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明妮·魏特琳
明妮·魏特琳1886 nián 9 yuè 27 rì chū shēng zài měi guó yī lì nuò zhōu de xī kē 'ěr xiǎo zhèn。 jiā jìng bù yù， cóng xiǎo yǎng chéng liǎo chī kǔ nài láo、 qín fèn yǒng gǎn de gè xìng。 1921 nián tā yǐ dì 'èr míng de yōu yì chéng jì bì yè yú yī lì nuò zhōu dà xué， tóng shí jué dìng dào zhōng guó。 chū dào zhōng guó 'ān huī， jiàn nǚ zǐ duō bù shí zì， biàn shǐ zhì tuī dòng zhōng guó nǚ zǐ jiào yù， chuàng bàn liǎo hé féi sān qīng nǚ zǐ zhōng xué。 1919 nián míng nī yìng pìn jīn líng nǚ zǐ dà xué， zhǎng guǎn xiào wù， chóu jiàn xīn xiào yuán， bìng gǔ lì xué shēng zǒu chū xiàng yá tǎ， xiàn shēn shè huì， wéi qióng kǔ sì lín fú wù， pì rú wéi lín jū fù nǚ kāi kè jiǎng shòu wèi shēng zhī shí， měi zhōu liǎng cì wéi xiào yuán sì zhōu de pín mín kàn bìng děng， fā yáng guāng dà liǎo jīn nǚ dà xiào xùn héng héng héng hòu shēng jīng shén。 míng nī hái lì yòng xiūjià dào 'ōu、 měi jìn xiū xué xí， bǎ dān mài、 hé lán de chéng rén jiào yù tuī guǎng dào zhōng guó， duì zhōng guó nǚ zǐ jiào yù gōng bù kě méi。
cóng 1937 nián 8 yuè 12 rì kāi shǐ， dào 1940 nián 4 yuè， tā jīhū měi tiān dū jiān chí xiě rì jì， bìng měi yuè dìng qī jiāng qí yóu jì gěi měi guó hǎo yǒu， yǐ biàn tā men gèng hǎo dì liǎo jiě zhōng guó shí shì。 dāng shí zài měi guó de hǎo yǒu rèn wéi wèi tè lín de rì jì hěn yòu jià zhí， yú shì jiāng tā jì gěi 'é hài 'é zhōu xīn xīn nà tí shì de《 tóng xué》 (TheClassmate) shàng fā biǎo。 20 shì jì 80 nián dài zhōng qī， rén men zài zhěng lǐ chuán jiào shì dàng 'àn zī liào shí， fā xiàn liǎo wèi tè lín rì jì yuán gǎo。 90 nián dài chū， yé lǔ dà xué shén xué yuàn tú shū guǎn tè cáng shì de sī mò lì nǚ shì， jiàn yú wèi tè lín rì jì jù yòu jí gāo de dàng 'àn shǐ liào jià zhí， duì wèi tè lín rì jì yuán gǎo jìn xíng liǎo zhěng lǐ， bìng jiāng qí zhì chéng suō wēi jiāojuǎn， gōng lì shǐ dàng 'àn xué zhě yán jiū shǐ yòng。
yóu yú wèi tè lín dāng shí suǒ zài de jīn líng nǚ zǐ wén lǐ xué yuàn shì zhuān mén shōu róng fù nǚ nànmín de nànmín suǒ， zài qīn huá rì jūn nán jīng dà tú shā qī jiān， zhè lǐ chéng liǎo rì jūn shí xíng xìng bào lì de zhòng yào mù biāo， zuò wéi gāi nànmín suǒ de fù zé rén， wèi tè lín de gè rén qīn lì dàng 'àn héng héng héng rì jì， jiù shì jiē lù qīn huá rì jūn xìng bào xíng zuì jù shuō fú lì de zhèng jù， rú rì jūn tú chéng de dì 'èr tiān (1937 nián 12 yuè 17 rì xīng qī wǔ )： “ yòu yòu xǔ duō pí bèi bù kān、 shén qíng jīng kǒng de fù nǚ lái liǎo， shuō tā men guò liǎo yī gè kǒng bù zhī yè。 rì běn bīng bù duàn dì guāng gù tā men de jiā。 cóng 12 suì de shàonǚ dào 60 suì de lǎo fù dōubèi qiáng jiān。 zhàng fū men bèi pò lí kāi wò shì， huái yùn de qī zǐ bèi cì dāo pōu fù。 ” rú 1937 nián 12 yuè 16 rì ( xīng qī sì ) de yī duàn rì jì：“ wǒ bù zhī dào jīn tiān yòu duō shǎo wú gū、 qín láo de nóng mín hé gōng rén bèi shā hài。 wǒ men ràng suǒ yòu 40 suì yǐ shàng de fù nǚ huí jiā yǔ tā men de zhàng fū jí 'ér zǐ zài yī qǐ， jǐn ràng tā men de nǚ 'ér hé 'ér xí liú xià。 jīn yè wǒ men yào zhào kàn sì qiān duō míng fù nǚ hé 'ér tóng。 bù zhī dào zài zhè zhǒng yā lì xià wǒ men hái néng jiān chí duō jiǔ， zhè shì yī zhǒng wú yǐ míng zhuàng de kǒng bù。”
1937 nián 11 yuè 11 rì yè， shàng hǎi wán quán lún xiàn， rì jūn fēn sān lù pū xiàng nán jīng。 zài suǒ jīng zhī chù jiān yín、 lǔ lüè、 shāo shā wú 'è bù zuò。 12 yuè 5 rì， rì jūn wèi jīng jī liè zhàn dǒu， jiù jìn zhù nán jīng gè yào zhèn。 shàng hǎi“ bā · yī sān” shì biàn hòu， guó mín zhèng fǔ wéi 'ān quán jì， míng lìng：“ jiē jìn zhàn qū gè dà xué lìng chóu kāi xué bàn fǎ。” nán jīng jīn líng nǚ zǐ wén lǐ xué yuàn dì chù nán jīng shì zhōng xīn， wú yí fāng xiào cháng hé tā de tóng shì men jīng guò shāng yì jué dìng： zài xiào jiào zhí gōng fēn chéng liǎng dà bù fēn： yī bù fēn xī qiān bàn xué， yī bù fēn liú xiào běn bù bǎo hù xiào chǎn， jiù jì nànmín。 liú xiào jiào zhí gōng zǔ chéng zhù xiào wéi chí wěi yuán huì， tuī měi jí jiào shòu huá qún nǚ shì wéi zhù rèn。 qí shí， zài nán jīng de wài jí rén shì jué dà duō shù yǐ táo lí， liú xià de yī 'èr shí wèi wài guó rén tǐng shēn 'ér chū， zǔ zhì“ nán jīng 'ān quán qū guó jì wěi yuán huì”。 zài zhōng guó zhèng fǔ zhī chí xià， huá chū yǐ jīn líng dà xué、 jīn líng nǚ zǐ wén lǐ xué yuàn wéi zhōng xīn zhì gǔ lóu、 xīn jiē kǒu yuē 4 píng fāng gōng lǐ de guó jì 'ān quán qū。 wéi guǎn lǐ hé zhào hù 'ān quán qū jūn mín de xū yào， hòu yòu qǐng qiú shàng hǎi guó jì hóng shí zì huì hé zhōng guó hóng shí zì huì chéng rèn， chéng lì liǎo“ guó jì hóng shí zì huì nán jīng wěi yuán huì”， huá qún wéi gāi huì de huì yuán， jīn nǚ yuàn bèi guó jì wěi yuán huì zhǐ pài wéi 'ān quán qū lǐ zhuān mén shōu róng fù rú de bìnàn suǒ， huá qún nǚ shì dān qǐ liǎo zǔ zhǐ rì jūn qiáng bào zhōng guó fù nǚ de jiān jù rèn wù。 huá nǚ shì lín wēi shòu mìng， bù gǎn yí wù。 wèi tè lín zì jǐ shuō， tā de rì jì shì“ chōu kōng xiě de héng héng héng yòu xiē shì zài kōng xí de jiànxì xiě de； yòu xiē shì jīng guò yī tiān màn cháng 'ér fán máng de gōng zuò hòu yú yè wǎn xiě de” (1937 nián 9 yuè 26 rì )， dàn zhè bìng bù yǐng xiǎng tā de zhòng yào jià zhí， fǎn 'ér ràng hòu rén qīn pèi tā rén gé de mèi lì。
12 yuè 13 rì chén， rì jūn shǒu pī yóu zhōng huá mén rù chéng hòu， dào chù jiān yín lüè shāo shā。 cǐ shí fù nǚ 'ér tóng fēng yōng 'ér lái jīn nǚ yuàn de nànmín shōu róng suǒ。 yòu qīng nián fù nǚ zhuāng bàn chéng lǎo fù de， yòu nǚ bàn nán zhuāng de， hái yòu lǎo fù、 ér tóng hé nán rén， yī gè gè jīng kǒng wàn fēn。 huá nǚ shì shǒu zhe dà mén quàn shuō， wèile duō bǎo hù yī xiē nián qīng nǚ zǐ hé 'ér tóng， qǐng nán shì hé lǎo fù huí jiā。 nànmín men kū zhe qiú zhe， zhǐ yào néng zài cǎo píng shàng yòu yī gè lì zú zhī dì。 bǎo hù shàng wàn fù rú de rén shēng 'ān quán， zài dāng shí tè shū de huán jìng lǐ， tán hé róng yì！ huá nǚ shì miàn duì de shì yī qún bǐ yě shòu gèng wéi xiōng cán de rì běn qīn lüè bīng， tā men bù kě lǐ yù。 měi guó jiào huì xué xiào de pái zǐ， guó jì 'ān quán qū de bù gào， duì tā men méi yòu rèn hé yuē shù lì。 zài rì jūn jìn chéng de tóu 10 tiān lǐ， měi tiān zhì shǎo yòu 10 dào 20 qún rì běn bīng dào jīn nǚ yuàn zhuā rén， qiáng jiān fù nǚ、 qiǎng jié qián cái。 tā men bù jǐn cóng xué xiào de dà mén、 cè mén qiáng xíng rù nèi， hái yòu fān yuè wéi qiáng jìn xiào yuán， gèng yòu yè jiān cóng xué xiào dī 'ǎi de lí bā shàng pá guò lái， zài wú dēng guāng de dà lóu lǐ， lóu shàng lóu xià luàn mō yī qì， mō zhe nǎ yī gè jiù duì tā qiáng jiān。
huá qún nǚ shì yī miàn zǔ zhì xiào nèi jiào zhí yuán gōng xún luó xiào yuán， yī miàn qǐng lái zài“ guó jì 'ān quán qū” fú wù de wài jí nán shì lún liú shǒu yè。 tā zì jǐ gèng shì rì yè cāo láo， bù shì shǒu zài mén fáng， jiù shì bèi jiào qù zǔ zhǐ jìn xiào lái jiān lüè de rì bīng， cóng tā men shǒu lǐ duó huí zhōng guó fù nǚ。 tā zhěng tiān wú fǎ chī shàng yī cān 'ān dùn de fàn， wú fǎ shuì shàng yī gè 'ān dùn de jué。 bù shǎo rì bīng yīn cǐ nǎo nù， ná zhe xuè jì bān bān de cì dāo wēi xié tā； hái yòu de yě mán dì dǎ tā 'ěr guāng。 huá nǚ shì dū rěn shòu liǎo， tā zì jué dì chéng dān liǎo bǎo hù wàn yú míng zhōng guó fù nǚ 'ér tóng de zhòng rèn， tā shuō， jīn nǚ yuàn jiù shì wǒ de jiā， wǒ jué bù lí kāi tā。
zài nànmín suǒ lǐ， xǔ duō nànmín shī sàn liǎo qīn rén， shēng lí sǐ bié de tòng kǔ lǒngzhào zhe nànmín yíng。 huá nǚ shì 'ān wèi gǔ lì tā men， gěi tā men shèng lì de xìn xīn hé shēng huó de yǒng qì， tā shuō，“ zhōng guó méi yòu wáng， zhōng guó bù huì wáng， rì běn yī dìng huì shī bài。” tóng shí tā wéi nànmín xún zhǎo shī sàn de qīn rén。 měi tiān zǎo shàng， tā dū pài yuán gōng dào nànmín zhōng qù dēng jì， xiě shàng shī sàn rén de xìng míng， rán hòu yóu tā zhuǎn jiāo 'ān quán qū guó jì wěi yuán huì huò jiāo rì běn shǐ guǎn， cuī cù tā men qù shè fǎ xún zhǎo。 1937 nián 11 yuè xià xún， gōng zhàn shàng hǎi de rì jūn bīng fēn sān lù xiàng nán jīng jìn bī yǔ bāo chāo。 12 yuè 1 rì， měi guó dà shǐ guǎn zuì hòu yī cì zhào jí suǒ yòu shàng zhì liú nán jīng de wéi shù bù duō de měi guó gōng mín， jǐng gào tā men：“ zài bù chè lí， yǐ hòu wǒ men jiāng wú fǎ bǎo zhèng nǐ men de shēng mìng 'ān quán。” wèi tè lín zài cì jiān dìng dì biǎo shì：“ wǒ bù néng zài zhè gè shí hòu pāo kāi zhōng guó！” rán hòu， tā zài dà shǐ guǎn chū shì de“ wú lùn rú hé yě bù lí níng” de zhèng shū shàng qiān shàng zì jǐ de xìng míng héng héng héng zhè yǐ jīng shì tā dì sì cì zhèng zhòng jù jué liǎo měi guó dà shǐ guǎn yào tā lí kāi nán jīng de qǐng qiú。
1937 nián 12 yuè 13 rì， rì jūn gōng rù nán jīng chéng， yī zhí shēng huó zài hé píng huán jìng yǔ gōng zuò zài xué xiào zhōng de wèi tè lín dì yī cì mù dǔ liǎo rì jūn lìng rén fàzhǐ de bào xíng， gǎn dào zhèn jīng yǔ fèn nù。 12 yuè 16 rì tā zài rì jì zhōng xiě dào：“ jīn wǎn yī liàng zài yòu 8 héng héng héng 10 míng nǚ zǐ de chē zǐ cóng wǒ men zhè 'ér jīng guò。 dāng chē zǐ kāi guò shí， tā men gāo hǎn ‘ jiù mìng， jiù mìng ’。 jiē shàng hé shān xià bù shí chuán lái de qiāng shēng， shǐ wǒ yì shí dào yòu yòu yī xiē rén zāo shòu
jìn guǎn jīn nǚ dà xiào yuán mén kǒu guà zhe měi guó guó qí yǔ rì běn dà shǐ guǎn de gōng gào， dàn duì xiōng bào fā kuáng de rì jūn guān bīng yǐ bù qǐ zuò yòng。 měi tiān dōuyòu chéng pī de rì jūn huò cóng xiào mén kǒu qiáng xíng rù xiào， huò pá guò wéi qiáng rù xiào。 wèi tè lín yī huì 'ér shǒu zài dà mén kǒu， lán zǔ hèchì qǐ tú qiáng xíng rù xiào de rì jūn， yī huì 'ér yòu gǎn dào xiào nèi qí tā dì fāng gǎn zǒu tōu pá jìn qiáng de rì jūn。 zhèng rú tā zài 12 yuè 16 rì de rì jì zhōng suǒ xiě：“ yī tiān zhōng de dà duō shù shí jiān wǒdōu xiàng wèi bīng yī yàng shǒu wèi zài qián mén huò shì bèi jiào qù chù lǐ qí tā wèn tí héng héng héng páo dào xué xiào de qí tā dì fāng qù duì fù jìn rù xiào yuán de yī pī yòu yī pī rì běn bīng。” yòu xǔ duō wǎn shàng tā dōushì hé yī 'ér shuì， yǐ biàn néng suí shí qǐ lái qù yìng duì tū fā shì jiàn。 tā hái zǔ zhì qǐ xún luó duì， rì yè shǒu wèi xiào yuán， bǎo hù nànmín de 'ān quán。 wèi tè lín zuò wéi nán jīng dà tú shā de zhòng yào jiàn zhèng rén， tā zài rì jì zhōng xiě dào：“ wǒ men zhè xiē rén rèn wéi zhàn zhēng shì mín zú de zuì xíng， shì wéi fǎn zài tiān dì wàn wù xīn líng shēn chù chuàng shì jīng shén de yī zhǒng zuì guò， dàn wǒ men kě yǐ bǎ zì jǐ de lì liàng fèng xiàn gěi nà xiē wú gū shòu hài zhě， yǐ jí xiàn gěi nà xiē jiā tíng bèi shāo、 bèi qiǎng， huò shì nà xiē zài zhàn zhēng shí qī bèi dà pào、 fēi jī zhà shāng de rén， bāng zhù tā men kāng fù。” yī cì， tā kàn jiàn yī gè zhōng guó xiǎo nán hái dài zhe zhè yàng de bì zhāng lái gěi zhù zài jīn nǚ dà de jiě jiě sòng fàn， biàn shàng qián duì nà xiǎo hái shuō：“ nǐ bù yòng pèi dài tài yáng qí， nǐ shì zhōng guó rén， nǐ men de guó jiā méi yòu wáng！ nǐ yào jì zhù shì nǎ nián nǎ yuè dài guò zhè gè dōng xī de， nǐ yǒng yuǎn bù yào wàng jì！” shuō zhe， tā bāng nà gè nán hái bǎ nà bì zhāng qǔ liǎo xià lái。 tā zài rì jì zhōng xiě dào：“ cóng jūn shì jiǎo dù 'ér yán， zhàn lǐng nán jīng yě xǔ huì bèi rèn wéi shì rì jūn de yī gè shèng lì， dàn cóng dào yì fāng miàn 'ér yán， zhè shì shī bài， shì rì běn mín zú de chǐ rǔ。”
1938 nián， guó mín zhèng fǔ shòu yú tā jiǎng lì wài qiáo de zuì gāo róng yù héng héng héng lán、 bái、 hóng sān sè jīn shòu héng héng héng cǎi yù xūn zhāng。 wèi tè lín zài nà jǐn zhāng kǒng bù de rì zǐ lǐ， dān jīng jié lǜ gōng zuò liǎo shù shí gè rì rì yè yè。 guò dù de pí láo yǔ cháng qī de jīng shén yā lì yán zhòng shāng hài liǎo tā de shēn tǐ， tā zài cǐ qī jiān de rì jì zhōng cháng cháng xiě dào：“ tài juàn liǎo， juàn dé lián zì dū xiě bù chū lái，”“ juàn dé wú fǎ sī kǎo”。 tā zài jiù hù liǎo xǔ xǔ duō duō de zhōng guó nànmín yǔ zhōng guó fù nǚ yǐ hòu， zì jǐ dé liǎo yán zhòng de jīng shén yōu yù zhèng。 1940 nián 5 yuè 14 rì， tā zài duō fāng de quàn shuō xià lí kāi nán jīng huí měi guó zhì bìng。 tā zài rì jì zhōng xiě dào：“ duō nián lái wǒ shēn shēn dì 'ài zhe jīn nǚ dà， bìng qiě shì tú jìn lì bāng zhù tā。” tā zhè yàng shuō liǎo， yě què shí zhè yàng zuò liǎo。 dàn shì xiàn zài tā jiāng bù dé bù lí kāi tā wú xiàn rè 'ài de zhè yī qiē liǎo。 1941 nián 5 yuè 14 rì， yě jiù shì tā lí kāi zhōng guó yī zhōu nián de rì zǐ， tā xuǎn zé zhè yī yòu yì yì de rì zǐ， jié shù liǎo zì jǐ de shēng mìng， nián jǐn 55 suì。 lín zhōng qián réng rán shuō：“ wǒ yòu liǎng gè shēng mìng， réng yuàn wéi huá rén fú wù。” tā de mù bēi shàng kè zhe sì gè zhōng wén hàn zì：“ jīn líng yǒng shēng”。
tú wéi nán jīng shī fàn dà xué de míng nī · wèi tè lín tóng xiàng
BiographyMinnie Vautrin was born in Secor, Illinois. She was hard working and spent much of her childhood and teen years earning money to attend college. At 17, she attended Illinois State University in Normal, Illinois. She then graduated from the University of Illinois. She began a career in teaching, starting with high school in LeRoy, Illinois.
In 1912, Vautrin made her way to China as a missionary and teacher. During her first few years there she helped found a girls school in Luchowfu. After her first furlough, she returned and helped build and found Ginling Girls College in Nanjing, where she eventually took over as Master of Studies.
When the Japanese army invaded Battle of Nanjing in December 1937, she and the other foreigners in the city, including John Rabe, worked to protect the civilians in the Nanking Safety Zone. Ginling Girls College became a haven of refuge, at times harboring up to 10,000 women in a college designed to support between 200 and 300. With only her wits and the use of an American flag, Vautrin was largely able to repel incursions into her college.
Minnie recounted the horrors of the war in her diary in 1937:
"There probably is no crime that has not been committed in this city today. Thirty girls were taken from language school last night, and today I have heard scores of heartbreaking stories of girls who were taken from their homes last night—one of the girls was but 12 years old. Food, bedding and money have been taken from people. … I suspect every house in the city has been opened, again and yet again, and robbed. Tonight a truck passed in which there were eight or ten girls, and as it passed they called out "Jiu ming! Jiu ming!"—save our lives. The occasional shots that we hear out on the hills, or on the street, make us realize the sad fate of some man—very probably not a soldier."
On 19 December:
"In my wrath, I wished I had the power to smite them for their dastardly work. How ashamed women of Japan would be if they knew these tales of horror."
In 1938, she wrote in her diary that she had to go to the Japanese embassy repeatedly from December 18 to January 13 to get proclamations to prohibit Japanese soldiers from committing crimes at Ginling because the soldiers tore the documents up before taking women away.
In 1940, weary and stressed, Vautrin took a furlough again from her work. A few months later, haunted by the images she saw and feeling responsible for not being able to save more lives, Vautrin committed suicide by turning on the stove gas in her small apartment in Indianapolis.
After the war, Vautrin was posthumously awarded the Emblem of the Blue Jade by the Chinese government for her sacrifices during the Nanjing Massacre. Her work saving the lives of Chinese civilians during the massacre is recounted in the biographical book, American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking, written by historian Hua-ling Hu.
In the documentary film Nanking, Vautrin was portrayed by actress Mariel Hemingway, who recited excerpts from Vautrin's diary.
References in popular cultureThe hardcore band Hiretsukan honors Wilhelmina Vautrin in their song Song For Wilhelmina Vautrin on their 2005 record End States (lyrics).
In the 2009 movie on John Rabe, Minnie Vautrin is replaced by a fictive Valérie Dupres of an "International Girls College" as an important fellow Nanking Safety Zone committee member.
In Nanjing Requiem, a 2011 novel by Chinese-born writer and Boston University professor Ha Jin, Ha writes from the perspective of a fictionalized assistant to Vautrin named Anling Gao.