é luó zuòzhělièbiǎo
jīn Pushkin míng Yi Mingqiū qiē Qiuteqiefu
lāi méng tuō Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontovān nián Annenski 'ěr méng Balmont
suǒ luò Suoluoguboméi liè Dimitrij Sergeevic Mereskovskijān · bié léi An Bely
luò wéi Luoheweici Kaja liè He Liebo Melnikov míng Kuzmin
'ěr · xiè wéi níng 伊戈尔谢维里亚 Ning Vladimir Mayakovsky shān · luò Alexander Blok
liú suǒ Cult Bo Gippius níng Ivan Bunin
· suǒ luò wéi yuē 弗索洛维约夫 · luò shēn 马沃洛 applicationhuò xiè wéi Khodasevich
Poplavski liào Gumilyovā tuō Anna Akhmatova
wéi Marina Tsvetaevamàn 'ěr shī Osip Mandelstam jié 'ěr Boris Pasternak
sài níng Sergei Yesenin 'ěr · Vladimir Nabokovwéi · wàn nuò Weiyayiwan Ivanov
ān liè · niè xīng 安德列沃兹涅 Xing Skiā lín Bella Akhmadulina
xiǎo Nikita Khrushchev
é luó lián  (1894niánsìyuè17rì1971niánjiǔyuè11rì)
· xiè 'ěr gài wéi · xiǎo
kāiduānzhōngjié
zàiwèi1953nián1964nián

   · xiè 'ěr gài wéi · xiǎo é : НикитаСергеевичХрущёв, guó yīn biāo: [nʲɪˈkʲitəsʲɪˈrgʲejɪvʲɪtɕxruˈɕːof], 1894 nián 4 yuè 17 1971 nián 9 yuè 11 ), nuò chū shēngzài shì shìcéng dān rèn lián zuì gāo lǐng dǎo rénrèn nèi duì lián fāng miàn shí xíng gǎi
  
   zǎo
  
   xiǎo chū shēn bēi wēizǎo nián cháng zài lán gōng zuòfàng guò zhū guò gōngcéng rèn lán shū èr zhàn jiān céng cān zhǐ huī lín gōng fáng zhàn bǎo wèi zhànzài lán jiān de nóng zhèng xiāng duì shíshǐ lán de liáng shí shēng chǎn zài lián huà yùn dòng zhī hòu dào liǎo dìng huī
  
   quán dǒu zhēng
  
   cóng 1953 nián 9 yuè 7 zhì 1964 nián 10 yuè 14 rèn gòng zhōng yāng shū luò tuō - lín tuán bèi děng zhèng shàng tái 1958 nián- 1964 nián dān rèn lián cháng huì zhù
   lǐng dǎo shí
   guó nèi zhèng
   zhèng zhì
  
   zài gòng 'èr shí shàng xiǎo tōng guò bào gào de fāng shìjiē liǎo lín zài qīng zhōng de bào xíngjié shù liǎo lín shí dàiér zhè fèn bào gào bèi fāng jiàndié suǒ jié huò bìng jiāng wàn duō yuán wén gōng kāizhèn hàn liǎo shì jiè guó gòng chǎn zhù yùn dòngxiān liǎo shì jiè fàn wéi de lín huà yùn dòng xiǎo tíng zhǐ liǎo lián guó nèi de guī zhèng zhì zhèn bìng zài quán guó fàn wéi nèi píng fǎn liǎo jìn qiān wàn rén de yuān jiǎ cuò 'ànshì fàng liǎo jué duō shù zhōng de zhèng zhì fàn
  
   ér lián de zhī shí fènzǐ cóng lín shí dài de zhèng zhì kǒng zhōng huò jiě fàng zài rèn jiān lián de zhèng zhì hòu kōng qián kuān sōngsuǒ 'ěr rén qín děng zuò jiā gōng kāi chū bǎn zuò pǐn lián zhú jiàn biàn wéi zhèng cháng shè huì
  
   xiǎo duì tōng qún zhòng kāi fàng lín lín gōngbìng xiāo liǎo zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo de shū gōngjǐ guān liáo gànbù de zhǒng quán shū jīn tiē”, shēn mín xīndàn zhāo zhì guān yuán mǎn de yóu huà zhèng gèng wéi lín shí dài de zhě suǒ tòng hèn de lǐng dǎo fēng suī rán bèi hěn duō rén rèn wéi shì chōng mǎn huó dàn bèi lìng xiē rén rèn wéi shì jìn mào xiǎnyòu rén shuō shì mǎng de gǎi jiā”。
   jīng
  
   xiǎo cháng shì duì lián de jīng bié shì nóng jìn xíng gǎi shì gǎi biàn guòfèn zhōng de nóng guǎn zhìkuò nóng zhuāng guó yíng nóng chǎng de zhù quánxuē jiǎn nóng shuì gāo nóng chǎn pǐn shōu gòu jià guī kāi kěn huāng zhòngzhí xiǎo hái duì gōng guǎn zhì jìn xíng liǎo gǎi kuò liǎo fāng quán dàn méi yòu shǐ huò zhù de jīng wèi
   jūn shì
  
   xiǎo zhòng shì zhàn lüè de zuò yòng liàng cái jiǎn jūn hǎi jūnyǐn lián jūn jiè rén shì de mǎnrèn nèi lián chéng gōng shè liǎo shì jiè shàng rén zào wèi xīngbìng jiāng rén lèi wèi háng yuán jiā jiā lín sòng shàng tài kōngxiǎn shì liǎo lián dāng shí qiáng de guó xiān jìn
   wài jiāo guó fáng zhèng
  
   xiǎo zhù zhāng dōng fāng huǎn miǎn zhàn zhēngduì wài zhù zhāngsān xiàn”, píng gòng chù píng jìng zhēng píng guò céng fǎng wèn guò zhōng guó bìng duì máo dōng de suǒ wèi rén mín gōng shè yùn dòng yuè jìn shēng guò zhēng lùn chēng lián de gòng chǎn zhù shì chī líng shǔ shāo niú ròuzhōng guó de gòng chǎn zhù shì guō qīng shuǐ tānɡ”。 wén shí chēng wéixiàn dài xiū zhèng zhù ”。 zài 1959 nián 7 yuè xíng de měi guó guó jiā lǎn huì( AmericanNationalExhibition) kāi shì shàng shí rèn měi guó zǒng tǒng de chá · sōng zhǎn kāi guò yīcháng zhù míng de guān měi shí xíng tài zhàn zhēng de lùn zhànshǐ chēngchú fáng biàn lùn”。 duō fǎng wèn měi guó děng fāng guó jiādàn de duì wài zhèng réng rán dǎo zhì měi duì kàng shì lěng zhàn jiān de lián zhù yào lǐng dǎo rén 'èr bólín wēi dǎo dàn wēi děng shì jiàn de zhù yào cèhuà zhě
  “ tuì xiū
  
  1964 nián 10 yuè 14 dāng xiǎo zài hēi hǎi zhī bīn jiǎ shí liè niè děng rén zài dòng liǎo zhèng biàn ( guó jiā 'ān quán wěi yuán huì zhù xiè qià nèi de huí zhǐ chū : liè niè xiè shì yòng tóng shǒu duàn 'àn shā xiǎo dàn xiè shì tóng ), xiǎo bèi miǎn chú liǎo qiē zhí qiǎngpòtuì xiū”, chéng wéi shū yǎng lǎo jīn lǐng zhě”, cóng gōng zhòng shì zhōng xiāo shī
  
   xià tái hòu guǎ huān de xiǎo zài xiāng jiān yǐn zài ruǎn jìn zhuàng tài xià de zài zhè duàn jiān zhuàn xiě liǎo huí xiáng shù liǎo de zhèng zhì shēng liǎo hěn duō zhòng shì jiàn de nèi qíngzài bèi xiàn hòu liè niè yán jìn cóng shì huí xiě zuòbìng cǎi qiè tīng děng shǒu duàn lái jiā qiáng jiān shì yán xíng xiǎo duì kàng shuō :“ lián jiā de suǒ dōuyòu qiè tīng men huā fèi rén mín de shuì jīnjiù shì wèile qiè tīng fàng ?” bèi de xiǎo háo ràng zhí dào rén huí wán chéng de jiā rén zài lián mòshōu shū gǎo yīn dài de qíng kuàng xià jiāng shū gǎo yìn jiàn yùn sòng dào fāng yóu 'ěr · láo 'ēn gōng chū bǎn
  
  1971 nián 9 yuè 11 céng jīng chì chà shí de xiǎo zài chén zhōng bìng shìzàng xīn shèng xiū dào yuàn gōng dāng shí de lián bào zhǐ zài bào dào zhōng shèn zhì méi yòu míng xiǎn chū de míng ér qún zhòng de guī zhān yǎngjìng shǐ liè niè xià lìng guān xīn shèng gōng
   chéng
  
   xiǎo de rèn zhě liè niè jīhū jiāng xiǎo rèn nèi de gǎi quán xiāo
   píng jià
  
   xiǎo de xīn zhèng měng liè chōng liǎoshén shèng qīn fànde lín shì kāi liǎo lián shè huì zhù gǎi de zhá mén yòu tàn suǒ xìng kāi chuàng xìngdàn shìyóu quē zhèng què de lùn zhǐ dǎo zǒng de guī huá xué de shí yàn wèi néng cóng gēn běn shàng lín shì yòu shǐ xué jiā rèn wéishì xiǎo de gǎi shǐ lián shè huì chóngxīn huàn liǎo huó cái yòu liǎo hòu lái liè niè shí dài de duǎn zàn fán róng
   wén
  
  * xiǎo chū shēn bēi wēi jiǔjiǎng huà wén hùn luànchuānzhuó guò shí 'ér fēng tài shēng yìng 'ér zhǐ ér qiě cháng cháng biǎo qīng shuài shī dāng de shēng míngjiǎng huà lái suǒ yán guò shíyīn zài duō fāng guān chá jiā [ shuí? ] yǎn lián gěi lín xuē dōubù pèi
  * zài 1960 nián 10 yuè lián guó huì huì jiāndāng fěi bīn dài biǎo yán pēng lián zài dōng 'ōu gān de zhèng shì men suǒ fǎn duì de zhí mín zhù shí xiǎo tuō xià xiéqiāo zhuō biǎo shì kàng chéng wéi zhù míng de wài jiāo shì jiànrán 'érhòu lái jīng guò duì xiàn chǎng zhào piàn de fēn xiàn shí de qíng kuàng shì xiǎo zài shǒu xié qiāo de tóng shí de liǎng zhǐ jiǎo shàng shí chuānzhuó xié jiù shì shuō xiǎo qián jiù bèi liǎo zhǐ 'é wài de xié bìng shì shí xīng tuō xià xié kàng zhè dòng shì jīng xīn 'ān pái guò dediǎn xíng de lián kǒnghè shì wài jiāo shǒu duàn
  * guān zhù nóng rèn wéi měi guó rén liàng zhòngzhí lián rén gāi luò hòu 'ér zài quán guó tuī guǎng yùn dòng
  * xiǎo zhí zhì xià hòu dēng kǒu shíjǐng chá cái xiàn rén · luó méi yòu zuò guò zhèng shì de hūn yīn dēng


  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (English pronunciation: /nɪˈkiːtə sɜrˈɡeɪ.əvɪtʃ ˈkrʊʃ.tʃɛv/) (April 15, 1894 – September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the world's early space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev.
  
  Khrushchev was born in the Russian village of Kalinovka in 1894. He was employed as a metalworker in his youth, and during the Russian Civil War was a political commissar. With the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Stalin's purges, and approved thousands of arrests. In 1939, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the "Great Patriotic War" (World War II), Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers.
  
  Stalin's political heirs fought for power after his death in 1953, a struggle in which Khrushchev, after several years, emerged triumphant. In 1956, at the Twentieth Party Congress, he delivered the "Secret Speech", vilifying Stalin and ushering in a less repressive era in the Soviet Union. His domestic policies, aimed at bettering the lives of ordinary Soviets, were often ineffective, especially in the area of agriculture. Hoping eventually to rely on missiles for national defense, Khrushchev ordered major military cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchev's rule saw the tensest years of the Cold War, culminating in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
  
  Flaws in Khrushchev's policies eroded his popularity and emboldened potential opponents, who quietly rose in strength and deposed the premier in October 1964. However, he did not suffer the deadly fate of previous losers of Soviet power struggles, and was pensioned off with an apartment in Moscow and a dacha in the countryside. His lengthy memoirs were smuggled to the West and published in part in 1970. Khrushchev died in 1971 of heart disease.
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