì guàn》 yī běn。 shèn zhì gǎn yú zài biān xiě fán lì nèi bǎ huáng dì de yù míng háo wú bì huì de xiě chū lái。 zhè shì dà nì bù dào de xíng wéi。 nǐ dǎ de shì shénme zhù yì？
héng héng wáng xī hóu dá： yīn wéi《 kāng xī zì diǎn》 piān fú tài dà， wǒ jīng jiǎn wéi《 zì guàn》， wú fēi shì wèile fāng biàn hòu shēng xué zǐ。 shū nèi bǎ huáng dì yù míng xiě chū lái， mùdì shì yào hòu shēng xué zǐ zhī dào bì huì， shí zài shì cǎo yě xiǎo mín wú zhī。 hòu lái wǒ fā jué bù duì， jiù bǎ shū nèi yìng gāi bì huì zhī chù， chóngxīn gǎi bǎn lìng kè， xiàn yòu shū bǎn kě jù， qǐng qiú chá yàn。
jìn guǎn rú cǐ biàn jiě， jì rán huáng dì yǐ jīng shuō“ rén rén dé 'ér zhū zhī”， wáng xī hóu zì rán nán táo yī sǐ。
gēn jù《 qīng dài wén zì yù dàng》， cóng qián lóng liù nián dào wǔ shí sān nián， yòu wén zì yù 53 qǐ， jīhū biàn jí quán guó gè dì， dào chù dū chōng chì zhe yǐ wén zhào huò de kǒng bù qì fēn， pò shǐ zhī shí fènzǐ yuǎn lí xiàn shí， duǒ jìn gù zhǐ duī lǐ tǎo shēng huó。 cǐ wài， rén men sì hū wàng jì liǎo zhè yàng yī diǎn， qián lóng shí dài yóu dà xīng wén zì yù jìn 'ér fā zhǎn dào quán miàn jìn shū、 fén shū； kāi guǎn biān zuǎn《 sì kù quán shū》 de guò chéng， jiù shì yī gè jìn shū、 fén shū de guò chéng， jìn huǐ shū jí dá jǐ qiān zhǒng。 wú guài hū yī dài zōng shī mèng sēn yào gǎn tàn：“ míng qīng zhī jiān zhù shù， jǐ zāo jìn huǐ”，“ shǐ huáng dāng rì fén shū zhī 'è， jué bù zhì lí qí ruò cǐ”！ zhèng zhì shàng yě yuè lái yuè fǔ bài。 yóu qí shì qí wǎn nián zhòng yòng dà jiān chén、“ tān guān zhī wáng” -- hé shēn， shǐ qīng cháo guó kù zhú jiàn xū kōng， bǎi xìng shēng huó pín kǔ， jiā qìng yuán nián（ 1796 nián）， fā shēng bái lián jiào mín biàn。 yīnggāi shuō， qīng cháo shì cóng qián lóng zhōng hòu qī kāi shǐ zǒu xiàng shuāi luò de。 qián lóng liù shí nián（ 1795 nián）， gāo zōng yǐ zài wèi qī bù yuè zǔ fù kāng xī dì wéi míng shànwèi yú zǐ yóng yǎn， shì wéi qīng rén zōng， yòu hào jiā qìng dì， zì chēng tài shàng huáng， réng rán jì xù zhí zhèng， zhí dào jiā qìng sì nián（ 1799 nián） qù shì wéi zhǐ。
liù xià jiāng nán yóu yì huī huò， hào jìn guó lì mín cái
qián lóng huáng dì hé qī shì jì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng zhù míng de wáng guó zhī jūn yáng guǎng yòu yī gè tóng yàng de 'àihào： nà jiù shì xǐ hǎo qù fán huá sì jǐn de jiāng nán yóu wán。
qián lóng de nán xún jí tuán shēng shì hào dà， měi cì dōuzài wàn rén yǐ shàng， suǒ dào zhī chù jí jìn shē chǐ méi fèi， dì fāng gōngjǐ jí jìn huá lì zhuàng guān， bǎi xìng de cái fù jīng lì jù dà de hào jié。 jiāng sū xué zhèng（ jiào yù tīng cháng） yǐn huì yī céng shàng zòu zhāng shuō nán xún zào chéng“ mín jiān jí kǔ， yuàn shēng zài dào”， qián lóng dà wéi guāng huǒ：“ mín jiān jí kǔ， nǐ zhǐ chū shénme dì fāng jí kǔ？ yuàn shēng zài dào， nǐ zhǐ chū shénme rén zài dào？” bèi qián lóng fēng wéi“ mǎn qīng dì yī cái zǐ” de huáng jiā jiào shī jì xiǎo lán céng chèn biàn tòu lù jiāng nán rén mín de cái chǎn yǐ jīng kū jié， qián lóng nù bù kě 'è：“ wǒ kàn nǐ wén xué shàng hái yòu yī diǎn gēn jī， cái gěi nǐ yī gè guān zuò， qí shí bù guò dāng zuò chāng jì huàn yǎng bà liǎo， nǐ zěn me gǎn yì lùn guó jiā dà shì？” kàn kàn jīn tiān de yǐng shì jù《 tiě líng tóng yá jì xiǎo lán》， hé zhēn shí de lì shǐ xiāngchà jiū jìng yòu duō dà？ qián lóng nán xún de huā fèi chāo guò kāng xī bǎi bèi yǐ shàng。 rú jīn tiān de yǐng shì jù jīn jīn lè dào qián lóng xià jiāng nán shí“ wēi fú sī fǎng” de“ měi zhèng”， hé qí kě xiào， jiāng guān zhòng men yú nòng yú gǔ zhǎng zhī jiān。 qián lóng cóng bù“ wēi fú sī fǎng”， jí shǐ yòu yě shì chū yú“ liè qí” hé“ piáo jì” de yòng xīn， jué bù shì yīn wéi liǎo jiě mín shēng jí kǔ。 qián lóng dì 'èr cì xià jiāng nán shí， jiù yīn wéi“ wēi fú chū xún”， qù qín huái hé shàng piáo jì chè yè bù guī， huáng hòu zài shāng tòu liǎo xīn de qíng kuàng xià bǎ wàn lǚ qīng sī yī dāo jiǎn xià， chéng wéi zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng wéi yī de yī gè jié fā huáng hòu。
qián lóng chú liǎo xià jiāng nán yóu dàng liè qí wài， hái huā fèi jù zī zài běi jīng xī jiāo yíng zào fán huá gài shì de huáng jiā yuán lín“ yuán míng yuán”。 dōng zào lín gōng， xī zēng fù diàn， nán zhù chóng tái， běi gòu jié gé， shuō bù jìn de wēi 'é huá lì。 yòu jīng wén rén xué shì， liáng gōng qiǎo jiàng， fèi liǎo wú shù xīn xuè zhè lǐ záo chí， nà lǐ dié shí， cǐ chù zāi lín， bǐ chù shí huā， fán lì zhī zhōng， diǎn zhuì jǐng zhì， bù lùn chūn qiū dōng xià， dū jué xiāng yí。 yòu zé chéng gè shěng dì fāng guān， sōu luó zhēn qín yì huì， gǔ dǐng wén yí， bǎ zhōng wài jiǔ wàn lǐ de qí zhēn， shàng xià wǔ qiān nián de bǎo wù， yī qí chén liè yuán zhōng， zuò wéi huáng dì jiā cháng de gōng wán。 cóng qián qín 'èr shì hú hài zhù 'ēpáng gōng， chén hòu zhù qǐ lín chūn、 jié qǐ、 wàng xiān sān gé， suí yáng dì yíng xiǎn rén gōng fāng huá yuàn， huá lì yě bù guò rú cǐ， suǒ bù tóng de shì qián liǎng wèi shì zhù míng de wáng guó jūn wáng。
qián lóng de huī jīn rú tǔ， shǐ kāng xī、 yōng zhèng xīn kǔ sōu guā dídí“ jiā dāng” hěn kuài bèi xiāo hào dài jìn。
zǒng zhī， yǐ qián lóng zhōng qī wéi jiè， qīng wáng cháo kāi shǐ zǒu xiàng tā de shuāi ruò。 ér dào liǎo qián lóng mò qī， suǒ wèi gē wǔ shēng píng，“ shí quán wǔ gōng” de“ shèng shì” yǐ jīng xuān gào jié shù。 zài 60 nián màn cháng de“ shèng shì” zhī hòu， shì chéng bèi zēngzhǎng de rén kǒu yā lì hé jiān ruì de mín zú máo dùn jí jiē jí máo dùn， yǐ jí tǒng zhì jí tuán de chè dǐ fǔ bài。 rú tóng cáo xuě qín zài《 hóng lóu mèng》 zhōng suǒ shuō de：“ rú jīn wài miàn de jià zǐ suī wèi shèn dǎo， nèi ráng què yǐ jìn shàng lái liǎo。” qīng wáng cháo yǐ jīng xiàng jí jiāng qīng tuí de dà shà shì nán zhī chēng， ér yīng guó zhí mín zhù yì zhě de pào jiàn què zhèng zài lóng lóng dì shǐ jìn， zhōng guó de lì shǐ， jí jiāng fān kāi lìng rén tòng xīn jí shǒu de yī yè。
qián lóng de hòu fēi
xiào xián chún huáng hòu， fù chá shì， chá hā 'ěr zǒng guǎn lǐ róng bǎo zhī nǚ。 qián lóng shí sān nián， bēng， nián sān shí qī。
jì huáng hòu， wū lá nà lā shì， zuǒ lǐng nà 'ěr bù zhī nǚ， qián lóng 'èr nián， fēng xián fēi， qián lóng shí nián， jìn guì fēi。 xiào xián huáng hòu bēng hòu， jìn huáng guì fēi， zhù hòu gōng shì， qián lóng shí wǔ nián， cè wéi huáng hòu。 sān shí yī nián qī yuè bēng， qián lóng mìng sāngzàng yí shì děng tóng yú huáng guì fēi。 shēng yòu 'èr zǐ， yǒng qí、 yǒng jǐng， yī nǚ， yāo zhé。
xiào yí chún huáng hòu， wèi jiā shì， nèi guǎn lǐng qīng tài zhī nǚ。 shēng sì zǐ， yǒng lù yāo zhé， jiā qìng huáng dì、 yǒng lín， hái yòu yī gè wèi céng mìng míng yǐ yāo zhé， èr nǚ， fēn bié xià jià lā wàng duō 'ěr jì、 zhá lán tài。
huì xián huáng guì fēi， gāo jiā shì， dà xué shì gāo bīn zhī nǚ。 dāng qián lóng hái shì tài zǐ shí， shì cè shì fú jìn。 qián lóng chū fēng wéi huáng guì fēi， hōng， shì wéi huì xián huáng guì fēi。
chún huì huáng guì fēi， sū jiā shì， qián lóng wéi tài zǐ shí， jiù yǐ zài fú shì qián lóng。 qián lóng huáng dì jí wèi hòu， fēng chún pín， lěi jìn chún huáng guì fēi。 hōng， shì chún huì huáng guì fēi。 shēng yī zǐ， yǒng róng。 yī nǚ， xià jià fú lóng 'ān。
qìng gōng huáng guì fēi， lù shì， chū fēng qìng pín， lěi jìn qìng guì fēi。 hōng。 jiā qìng huáng dì céng jīng bèi tā fǔ yù guò， bèi jiā qìng dì zhuī zūn wéi qìng gōng huáng guì fēi。
zhé mǐn huáng guì fēi， fù chá shì， yōng zhèng shí sān nián， hōng， bèi qián lóng zhuī fēng wéi zhé fēi， jìn huáng guì fēi。 yī zǐ， yǒng huáng， wéi gāo zōng de zhǎngzǐ， yī nǚ， shāng。
shū jiā huáng guì fēi， jīn jiā shì， qián lóng wéi huáng zǐ shí， jiù yǐ jià gěi tā， qián lóng chū， fēng jiā fēi， jìn jiā guì fēi。 sì zǐ， yǒng chéng、 yǒng xuán、 yǒng xīng， hái yòu yī gè wèi céng mìng míng yǐ shāng。
wǎn guì fēi， chén shì， qián lóng wéi huáng zǐ shí yǐ jià gěi tā， qián lóng jiān， zì guì rén lěi jìn wǎn fēi。 jiā qìng jiān， zūn wéi wǎn guì tài fēi。 hōng， nián jiǔ shí 'èr。
yíng guì fēi， bā lín shì， zì guì rén lěi jìn yíng guì fēi， zūn wéi tài fēi， hōng， nián qī shí。
guì rén， xī lín jué luó shì， bǎi shì， jiē cóng cháng zài zūn wéi guì rén。
jìn tài fēi， fù chá shì， chū wéi guì rén， dài dào dào guāng dì shí， réng wèi shì shì， bèi dào guāng dì zūn wéi huáng zǔ jìn tài fēi。
róng fēi， hé zhuó shì， huí zú rén， chū rù gōng， fēng guì rén， lěi jìn wéi fēi， hōng。
xīn guì fēi， dài jiā shì， zǒng dū nà sū tú zhī nǚ， shēng 'èr nǚ， jiē shāng。
yú guì fēi， kē lǐ yè tè shì， shēng yī zǐ， yǒng qí。
shū fēi， yè hè nà lā shì， shēng yī zǐ， shāng。
dūn fēi， wāng shì， shēng yī nǚ， xià jià hé shēn de 'ér zǐ fēng shēn yīn dé。
zǐ nǚ
qián lóng shēng yòu 17 zǐ 10 nǚ。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng huáng， zhǎngzǐ， dìng 'ān qīn wáng。 mǔ zhé mǐn huáng guì fēi fù chá shì（ shí wéi bǎo qīn wáng cè fēi）
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng liǎn， cì zǐ， duān huì tài zǐ。 mǔ xiào xián chún huáng hòu fù chá shì（ shí wéi bǎo qīn wáng dí fēi）
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng zhāng， sān zǐ， xún jùn wáng。 mǔ bǎo qīn wáng cè fēi sū jiā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng chéng， sì zǐ， lǚ duān qīn wáng， chū wéi lǚ yì qīn wáng 'ài xīn jué luó yǔn táo hòu。 mǔ jiā pín jīn jiā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng qí， wǔ zǐ， róng chún qīn wáng。 mǔ yú guì rén kē lǐ yè tè shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng róng， liù zǐ， zhì zhuāng qīn wáng， chū wéi shèn jìng jùn wáng 'ài xīn jué luó yǔn xǐ hòu。 mǔ chún fēi sū jiā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng cóng， qī zǐ， zhé qīn wáng。 mǔ xiào xián chún huáng hòu fù chá shì
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng xuán， bā zǐ， yí shèn qīn wáng。 mǔ jiā fēi jīn jiā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng yú， dì jiǔ zǐ， zǎo shāng。 mǔ jiā fēi jīn jiā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng yuè， dì shí zǐ， zǎo shāng。 mǔ shū fēi yè hè nà lā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng xīng， shí yī zǐ， chéng zhé qīn wáng。 mǔ jiā guì fēi jīn jiā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng qí， shí 'èr zǐ， bèi lè。 mǔ jì huáng hòu wū lá nà lā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng jǐng， zǎo shāng。 mǔ jì huáng hòu wū lá nà lā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng lù， zǎo shāng。 mǔ lìng guì fēi wèi jiā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yóng yǎn， shí wǔ zǐ， qīng rén zōng， jiā qìng dì。 mǔ xiào yí chún huáng hòu wèi jiā shì。
wèi mìng míng， dì shí liù zǐ， zǎo shāng。 mǔ xiào yí chún huáng hòu wèi jiā shì。
ài xīn jué luó · yǒng lín， shí qī zǐ， qìng xī qīn wáng。 mǔ xiào yí chún huáng hòu wèi jiā shì。
huáng cháng nǚ（ 1728 ～ 1729）， yōng zhèng liù nián shí yuè shēng， yōng zhèng qī nián shí 'èr yuè shāng。 mǔ xiào xián chún huáng hòu fù chá shì（ shí wéi bǎo qīn wáng dí fēi）
huáng 'èr nǚ（ 1731）， yōng zhèng jiǔ nián sì yuè shēng， dāng nián shí 'èr yuè shāng。 mǔ zhé mǐn huáng guì fēi fù chá shì（ shí wéi bǎo qīn wáng cè fēi）
huáng sān nǚ gù lún hé jìng gōng zhù（ 1731～ 1792）， yōng zhèng jiǔ nián wǔ yuè 'èr shí sì shēng， mǔ xiào xián chún huáng hòu fù chá shì（ shí wéi bǎo qīn wáng dí fēi）
huáng sì nǚ hé shuò hé jiā gōng zhù（ 1745～ 1767）， qián lóng shí nián shí 'èr yuè chū 'èr shēng， mǔ chún guì fēi sū jiā shì。
huáng wǔ nǚ（ 1753～ 1755）， qián lóng shí bā nián liù yuè 'èr shí sān shēng， qián lóng 'èr shí nián sì yuè 'èr shí 'èr shāng。 mǔ jì huáng hòu wū lá nà lā shì。
huáng liù nǚ（ 1755～ 1758）， qián lóng 'èr shí nián qī yuè shí qī shēng， qián lóng 'èr shí sān nián bā yuè 'èr shí liù shāng。 mǔ xīn pín dài jiā shì。
huáng qī nǚ gù lún hé jìng gōng zhù（ 1756～ 1775）， qián lóng 'èr shí yī nián qī yuè shí wǔ shēng， mǔ xiào yí chún huáng hòu wèi jiā shì。
huáng bā nǚ（ 1757～ 1767）， qián lóng 'èr shí 'èr nián shí 'èr yuè chū qī shēng， qián lóng sān shí 'èr nián wǔ yuè 'èr shí yī shāng， zàng yú duān huì huáng tài zǐ yuán qǐn。 mǔ xīn pín dài jiā shì。
huáng jiǔ nǚ hé shuò hé kè gōng zhù（ 1758～ 1780）， qián lóng 'èr shí sān nián qī yuè shí sì shēng， mǔ xiào yí chún huáng hòu wèi jiā shì。
huáng shí nǚ gù lún hé xiào gōng zhù（ 1775～ 1823）， qián lóng sì shí nián zhēngyuè chū sān shēng， mǔ dūn fēi wāng shì。
yǎng nǚ hé shuò hé wǎn gōng zhù (1734～ 1760)， yōng zhèng shí 'èr nián (1734) liù yuè 'èr shí sì rì shēng， fù wéi hé qīn wáng hóng zhòu， mǔ wéi fú jìn wū zhá kù shì。
qián lóng sǐ hòu de miào hào wéi gāo zōng chún huáng dì， shǐ chēng qián lóng dì。
zhèng shuō qián lóng
qián lóng huáng dì hóng lì zài wèi 60 nián， zuò de shì qíng tài duō， guāng jìzǎi tā yán xíng de《 qīng gāo zōng shí lù》 jiù dá 1500 juàn， jù bǐ zhě tǒng jì， gòng yòu 13580136 zì， hái wèi jì biāo diǎn fú hào。 qián lóng huáng dì suǒ zuò chū de zhù yào gōng jì guī nà qǐ lái， yòu bā jiàn shì：
dì yī jiàn shì biān xiū wén huà diǎn jí。 běi jīng nèi chéng nán miàn dōng wéi“ chóng wén mén”， biāo bǎng huáng dì“ chóng wén”。 míng qīng 28 wèi huáng dì， zhēn zhèng chēng dé shàng“ chóng wén” de， zhǐ yòu liǎng wèi， jiù shì kāng xī hé qián lóng。 kāng xī qián miàn yǐ jīng xù shù， shì yī wèi xué xí xíng huáng dì， yōng zhèng shì yī wèi gǎi gé xíng huáng dì， qián lóng zé shì yī wèi wén huà xíng huáng dì。 qián lóng zài wén zhì fāng miàn zuò de shì qíng hěn duō， zhù yào yòu：
（ 1） zhù chí zuǎn xiū《 sì kù quán shū》。《 sì kù quán shū》 dì yī fèn gào chéng， gòng shōu shū 3461 zhǒng、 79309 juàn。 suí hòu jì xù jìn xíng， dào wǔ shí 'èr nián (1787 nián ) liù yuè， yòu gào chéng 6 fèn， yǐ lì shí 15 nián。 hòu zài chá hé、 xiào wù hé bǔ yí， zhí dào wǔ shí bā nián (1793 nián ) cái gào jié shù， cānyù zhě qián hòu 4186 rén， shí jiān cháng dá 20 nián。 qián lóng biān zuǎn《 sì kù quán shū》， shì duì zhōng guó wén huà de yī dà gòng xiàn： qí yī， bǎo cún zhēn guì yí chǎn。 jí zhōng quán guó de lì liàng， duì gè dì tú shū diǎn jí jìn xíng liǎo yī cì quán miàn xì tǒng dì qīng lǐ， xuǎn zé zhòng yào de kè běn、 chāo běn， shàn lù cǎi rù《 sì kù quán shū》， shǐ dà liàng shū jí suī jīng tiān zāi rén huò 'ér bèi bǎo cún xià lái。 qí 'èr， fāng biàn xué rén lì yòng。 běi dào guān wài， nán dào jiāng zhè， jìn chéng zhī nèi， huáng jiā yù yuàn， shì lín xué zǐ， yuè lǎn chāo lù， jiā huì dú zhě。 qí sān， yòu lì wén huà chuán chéng。 1983 nián jiāng wén yuān gé běn《 sì kù quán shū》 yǐng yìn chū bǎn， huà shēn qiān bǎi， liú chuán shì jiè。 qí sì， biàn yú fēn lèi jiǎn suǒ。“ yǐ lèi qiú shū， yīn shū zhì xué”。 quán shū fēn jīng、 shǐ、 zǐ、 jí sì bù， zài fēn 44 lèi， yòu fēn 66 mù， tiáo lǐ jǐng rán， yì yú chá jiǎn。 dàn shì， qián lóng zài biān zuǎn《 sì kù quán shū》 de guò chéng zhōng， yě shān liǎo bù shǎo shū、 gǎi liǎo bù shǎo shū、 jìn liǎo bù shǎo shū、 huǐ liǎo bù shǎo shū。 yòu rén jù《 bàn lǐ sì kù quán shū dàng 'àn》、《 jìn shū zǒng mù》 děng zī liào tǒng jì， huǐ shū yuē 3000 yú zhǒng、 liù qī wàn bù。 kě jiàn， qián lóng biān zuǎn《 sì kù quán shū》 de fù miàn yǐng xiǎng tóng yàng bù kě hū shì。 zǒng zhī， yào gěi yú kè guān de、 gōng zhèng de píng jià。
qián lóng fó zhuāng xiàng（ 2） biān xiū《 mǎn wén dàzàng jīng》。 qián lóng mìng jiāng hàn wén、 měnggǔ wén《 dàzàng jīng》 yì chéng mǎn wén， yóu zhāng jiā hū tú kè tú zǒng qí shì，“ měi dé yī juàn， jí xíng jìn chéng， yǐ hòu cái dìng”。 hòu yòng zhū wén kè yìn de《 mǎn wén dàzàng jīng》， shì yī xiàng jù dà de wén huà gōng chéng。 yòu kè yìn《 dàzàng jīng》（ yě chēng“ lóng cáng”）。
（ 3） zhěng lǐ《 wú juàn diǎn lǎo dàng》。《 wú juàn diǎn lǎo dàng》（ yòu chēng《 mǎn wén lǎo dàng》、《 lǎo mǎn wén yuán dàng》、《 jiù mǎn zhōu dàng》） shì yǐ wú juàn diǎn lǎo mǎn wén wéi zhù shū xiě de， xiàn cún zuì wéi yuán shǐ、 xì tǒng、 xiáng jìn、 zhēn guì de qīng tài zǔ、 tài zōng shí qī biān nián tǐ shǐ liào cháng biān。 gāi dàng xíng chéng yú qīng rù guān qián， dào qián lóng zhōng qī yǐ jīng bǎi yú nián， yǐ lǎo mǎn wén shū xiě， wén zì nán yǐ biàn shí， zhǐ zhāng nián jiǔ zāo jiù， zì jì màn huàn bù qīng。 qián lóng mìng duì《 wú juàn diǎn lǎo dàng》 jìn xíng zhěng lǐ， yòng wú juàn diǎn lǎo mǎn wén hé jiā juàn diǎn xīn mǎn wén fēn bié zhòng chāo héng héng xiān chāo chū cǎo běn gè yī bù， zài chāo chū zhèng běn cún nèi gé gè yī bù， lìng chāo chū fù běn cún shěn yáng chóng mó gé gè yī bù， bìng chāo chū cún shàng shū fáng yī bù。 zǒng jì gòng chāo lù qī fèn：《 wú juàn diǎn zì dàng》（ cǎo běn）、《 jiā juàn diǎn zì dàng》（ cǎo běn），《 wú juàn diǎn zì dàng》（ nèi gé běn）、《 jiā juàn diǎn zì dàng》（ nèi gé běn），《 wú juàn diǎn zì dàng》（ chóng mó gé běn）、《 jiā juàn diǎn zì dàng》（ chóng mó gé běn）， hái yòu《 jiā juàn diǎn zì dàng》（ shàng shū fáng běn）。《 wú juàn diǎn lǎo dàng》 yuán běn 40 cè， xiàn cáng tái běi gù gōng bó wù yuàn。
（ 4） qián lóng chì biān《 bā qí tōng zhì》、《 mǎn zhōu yuán liú kǎo》、《 qīn dìng mǎn zhōu jì shén jì tiān diǎn lǐ》（ mǎn wén běn、 hàn wén běn） děng。
（ 5）《 yù zhì wǔ tǐ qīng wén jiàn》 zé shì duō mín zú wén huà de yī gè shuò guǒ。
（ 6） qián lóng zhòng shì jīng shī wén huà， tǐ xiàn zài： yī shì biān huì《 jīng chéng quán tú》； èr shì yú mǐn zhōng děng fèng chì zhuàn《 rì xià jiù wén kǎo》， gòng 160 juàn， wéi běi jīng lì shǐ wén xiàn jí dà chéng zhī zuò； sān shì biān xiū《 guó cháo gōng shǐ》， duì gōng tíng de lì shǐ、 jiàn zhù、 wén huà、 diǎn zhì děng zuò liǎo zài shù。
dì 'èr jiàn shì wéi hù、 xīng jiàn huáng jiā yuán lín。 qián lóng zài běi jīng jí jīng jī bǎo hù、 wéi xiū、 xīng jiàn de huáng jiā gōng diàn yuán lín， rú huáng gōng de níng shòu gōng jí qí huā yuán、 tiān tán qí nián diàn（ huàn chéng lán sè liú lí wǎ）、 qīng yī yuán（ yí hé yuán）、 yuán míng yuán sān yuán、 jìng yí yuán ( xiāng shān )、 jìng míng yuán ( yù quán shān )、 bì shǔ shān zhuāng jì wài bā miào hé mù lán wéi chǎng děng， qí zhōng qīng yī yuán gǎi wèng shān wéi wàn shòu shān， shàng jiàn dà bào 'ēn yán shòu sì（ pái yún diàn）， yòu jiàn fó xiāng gé。 zhè xiē huáng jiā yuán lín， wú bù tǐ xiàn zhe qīng dài yuán lín wén huà de huī huáng， shì yuán lín yì shù shǐ shàng de yī chuàn chuàn cuǐ càn de míng zhū。 chú yuán míng yuán bèi fén huǐ wài， duō chéng wéi shì jiè wén huà yí chǎn。
dì sān jiàn shì gòng xiàn shī wén cái huá。 qián lóng tiān zī cōng yíng， qín fèn hàoxué， shàn shū huà， jiān cháng shī wén， shì yī wèi fēi fán de wén xué jiā、 yǔ yán xué jiā、 shū fǎ jiā、 shī rén hé xué zhě。 tā bù jǐn jīng tōng xīn mǎn wén， ér qiě shú zhī lǎo mǎn wén； bù jǐn duì hàn yǔ hàn wén shí fēn jīng tōng， hái dǒng méng、 cáng、 wéi děng duō zhǒng yǔ yán wén zì。 qián lóng xǐ 'ài shū fǎ， zào yì jīng shēn。 tā cháng qī chī yú shū fǎ， zhì lǎo bù juàn。 zì nèi tíng dào yù yuàn， cóng sài běi dào jiāng nán， yuán lín shèng jǐng， míng shān gǔ jì， suǒ dào zhī chù， huī háo tí zì， mò jì zhī duō， hǎn yǔ lún bǐ。 qián lóng zhuàn xiě liǎo dà liàng wén zhāng， jǐn biān chéng wén jí de jiù yòu《 yù zhì wén chū jí》、《 yù zhì wén 'èr jí》、《 yù zhì wén sān jí》、《 yù zhì wén yú jí》， gòng 1350 yú piān， hái yòu《 qīng gāo zōng shèng xùn》 300 juàn。 qián lóng yóu xǐ 'ài zuò shī。 tā de yù zhì shī jí， dēng jí qián yòu《 lè shàn táng quán jí》， shànwèi hòu yòu《 yù zhì shī yú jí》， fán 750 shǒu。 zài wèi qī jiān de《 yù zhì shī jí》 gòng yòu 5 jí， 434 juàn， yòu rén tǒng jì， qí chū jí 4166 shǒu， èr jí 8484 shǒu， sān jí 11519 shǒu， sì jí 9902 shǒu， wǔ jí 7792 shǒu， gòng jì 41863 shǒu。 tā de shī zǒng jì 42613 shǒu。 ér《 quán táng shī》 suǒ shōu yòu táng yī dài 2200 duō wèi shī rén de zuò pǐn， cái 48000 duō shǒu。 qián lóng dì shì gè yè yú shī rén， yǐ yī rén zhī lì， qí shī zuò shù liàng jìng yǔ liú chuán xià lái de quán táng shī xiāng fǎng fó， qí shù liàng zhī duō， chuàng zuò zhī qín， lìng rén jìng pèi（ dāng rán， qí zhōng yòu yī xiē shī wèitā rén dài bǐ）。 kě yǐ shuō， qián lóng shī zuò zhī duō， yòu shǐ yǐ lái， shǒu qū yī zhǐ。 tā shuō：“ jīwù zhī xiá， wú tā kě yú， wǎng wǎng zuò shī。” yòu shuō：“ měi tiān yú shí， huò zuò shū， huò zuò huà， ér zuò shī zuì wéi cháng shì， měi tiān bì zuò shù shǒu。”
dì sì jiàn shì juān miǎn tiān xià qián liáng。 yù shǐ hè tài céng shàng shū：“ guó jiā jīng fèi， yòu bèi wú huàn， jīn dāng wú shì zhī shí， bù yìng juān miǎn yī nián qián liáng。” qián lóng rèn wéi： bǎi xìng fù zú， jūn shú yǔ bù zú？ cháo tíng 'ēn zé， bù shī jí yú bǎi xìng， nà jiāng shī yú hé chù！ suǒ yǐ， qián lóng duàn rán xià lìng juān miǎn quán guó qián liáng。 jù tǒng jì， qián lóng shí nián、 sān shí wǔ nián、 sì shí sān nián、 wǔ shí wǔ nián hé jiā qìng yuán nián， xiān hòu wǔ cì pǔ miǎn quán guó yī nián de qián liáng， sān cì miǎn chú jiāng nán cáo liáng（ qí zhōng yī cì wéi 400 wàn shí mǐ）， lěi jì juān miǎn fù yín 2 wàn wàn liǎng， yuē xiāng dāng yú 5 nián quán guó cái fù de zǒng shōu rù。 juān miǎn quán guó qián liáng， shōu dào shè huì xiào yì：“ zhào xià zhī rì， wàn fāng biàn wǔ。” zhè huà suī yòu kuā shì， dàn shuō míng cǐ jǔ què shí shòu dào huān yíng。 qián lóng juān miǎn quán guó qián liáng， qí cì shǔzhī duō， dì yù zhī guǎng， shù liàng zhī dà， xiào guǒ zhī hǎo， zài fēng jiàn wáng cháo zhōng， qián wú gǔ rén， hòu wú lái zhě。
dì wǔ jiàn shì tǒng yī zhěng gè xīn jiāng。 běi jīng nèi chéng nán miàn xī wéi“ xuān wǔ mén”， biāo bǎng huáng dì“ xuān wǔ”。 míng qīng 28 wèi huáng dì， zhēn zhèng chēng dé shàng“ xuān wǔ” de， míngzhāoyòu hóng wǔ、 yǒng lè， qīng cháo zé yòu tài zǔ、 tài zōng、 kāng xī、 qián lóng。 qián lóng bù jǐn“ chóng wén”， ér qiě“ xuān wǔ”。 tā de wǔ gōng zhī yī shì yòng bīng xī chuí， gǒng gù xīn jiāng。 zài běi jiāng， liǎng cì píng zhǔn gá 'ěr， shǐ tǔ 'ěr hù tè bù huí guī， jī běn shàng jiě jué liǎo běi jiāng de wèn tí。
nán jiāng， zhù yào zhǐ tiān shān yǐ nán de wéi wú 'ěr zú dì yù， qīng dài chēng“ huí bù”。 zhǔn gá 'ěr bù qiáng dà shí， huí bù shòu zhǔn gá 'ěr guì zú de qī líng yǔ qīn bī。 dàn shì， qīng jūn píng dìng běi jiāng hòu， huí bù guì zú shì tú bǎi tuō qīng cháo， zì cháng yī fāng。 wèicǐ， qīng jūn tóng huí bù jūn zài kù chē、 yè 'ěr qiāng（ suō chē） děng jǐ zuò nán jiāng zhòng zhèn jìn xíng liǎo jī zhàn， zuì zhōng huò shèng， chóngxīn tǒng yī nán jiāng。 qián lóng zài nán jiāng shí xíng yīn sú 'ér zhì， shè lì 'ā qí mù bó kè zhì， yóu qīng tíng rèn mìng。 bìng shè cān zàn dà chén（ zhù yè 'ěr qiāng） děng guān， fēn zhù gè chéng， jiā qiáng
qián lóng píng zhǔn dìng huí zhū yì， tǒng yī liǎo zhǔn、 huí gè bù， jiā qiáng liǎo zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ duì xī yù de
dì liù jiàn shì wán shàn zhì lǐ xīzàng。 qián lóng liǎng cì pài bīng dǎ bài kuò 'ěr kā（ jīn ní bó 'ěr） de qīn fàn， zhì dìng《 qīn dìng xīzàng zhāng chéng》。 guī dìng： shè zhù cáng dà chén dū bàn cáng nèi shì wù； zài xīzàng zhù jūn， fēn zhù qián cáng、 hòu cáng； dá lài lá má、 bān chán 'é 'ěr dé ní děng yuán jì hòu， zài zhù cáng dà chén qīn jiān xià， líng tóng zhuǎn shì shè lì jīn bēn bā píng zhì， yòng jīn bēn bā píng chè qiān jué dìng jì chéng rén， zhè shì qián lóng de yī gè chuàng zào； xīzàng duì lín guó mào yì bì xū jìn xíng dēng jì； xīzàng huò bì yī lǜ yòng bái yín zhù zào， zhèng miàn zhù“ qián lóng bǎozàng” sì gè zì； děng děng。《 qīn dìng xīzàng zhāng chéng》 shì xīzàng lì shǐ shàng zhòng yào de wén xiàn， biāo zhì zhe qīng cháo duì xīzàng jìn xíng quán miàn yòu xiào de guǎn xiá。 zài yōng hé gōng de“ jīn bēn bā píng” yǐ chéng lì shǐ wén wù， zài dà zhāo sì nèi de“ jīn bēn bā píng” zhì yán xí zhì jīn。
dì qī jiàn shì xiū qì zhè jiāng hǎi táng。 zhè jiāng yuán yòu de chái táng、 tǔ táng， jīng bù zhù hǎi cháo de chōng jī。 qián lóng mìng bō yín liǎng jiāng chái táng gǎi wéi shí táng。 gòng xiū jiàn shí qì hǎi táng 4000 yú zhàng， jiā qiáng liǎo zhè yī dì qū kàng yù hǎi cháo qīn xí de néng lì。
dì bā jiàn shì zhōng huá gè zú yī tǒng。 qīng cháo yǐ jīng lì“ sān zǔ sān zōng” héng héng tài zǔ nǔ 'ěr hā chì、 shì zǔ shùn zhì、 shèng zǔ kāng xī hé tài zōng huáng tài jí、 shì zōng yōng zhèng、 gāo zōng qián lóng liù dài， qián lóng zé shì jí dà chéng zhě。 qián lóng zài qí zǔ zōng jì yòu chéng jiù de jī chǔ shàng， jìn yī bù gǒng gù bìng kāi tuò liǎo zhōng guó de jiāng yù bǎn tú， wéi hù bìng jiā qiáng liǎo zhōng huá de duō mín zú tǒng yī。 qián lóng shí de zhōng guó jiāng yù， dōng qǐ dà hǎi， xī dá cōng lǐng， nán jí céng mǔ 'àn shā， běi kuà wài xīng 'ān lǐng， xī běi dào bā 'ěr kā shí hú， dōng běi dào kù yè dǎo。 qīng qián lóng shí de rén kǒu dá 3 yì。 qīng cháo“ sān zǔ sān zōng” duì zhōng guó lì shǐ zuì dà de gòng xiàn shì wéi hù liǎo zhōng guó de biān jiāng bǎn tú， gǒng gù liǎo duō mín zú guó jiā de tǒng yī。
qián lóng huáng dì néng jiāng zǔ zōng de jī yè fā yáng guāng dà， zài wén zhì wǔ gōng fāng miàn dōuyòu jiàn shù， què wéi yī dài yòu wéi zhī jūn。 yóu wéi nán néng kě guì de shì， tā zài yòu shēng zhī nián zuò chū liǎo“ shànwèi” de jué dìng。 qián lóng sì shí sān nián（ 1778 nián） jiǔ yuè 'èr shí yī rì， qián lóng xuān yù： zhì liù shí nián nèi chán。 tā shuō：
xī huáng zǔ yù zhèng liù shí yī nián， yú bù gǎn xiāng bǐ。 ruò yāo qióng cāng juàn yòu， zhì qián lóng liù shí nián， yú shòu bā shí yòu wǔ， jí dāng chuán wèi tài zǐ， guī zhèng tuì xián。
zhè dào yù zhǐ de yì sī shì shuō， tā de zǔ fù kāng xī huáng dì zài wèi 61 nián， zì jǐ bù gǎn xiāng bǐ。 rú guǒ néng zài wèi 60 nián， jiù dāng chuán wèi gěi tài zǐ。 dào qián lóng liù shí nián（ 1795 nián） jiǔ yuè chū sān rì， 85 suì de qián lóng huáng dì， yù yuán míng yuán qín zhèng diàn， zhào jiàn huáng zǐ huáng sūn、 wáng gōng dà chén， xuān shì lì huáng shí wǔ zǐ jiā qīn wáng yóng yǎn wéi huáng tài zǐ， yǐ míng nián wéi sì huáng dì jiā qìng yuán nián， jiè qī guī zhèng。 jiā qìng yuán nián（ 1796 nián） zhēngyuè chū yī rì， qián lóng dì yù tài hé diàn， jǔ xíng nèi chán dà lǐ， shòu xǐ。 yóng yǎn jí huáng dì wèi， zūn hóng lì wéi tài shàng huáng dì， xùn zhèng。 yóu lǐ bù hóng lú sì guān yì tiān 'ān mén chéng lóu shàng， gōng xuān jiā qìng qīn fèng tài shàng huáng dì chuán wèi zhào shū， jīn fèng bān zhào， xuān shì tiān xià。
zhè lǐ jiě shì yī xià“ jīn fèng bān zhào”。 huáng dì cóng tài hé diàn bān fā de zhào shū， tái shàng huáng yú， gǔ lè gāo zòu， lǐ yí lóng zhòng， yóu lǐ bù guān yuán， sòng shàng tiān 'ān mén。 tiān 'ān mén chéng lóu shàng yòu yī zhǐ“ jīn fèng”， kǒu xián zhào shū， cóng chéng lóu shàng xú xú jiàng xià； chéng lóu xià de lǐ bù guān yuán guì jiē zhào shū， fēn sòng gè dì， gōng bù tiān xià。
qián lóng nèi chán huáng wèi hòu， yòu xùn zhèng sān nián líng sān tiān。 hòu rén duō jī píng qián lóng míng wéi tuì wèi， shí chán 'ér bù tuì。 qí shí bù rán， zòng guān zhōng guó zì qín shǐ huáng yǐ xià liǎng qiān nián de huáng cháo lì shǐ， yóu nèi chán guī zhèng zhě， qián jūn hǎn jiàn， hòu jūn yì wú。 sòng rén zōng chǔ wèi jì dìng， yù mèn bù lè； sòng yīng zōng lì tài zǐ hòu， xuàn rán lèi xià。
qián lóng zài wèi jì cháng， xiǎng nián yòu gāo。 zài zhōng guó yòu wén zì jìzǎi de lì shǐ shàng， xiǎng nián 80 suì yǐ shàng de huáng dì zhǐ yòu sì rén。 chú qián lóng 'ér wài de sān wèi huáng dì shì：
（ 1） liáng wǔ dì xiāo yǎn， xiǎng nián 85 suì， zài wèi 48 nián。 dàn tā jú chù yī yú， sān cì shè shēn rù sì， cháng yú wén xué， jīng tōng yīn lǜ； hóu jǐng zhī luàn hòu， jī bìng 'ér cǎn sǐ。
（ 2） sòng gāo zōng zhào gòu， xiǎng nián 80 suì， zài wèi 36 nián， jiàn dū lín 'ān（ jīn háng zhōu）， bàn bì shān hé。
（ 3） yuán shì zǔ hū bì liè， xiǎng nián 81 suì， zài wèi 35 nián。
yǐ shàng sān wèi huáng dì， huò guó piān yī yú， huò bàn bì jiāng shān， huò zài wèi bù cháng， huò guó wáng 'ér sǐ。 dōubù néng yǔ qián lóng huáng dì xiāng bǐ nǐ。 nán guài qián lóng dì zì chēng“ dé guó zhī zhèng， kuò tǔ zhī guǎng， chén fú zhī pǔ， mín shù zhī 'ān”， hǎn yǔ lún bǐ。 céng zì wǒ zǒng jié yī shēng yòu“ shí quán wǔ gōng”， zì xǔ wéi“ shí quán lǎo rén”。 bìng zuò《 yù zhì shí quán jì》， lìng xiě mǎn、 hàn、 méng、 cáng sì zhǒng wén tǐ， jiàn bēi lè wén。 qián lóng de“ shí quán wǔ gōng” shì：
shí gōng zhě， píng zhǔn gá 'ěr wéi 'èr， dìng huí bù wéi yī， sǎo jīn chuān wéi 'èr， jìng tái wān wéi yī， jiàng miǎn diàn、 ān nán gè yī， jí jīn 'èr cì shòu kuò 'ěr kā jiàng， hé wéi shí。
qián lóng de“ shí quán wǔ gōng”， qíng kuàng bù tóng， xìng zhì gè yì： yòu zhèn yā mín biàn， yòu píng xī pàn luàn， yòu yáng bīng yào wǔ， yòu xiǎo tí dà zuò， yòu dé bù cháng shī， yòu duō guǎn xián shì， yòu wéi hù zhèng yì， yòu fǎn jī qīn lüè。 rú xīn jiāng yòng bīng sān cì， kuò 'ěr kā yòng《 píng dìng tái wān zhàn tú cè》 qián lóng《 píng dìng jīn chuān zhàn tú cè · shōu fù xiǎo jīn chuān》 bīng liǎng cì， zhè wǔ cì yòng bīng duì xīn jiāng、 xīzàng de gǒng gù tǒng yī jù yòu zhòng dà de lì shǐ yì yì。 dàn shì， yě yòu de yòng bīng shì xiǎo tí dà zuò， qióng bīng dú wǔ。 rú dà xiǎo jīn chuān zhī yì jiù shì zhè yàng de。
dà jīn chuān、 xiǎo jīn chuān zài dà dù hé shàng yóu， jū mín zhù yào shì zàngzú， gāo shān huán rào， dào lù qí qū， qì hòu hán lěng， zhōng nián jī xuě， rén kǒu bù guò 3 wàn， zhōu wéi bù guò 'èr sān bǎi lǐ。 dāng dì tǔ sī nèi bù fēn zhēng， qián lóng fā bīng gōng dǎ， qián hòu liǎng cì： dì yī cì dǎ liǎo liǎng nián， shā dà yuán nè qīn、 zhāng guǎng sì， hào yín 2000 wàn liǎng。 dì 'èr cì， qīng jūn fēn lù jìn gōng， měi zuò shān fēng、 qián lóng《 píng dìng jīn chuān zhàn tú cè · zǐ guāng gé cì yàn》
měi zuò guān zhài、 měi zuò shí kǎ、 měi zuò diāo fáng， fǎn fù sī shā， cùn bù nán jìn。 shì yì“ fèi wǔ nián zhī gōng， shí wàn zhī shī， qī qiān yú wàn zhī tǎng”， cái jiāng liǎng jīn chuān píng dìng。 zhè jiàn shì kě wèi xiǎo tí dà zuò， dé bù cháng shī， dàn wéi běi jīng liú xià wén wù shèng jì héng héng xiāng shān yǎn wǔ tīng。
qián lóng dì zhí zhèng shí jiān guò cháng， suī rán zì lì“ chí yíng bǎo tài”， dàn shì yuè yíng zé kuī， tài jí fǒu lái。 qián lóng wǎn nián， zhì jiāo yì mǎn， sī xiǎng jiāng huà， xǐ yú 'è jiàn， lǎn yú jìn qǔ， lǎo rén yù zhèng， xiāo xiǎo huán rào， zuò liǎo xǔ duō cuò wù shì qíng， jī lěi liǎo yán zhòng de shè huì máo dùn。 ér lì zhì fǔ bài， rén kǒu péng zhàng， cái zhèng jǐn quē， liǎng jí fēn huà jiā jù， shì dǎo zhì shè huì máo dùn jī huà de zhòng yào yuán yīn。
zài qián lóng zhí zhèng de 60 nián jiān， xī fāng shì jiè què fā shēng liǎo lì shǐ xìng de、 huàshídài de jù dà biàn huà。
（ 1） yīng guó fā shēng gōng yè gé mìng： qián lóng sān shí nián（ 1765 nián）， yīng guó fǎng zhì gōng hā gé lǐ fū sī fā míng xīn shì fǎng chē zhēn nī fǎng shā jī； qián lóng wǔ shí nián（ 1785 nián）， yīng guó kǎ tè lāi tè fā míng shuǐ lì zhì bù jī； tóng nián， yīng guó wǎ tè gǎi liáng zhēng qì jī。 ěr hòu， jiā qìng shí 'èr nián（ 1807 nián）， měi guó fù 'ěr dùn fā míng lún chuán， jiā qìng shí jiǔ nián（ 1814 nián） yīng guó shǐ dì fēn sūn fā míng zhēng qì jī chē。 zhè jiù shì shuō， xī fāng kāi shǐ liǎo gōng yè gé mìng。
（ 2） měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó jiàn lì： qián lóng sān shí jiǔ nián（ 1774 nián）， měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng kāi shǐ； qián lóng sì shí bā nián（ 1783 nián）， běi měi dú lì zhàn zhēng qǔ dé shèng lì； qián lóng wǔ shí sān nián（ 1788 nián）， dì yī jiè měi guó guó huì zài niǔ yuē zhào kāi； qián lóng wǔ shí sì nián（ 1789 nián）， huá shèng dùn jiù rèn měi guó dì yī rèn zǒng tǒng。 liǎng nián hòu， měi guó tōng guò《 rén quán fǎ 'àn》。
（ 3） fǎ guó zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng： qián lóng wǔ shí sì nián（ 1789 nián）， fǎ guó jǔ xíng sān jí huì yì， bào fā zī chǎn jiē jí dà gé mìng， fā biǎo《 rén quán xuān yán》。 qián lóng wǔ shí bā nián（ 1793 nián）， fǎ guó guó wáng lù yì shí liù bèi chǔsǐ。
（ 4） qián lóng 'èr shí nián（ 1755 nián）， é guó jiàn lì mò sī kē dà xué； qián lóng sì shí wǔ nián（ 1780 nián）， měi guó kē xué yuàn zài bō shì dùn chéng lì； qián lóng sì shí jiǔ nián（ 1784 nián）， gē lún bǐ yà dà xué chéng lì； tóng nián， dé guó chū xiàn dì yī wèi nǚ yī xué bó shì。 ér zài qīng cháo， qián lóng liù shí nián（ 1795 nián） huì shì， gè shěng shàng bào 80 suì yǐ shàng cān jiā huì shì zhě 116 rén， shí jì cān jiā huì shì bìng sān chǎng wán jùn zhě 92 rén， jù jiā shǎng cì。 dà qīng dì guó shàng táo zuì yú sūn zǐ dǎzháo dēng lóng， zhào zhe“ bǎi suì yìng shì” de yé yé cān jiā kē jǔ kǎo shì ní！ qián lóng jiè xīng jiào zūn lǎo zhī míng， xíng fěn shì tài píng zhī shí。 zhè yī mù rén jiān xǐ jù， yǎn shì liǎo qián lóng shèng shì xià de bēi 'āi！
zōng hé qǐ lái shuō， zài qián lóng shí dài， shì jiè shàng zhù yào fā shēng liǎo sān jiàn dà shì： dì yī jiàn shì yīng guó gōng yè gé mìng； dì 'èr jiàn shì měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó chéng lì； dì sān jiàn shì fǎ guó dà gé mìng。 zhè sān jiàn dà shì zài jiā shàng cǐ qián de yīng guó zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng， jù yòu huàshídài de yì yì， yǐng xiǎng liǎo shì jiè lì shǐ de jìn chéng， gǎi biàn liǎo zhěng gè shì jiè de gé jú。 dàn shì zài qián lóng wǔ shí bā nián（ 1793 nián） bā yuè shí sān rì， dāng qián lóng huáng dì zài bì shǔ shān zhuāng jiē jiàn yīng guó shǐ chén mǎ jiá 'ěr ní shí， hái 'ào màn dì shēng chēng“ tiān cháo tǒng yù wàn guó”、“ tiān cháo fǔ yòu sì hǎi”、“ tiān cháo wù chǎn fēng yíng， wú suǒ bù yòu， yuán bù jiè wài yí huò wù， yǐ tōng yòu wú” děng děng， shuō míng qián lóng huáng dì gēn běn kàn bù dào xī fāng gōng yè kē jì de jìn bù hé shì jiè fā zhǎn de cháo liú， yǐ rán táo zuì zài“ tiān cháo shàng guó”、“ qiān gǔ dì yī quán rén” de mí mèng zhī zhōng。
qián lóng tuì wèi、 jiā qìng jì wèi hòu， nán fāng de bái lián jiào， jīng shī de tiān lǐ jiào， jīng chéng nèi wài， dà jiāng nán běi， fēng huǒ sì qǐ， biàn dì rán shāo。 qián lóng shèng shì xià de wēi jī， bù lùn guó nèi， hái shì guó wài， dōuyǐ jīng chōng fēn bào lù chū lái。 zhè gè làn tān zǐ， zhǐ hǎo yóu tā de 'ér sūn men qù chéng shòu hé shōu shí liǎo。
xìng míng： ài xīn jué luó · hóng lì chū shēng： kāng xī wǔ shí nián（ 1711 nián） bā yuè shí sān rì
shǔ xiāng： tù zú nián： jiā qìng sì nián (1799 nián )
xiǎng nián： 89 suì zhí zhèng： shí jì zhǎng quán 64 nián
shì hào： chún huáng dì miào hào： gāo zōng
líng qǐn： yù líng（ qīng dōng líng） fù qīn： yìn zhēn（ yōng zhèng）
mǔ qīn： niǔ hù lù shì， hòu zūn wéi xiào shèng xiàn huáng hòu
chū hūn： 16 suì jié hūn， pèi 'ǒu fù chá shì
pèi 'ǒu： 29 rén， huáng hòu fù chá shì
zǐ nǚ： 16 zǐ， 8 nǚ
jì wèi rén： yóng yǎn（ jiā qìng）
zuì dé yì：“ shí quán wǔ gōng”
zuì shī yì： huáng hòu nù duàn qīng sī
zuì bù xìng： shēng mǔ shēn shì yòu yì shuō
zuì tòng xīn： xiào xián hòu bù xìng sǐ qù
zuì shàn cháng： shī wén、 shū fǎ
cān kǎo zī liào： yán chóng nián《 zhèng shuō qīng cháo shí 'èr dì》
guān yú qián lóng dì de yǐng shì jí wén xué zuò pǐn
qián lóng jūn chén de shì gù tóng yàng yě shì yǐng shì jí wén xué zuò pǐn de yī gè zhòng yào tí cái， qí zhù yào yǐng shì zuò pǐn jí qí zhù yào bàn yǎn zhě yòu：
《 shàng shū fáng》（ yuán hóng shì qián lóng），《 xì shuō qián lóng》（ dì yī、 èr bù）（ zhèng shǎo qiū shì qián lóng），《 qián lóng wáng cháo》（ jiāo huàng shì qián lóng），《 qián lóng dà dì》（ gǔ tiān lè shì qián lóng），《 zǎixiàng liú luó guō》（ zhāng guó lì shì qián lóng），《 tiě chǐ tóng yá jì xiǎo lán》（ dì yī、 èr、 sān bù） jí《 hái zhū gé gé》（ dì yī、 èr bù）（ zhāng tiě lín shì qián lóng），《 hái zhū gé gé》（ dì sān bù）（ dí lóng shì qián lóng），《 dà nèi qún yīng》（ dì 'èr bù）（ wàn zǐ liáng shì qián lóng）《 jiāng nán jīng huá mèng》（ chén hào mín shì qián lóng）
zhù yào wén xué zuò pǐn yòu：
《 qián lóng huáng dì》（ hán《 fēng huá chū lù》《 rì zhào kōng shān》《 tiān bù xiàn nán》《 rì luò cháng hé》《 yún 'àn fèng jué》《 qiū shēng zǐ wǎn》）（ èr yuè hé zhù）
《 qián lóng yùn shì》（ gāo yáng zhù）， cǐ wài， jīn yōng xiǎo shuō《 shū jiàn 'ēn chóu lù》 hěn duō bǐ mò yě shì miáo xiě qián lóng shēn shì chuán shuō de
Early yearsHongli was adored both by his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor and his father, the Yongzheng Emperor. Some historians argue that the main reason why Kangxi Emperor appointed Yongzheng as his successor was because Qianlong was his favourite grandson. He felt that Hongli's mannerisms were very close to his own. As a teenager he was very capable in martial arts, and possessed a high literary ability.
After his father's succession in 1722, Hongli became the Prince Bao (宝亲王/寶親王). Like many of his uncles, Hongli entered into a battle of succession with his older half-brother Hongshi, who had the support of a large faction of court officials, as well as Yinsi, Prince Lian. For many years the Yongzheng Emperor did not appoint anyone to the position of Crown Prince, but many in court speculated his favoring of Hongli. Hongli went on inspection trips to the south, and was known to be an able negotiator and enforcer. He was also chosen as chief regent on occasions, when his father was away from the capital.
Ascension to the throneEven before Hongli's succession was read out to the assembled court, it was widely known who the new emperor would be. The young Hongli had been a favorite of his grandfather, Kangxi, and his father alike; Yongzheng had entrusted a number of important ritual tasks to him while Hongli was still a prince, and included him in important court discussions of military strategy. Hoping to avoid repetition of the succession crisis that had tainted his own accession to the throne, he had the name of his successor placed in a sealed box secured behind the tablet over the throne in the Palace of Heavenly Purity (Qianqing Gong 乾清宫). The name in the box was to be revealed to other members of the imperial family in the presence of all senior ministers only upon the death of the Emperor. Yongzheng died suddenly in 1735, the will was taken out and read out before the entire Qing Court, and Hongli became the 6th Manchu Emperor of China. He took the era name of Qianlong (乾隆), 乾 means heaven, 隆 means eminence, which means "Lasting Eminence".
Frontier warsFurther information: Ten Great Campaign
Military costume of Emperor Qianlong. Musée de l'Armée, Paris.
Chinese soldier of Emperor Qianlong, by William Alexander, 1793.
The Qianlong Emperor Viewing Paintings
Qianlong Emperor watching a wrestling match.
The emperor in old age
The Qianlong Emperor in Armor on Horseback, by Italian Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione(Long shining)(1688–1766 AD).
Consorts of Emperor Qianlong
Consorts and children of Emperor Qianlong
Emperor Qianlong in his study, painting by Giuseppe Castiglione, 18th centuryThe Qianlong Emperor was a successful military leader. Immediately after ascending the throne, he sent armies to suppress the Miao rebellion. His later campaigns greatly expanded the territory controlled by the Qing dynasty. This was made possible not only by Qing strength, but also by the disunity and declining strength of the Inner Asian peoples. Under Qianlong, Dzungar Khanate was incorporated into the Qing dynasty's rule and renamed Xinjiang, while to the West, Ili was conquered and garrisoned. The incorporation of Xinjiang into the Qing empire resulted from the final defeat and destruction of the Dzungars (or Zunghars), a coalition of Western Mongol tribes. According to Qing scholar Wei Yuan, 40% of the 600,000 Zunghar people were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or Kazakh tribes, and 30% were killed by the army, in what Clarke described as "the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people." Historian Peter Perdue has argued that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of massacre launched by the Qianlong emperor (See Zunghar Khanate#Fall).
Throughout this period there were continued Mongol interventions in Tibet and a reciprocal spread of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. After the Lhasa riot of 1750 he sent armies into Tibet and firmly established the Dalai Lama as ruler, with a Qing resident and garrison to preserve Chinese sovereignty. Further afield, military campaigns against Nepalese, and Gurkhas forced these peoples to submit and send tribute.
The Qianlong Emperor sought to conquer Burma to the south, but the Sino–Burmese War ended in complete failure. He initially believed that it would be an easy victory against a barbarian tribe, and sent only the Green Standard Army based in Yunnan, which borders Burma. The Qing invasion came as the majority of Burmese forces were deployed in their latest invasion of Siam. Nonetheless, battle-hardened Burmese troops defeated the first two invasions of 1765–1766 and 1766–1767 at the border. The regional conflict now escalated to a major war that involved military maneuvers nationwide in both countries. The third invasion (1767–1768) led by the elite Manchu Bannermen nearly succeeded, penetrating deep into central Burma within a few days' march from the capital, Ava. But the Bannermen of northern China could not cope with unfamiliar tropical terrains and lethal endemic diseases, and were driven back with heavy losses. After the close-call, King Hsinbyushin redeployed his armies from Siam to the Chinese front. The fourth and largest invasion got bogged down at the frontier. With the Qing forces completely encircled, a truce was reached between the field commanders of the two sides in December 1769. The Qing kept a heavy military lineup in the border areas of Yunnan for about one decade in an attempt to wage another war while imposing a ban on inter-border trade for two decades. When Burma and China resumed a diplomatic relationship in 1790, the Qing unilaterally viewed the act as Burmese submission, and claimed victory.
The circumstances in Vietnam were not successful either. In 1787 the last Le king Le Chieu Thong fled Vietnam and formally requested that he be restored to his throne in Thanglong (Hanoi today). The Qianlong Emperor agreed and sent a large army into Vietnam to remove the Tay Son (peasant rebels who had captured all of Vietnam). The capital, Thanglong, was conquered in 1788 but a few months later, the Chinese army was defeated and the invasion turned into a debacle due to the surprise attack during Tết by Nguyen Hue, the second and most capable of the three Tay Son brothers. The Chinese[who?] gave formal protection to the Le emperor and his family, and would not intervene in Vietnam for another 90 years.
Despite setbacks in the south, overall the Qianlong Emperor's military expansion nearly doubled the area of the already vast empire, and brought into the fold many non-Han-Chinese peoples—such as Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, Evenks and Mongols—who were potentially hostile. It was also a very expensive enterprise; the funds in the Imperial Treasury were almost all put into military expeditions. Though the wars were successful, they were not overwhelmingly so. The army declined noticeably and had a difficult time facing some enemies: the Jin Chuan area took 2–3 years to conquer—at first the Qing army were mauled, though Yue Zhongqi later took control of the situation. The battle with the Dzungars was closely fought, and caused heavy losses on both sides.
At the end of the frontier wars, the army had started to weaken significantly. In addition to a more lenient military system, warlords became satisfied with their lifestyles. Since most of the warring had taken place, warlords no longer saw any reason to train their armies, resulting in a rapid military decline by the end of Qianlong's reign. This is the main reason for the military's failure against the White Lotus Sect, at the very end of Qianlong's years.
Cultural achievementsThe Qianlong Emperor was a major patron of the arts, seeing himself as an important "preserver and restorer" of Chinese culture. He had an insatiable appetite for collecting, and acquired much of China's "great private collections" by any means necessary, and "reintegrated their treasures into the imperial collection." Qianlong, more than any other Manchu emperor, lavished the imperial collection with his attention and effort:
The imperial collection had its origins in the first century B.C., and had gone through many vicissitudes of fire, civil wars and foreign invasions in the centuries that followed. But it was Qianlong who lavished the greatest attention on it, certainly of any of the Manchu rulers.... One of the many roles played by Qianlong, with his customary diligence, was that of the emperor as collector and curator....how carefully Qianlong followed the art market in rare paintings and antiquities, using a team of cultural advisers, from elderly Chinese literati to newly fledged Manchu connoisseurs. These men would help the emperor spot which great private collections might be coming up for sale, either because the fortunes of some previously rich merchant family were unraveling or because the precious objects acquired by Manchu or Chinese grandees during the chaos of the conquest period were no longer valued by those families’ surviving heirs. Sometimes, too, Qianlong would pressure or even force wealthy courtiers into yielding up choice art objects: he did this by pointing out failings in their work, which might be excused if they made a certain “gift,” or, in a couple of celebrated cases, by persuading the current owners that only the secure walls of the forbidden City and its guardians could save some precious painting from theft or from fire.
His massive art collection became an intimate part of his life; he took landscape paintings with him on his travels in order to compare them with the actual landscapes, or to hang them in special rooms in palaces where he lodged, to inscribe them on every visit there. "He also regularly added poetic inscriptions to the paintings of the imperial collection, following the example of the emperors of the Song dynasty and the literati painters of the Ming. They were a mark of distinction for the work, and a visible sign of his rightful role as Emperor. Most particular to the Qianlong Emperor is another type of inscription, revealing a unique practice of dealing with works of art that he seems to have developed for himself. On certain fixed occasions over a long period he contemplated a number of paintings or works of calligraphy which possessed special meaning for him, inscribing each regularly with mostly private notes on the circumstances of enjoying them, using them almost as a diary."
"Most of the several thousand jade items in the imperial collection date from his reign. The Emperor was also particularly interested in collecting ancient bronzes, bronze mirrors and seals," in addition to pottery, ceramics and applied arts such as enameling, metal work and lacquer work, which flourished during his reign; a substantial part of his collection is in the Percival David Foundation in London. The Victoria and Albert Museum and The British Museum also have good collections of Qianlong period Art.
"The Qianlong Emperor was a passionate poet and essayist. In his collected writings, which were published in a tenfold series between 1749 and 1800, over 40,000 poems and 1,300 prose texts are listed, making him one of the most prolific writers of all time. There is a long tradition of poems of this sort in praise of particular objects ('yongwu shi), and the Qianlong Emperor used it in order to link his name both physically and intellectually with ancient artistic tradition."
One of Qianlong’s grandest projects was to "assemble a team of China’s finest scholars for the purpose of assembling, editing, and printing the largest collection ever made of Chinese philosophy, history, and literature." Known as The Four Treasuries project, or Siku Quanshu (四庫全書) it was published in 36,000 volumes, containing about 3450 complete works and employing as many as 15,000 copyists. It preserved numerous books, but was also intended as a way to ferret out and suppress political opponents, requiring the "careful examination of private libraries to assemble a list of around eleven thousand works from the past, of which about a third were chosen for publication. The works not included were either summarized or—in a good many cases—scheduled for destruction."
Burning of books and modification of textsMain article: literary inquisition#Qing
Some 2,300 works were listed for total suppression and another 350 for partial suppression. The aim was to destroy the writings that were anti-Qing or rebellious, that insulted previous "barbarian" dynasties, or that dealt with frontier or defense problems.
The full editing of Siku Quanshu was completed in about ten years; during these ten years, 3100 titles (or works), about 150,000 copies of books were either burnt or banned. Of those volumes that had been categorized into Siku Quanshu, many were subjected to deletion and modification. Books published during the Ming dynasty suffered the greatest damage.
The authority would judge any single character or any single sentence's neutrality; if the authority had decided these words, or sentence were derogatory or cynical towards the rulers, then persecution would begin. In Qianlong's time, there were 53 cases of literary inquisition, resulting in the victims being beheaded, or corpses being mutilated, or victims being slowly sliced into pieces until death (Lingchi).
European stylesArchitecturally, Qianlong took personal interest in the expansion of the Old Summer Palace and commissioned the Italian Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione for the construction of the Xiyanglou (西洋楼), or the Western-style mansion, to satisfy his taste for exotic buildings and objects. He also commissioned the French Jesuit Michel Benoist, to design a series of timed waterworks and fountains complete with underground machinery and pipes, for the amusement of the Imperial family. The French Jesuit Jean Denis Attiret also became "Painter to the Emperor" Qianlong.
During his reign the Emin Minaret was built in Turpan to commemorate his father.
Later yearsIn his later years, Qianlong was spoiled with power and glory, becoming disillusioned and complacent in his reign, placing his trust in corrupt officials like Yu Minzhong (于敏中), and later Heshen (和珅).
As Heshen was the highest ranked minister and most favoured by Qianlong at the time, the day-to-day governance of the country was left in his hands, while Qianlong himself indulged in the arts, luxuries and literature. When Heshen was executed it was found that his personal fortune exceeded that of the country's depleted treasury, amount to 900,000,000 taels of silver, the total of 12 years of Treasury surplus of Manchu Qing court.
Qianlong began his reign with about 33,950,000 taels of silver in Treasury surplus.
At the peak of Qianlong's reign, around 1775, even with further tax cuts, the treasury surplus still reached 73,900,000 taels, a record unmatched by his predecessors, Kangxi or Yongzheng both of whom had implemented remarkable tax cut policies.
However, due to numerous factors such as long term embezzlement and corruption by officials, frequent expeditions South, huge palace constructions, many war and rebellion campaigns as well as his own extravagant lifestyle, all of these cost the treasury a total of 150,200,000 silver taels.
This, coupled with his senior age and the lack of political reforms, ushered the beginning of the gradual decline and eventual demise of the Qing dynasty and empire, casting a shadow over his glorious and brilliant political life.
Macartney EmbassyMain article: Macartney Embassy
See also: All under heaven, Hua-Yi distinction, and Kowtow
Lord Macartney's embassy, 1793.
The French Jesuit Joseph-Marie Amiot (1718–1793) was the official translator of Western languages for Emperor Qianlong.
Illustration depicting the last European delegation to be received at the Qianlong Court in 1795 – Isaac Titsingh (seated European with hat, far left) and A.E. van Braam Houckgeest (seated European without hat).During the mid-eighteenth century, Qianlong began to face pressures from the West to increase foreign trade. The proposed cultural exchange between the British Empire at the time and the Qing Empire collapsed due to many factors. Firstly, there was a lack of any precedent interaction with overseas foreign kingdoms apart from neighbouring tributory states to guide Qianlong towards a more informed response. Furthermore, competing worldviews that were incompatible between China and Britain, the former holding entrenched beliefs that China was the "central kingdom", and the latter's push for rapid liberalization of trade relations, worsened ties.
George Macartney, was sent by King George III as ambassador extraordinary to seek a range of trade concessions. He was granted an audience with the Qianlong Emperor, and attended the Emperor's 80th birthday. There is continued discussion about the nature of the audience, and what level of ceremonials were performed. Demands from the Qing Court that the British Trade ambassadors kneel and perform the kowtow were strongly resisted by Macartney, and debate continues as to what exactly occurred, differing opinions recorded by Qing courtiers and British delegates.
A description of the Emperor is provided in the account of one of the visiting Englishmen, Aeneas Anderson:
The Emperor is about five feet ten inches in height, and of a slender but elegant form; his complexion is comparatively fair, though his eyes are dark; his nose is rather aquiline, and the whole of his countenance presents a perfect regularity of feature, which, by no means, announce the great age he is said to have attained; his person is attracting, and his deportment accompanies by an affability, which, without lessening the dignity of the prince, evinces the amiable character of the man. His dress consisted of a loose robe of yellow silk, a cap of black velvet with a red ball on the top, and adorned with a peacock's feather, which is the peculiar distinction of mandarins of the first class. He wore silk boots embroidered with gold, and a sash of blue girded his waist.
It is uncertain whether Anderson actually saw the Emperor, or repeated another's sighting, as he was not involved in the ceremonies.
George Macartney's Manchu Qing observationsIn George Macartney's memoirs, there were many passages describing what was, in his opinion, an overall poor quality of life for the Chinese under Qing rule. Macartney expressed opinions which were widely disseminated:
The Empire of China is an old, crazy, first-rate Man of War, which a fortunate succession of and vigilant officers have contrived to keep afloat for these hundred and fifty years past, and to overawe their neighbours merely by her bulk and appearance. But whenever an insufficient man happens to have the command on deck, adieu to the discipline and safety of the ship. She may, perhaps, not sink outright; she may drift some time as a wreck, and will then be dashed to pieces on the shore; but she can never be rebuilt on the old bottom.
Titsingh EmbassyA Dutch embassy arrived to the Qianlong court in 1795, and would turn out to be the last occasion in which any European appeared before the Chinese Court within the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations.
Representing Dutch and Dutch East India Company interests, Isaac Titsingh traveled to Pekin in 1794–95 for celebrations of the sixtieth anniversary of the Qianlong Emperor's reign. The Titsingh delegation also included the Dutch-American Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest, whose detailed description of this embassy to the Chinese court was soon after published in the U.S. and Europe. Titsingh's French translator, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes published his own account of the Titsingh mission in 1808. Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France provided an alternate perspective and a useful counterpoint to other reports which were then circulating. Titsingh himself died before he could publish his version of events.
In contrast to Macartney, Isaac Titsingh, the Dutch and VOC emissary in 1795 did not refuse to kowtow. In the year following Mccartney's rebuff, Titsingh and his colleagues were much feted by the Chinese because of what was construed as seemly compliance with conventional court etiquette.
AbdicationIn October 1795, Qianlong officially announced that in the spring of the following year he would voluntarily abdicate his throne and pass the crown to his son. It was said that Qianlong had made a promise during the year of his ascension not to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who had reigned for 61 years.
Qianlong anticipated moving out of the Hall of Mental Cultivation in the Forbidden City. The Hall had been conventionally dedicated for the exclusive use of the reigning sovereign, and in 1771 the emperor ordered the beginning of construction on what was ostensibly intended as his retirement residence in another part of the Forbidden City: a lavish, two-acre walled retreat called the Ningshou gong, or "Palace of Tranquil Longevity", today more commonly known as the Qianlong Garden. The complex, completed in 1776, is currently undergoing a ten-year restoration led by the Palace Museum in Beijing and the World Monuments Fund (WMF). The first of the restored apartments, Qianlong's Juanqinzhai, or "Studio of Exhaustion From Diligent Service," began an exhibition tour of the United States in 2010.
Qianlong resigned the throne at the age of 85, in the 60th year of his reign, to his son, the Jiaqing emperor in 1795. For the next four years, he held the title "Retired Emperor (太上皇)," though he continued to hold on to power and the Jiaqing Emperor ruled only in name. He never moved into his retirement suites in the Qianlong Garden. He died in 1799.
LegendsThere is a legend, popularized in fiction, that Qianlong was the son of Chen Yuanlong of Haining. Emperor Kangxi chose the heir to his throne based not just on his son's capability to govern the Empire, but also whether his grandson was of no lesser calibre, to ensure the Manchus' everlasting reign over the country. Yongzheng's own son was a weakling and he surreptitiously arranged for his daughter to be swapped for Chen Yuanlong's son, who became the apple of Kangxi's eye. Thus, Yongzheng got to succeed the throne, and his "son", Hongli, subsequently became Emperor Qianlong. Later, Qianlong went to the southern part of the country four times, he stayed in Chen's house in Haining, leaving behind his calligraphy and also frequently issued imperial decrees making and maintaining Haining as a tax-free state.
However there are major problems with this story being: 1) His eldest surviving son Hongshi was only 7 when Hongli was born far too early to make the drastic choice of replacing a child of royal birth with an outsider (and risking disgrace if not death) 2) Yongzheng had three other princes that survived to adulthood who had the potential of ascending the throne. Indeed given the fact that Hongshi was forced to commit suicide, the story would have been far more logical if he was the adopted child of Yongzheng.
Stories about Qianlong's 6 visits to the Jiangnan area disguised as a commoner have been a popular topic for many generations. In total, he has visited Jiang Nan eight times, as opposed to the Kangxi emperor's 6 inspections.
FamilySee also: Qing Dynasty nobility and Ranks of Imperial Consorts in China#Qing
Father: Yongzheng Emperor
Mother: Empress Xiaoshengxian
SpousesEmpresses:
Empress Xiaoxianchun
Ulanara, the Step Empre
Empress Xiaoyichun
Imperial Noble Consorts:
Imperial Noble Consort Huixian
Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui
Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong
Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin (哲憫皇貴妃), from the Fuca (富察) clan.
Imperial Noble Consort Shujia (淑嘉皇貴妃), from the Jingiya (金佳) clan.
Noble Consorts:
Noble Consort Wan
Noble Consort Ying
Noble Consort Xin
Noble Consort Yu (愉貴妃), from the Keliyete (珂里葉特) clan.
Noble Consort Xun
Consorts:
Consort Jin (晉妃), from the Fuca (富察) clan.
Consort Rong
Consort Shu
Consort Dun
Imperial Concubines:
Imperial Concubine Yi (儀嬪), from the Huang (黃) clan.
Imperial Concubine Xun (恂嬪), from the Huoshuote (霍碩特) clan.
Imperial Concubine Gong (恭嬪), from the Lin (林) clan.
Imperial Concubine Yi (怡嬪), from the Bo (柏) clan.
Imperial Concubine Shen (慎嬪), from the Bai'ergesi (拜爾噶斯) clan.
Imperial Concubine Cheng (誠嬪), from the Niuhuru clan.
Noble Ladies:
Noble Lady Shun
Lady Silin-Gioro (西林覺羅氏)
Lady Bo (柏氏)
Noble Lady Rui (瑞貴人), from the Suochuoluo (索綽絡) clan.
Noble Lady Duo (多貴人), from the Borjigit clan.
Noble Lady Wu (武貴人)
Noble Lady Jin (金貴人)
Noble Lady Xin (新貴人)
Noble Lady Fu (福貴人)
First Class Female Attendants:
First Class Female Attendant Bai (白常在)
First Class Female Attendant Kui (揆常在)
First Class Female Attendant Ning (寧常在)
First Class Female Attendant Ping (平常在)
First Class Female Attendant Na (那常在)
Sons# Name Mother Birth date Death date Title
1 Yonghuang (永璜) Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin 5 July 1728 21 April 1750 Prince Ding'an of the First Rank (定安親王)
2 Yonglian (永璉) Empress Xiaoxianchun 9 August 1730 23 November 1738 Crown Prince Duanhui (端慧太子)
3 Yongzhang (永璋) Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui 15 July 1735 26 August 1760 Prince Xun of the Second Rank (循郡王)
4 Yongcheng (永珹) Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 21 February 1739 5 April 1777 Prince Lüduan of the First Rank (履端親王)
5 Yongqi (永琪) Noble Consort Yu 23 March 1741 16 April 1766 Prince Rongchun of the First Rank (榮純親王)
6 Yongrong (永瑢) Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui 28 January 1744 13 June 1790 Prince Zhizhuang of the First Rank (質庄親王)
7 Yongcong (永琮) Empress Xiaoxianchun 27 May 1746 29 January 1748 Prince Zhe of the First Rank (哲親王)
8 Yongxuan (永璇) Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 31 August 1746 1 September 1832 Prince Yishen of the First Rank (儀慎親王)
9 (Unnamed) Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 2 August 1748 11 June 1749
10 (Unnamed) Consort Shu 12 June 1751 7 July 1753
11 Yongxing (永瑆) Imperial Noble Consort Shujia 22 March 1752 10 May 1823 Prince Chengzhe of the First Rank (成哲親王)
12 Yongji (永璂) Empress Ulanara 7 June 1752 17 March 1776 Beile (貝勒)
13 Yongjing (永璟) Empress Ulanara 2 January 1756 7 September 1757
14 Yonglu (永璐) Empress Xiaoyichun 31 August 1757 3 May 1760
15 Yongyan (永琰) Empress Xiaoyichun 13 November 1760 2 September 1820 Jiaqing Emperor
16 (Unnamed) Empress Xiaoyichun 13 January 1763 6 May 1765
17 Yonglin (永璘) Empress Xiaoyichun 17 June 1766 25 April 1820 Prince Qingxi of the First Rank (慶僖親王)
DaughtersThe personal names of the Qianlong Emperor's daughters are not known.
The Qianlong Emperor adopted a niece, Heshuo Princess Hewan (和碩和婉公主; 24 July 1734 – 2 May 1760). She was the daughter of the Qianlong Emperor's younger half-brother Hongzhou and Hongzhou's primary spouse Lady Ujaku (烏札庫氏).
# Title Mother Birth date Death date Spouse
1 (Unnamed) Empress Xiaoxianchun 1728 1729
2 (Unnamed) Imperial Noble Consort Zhemin 1731 1731
3 Kurun Princess Hejing (固倫和敬公主) Empress Xiaoxianchun 28 June 1731 15 August 1792 Sebutengbalezhu'er (色布騰巴勒珠爾) of the Borjigit clan
4 Heshuo Princess Hejia (和碩和嘉公主) Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui 24 December 1745 29 October 1767 Fulong'an (福隆安) of the Fuca (富察) clan
5 (Unnamed) Empress Ulanara 1753 1755
6 (Unnamed) Noble Consort Xin 24 August 1755 27 September 1758
7 Kurun Princess Hejing (固倫和靜公主) Empress Xiaoyichun 10 August 1756 9 February 1775 Lawangduo'erji (拉旺多爾濟) of the Borjigit clan
8 (Unnamed) Noble Consort Xin 1758 1767
9 Heshuo Princess Hege (和碩和恪公主) Empress Xiaoyichun 17 August 1758 14 April 1780 Zhalantai (札蘭泰) of the Uya (烏雅) clan.
10 Kurun Princess Hexiao (固倫和孝公主) Consort Dun 2 February 1775 13 October 1823 Fengshen Yinde (豐紳殷德) of the Niuhuru clan
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