fǎ guó wéi xī fǎ guó  (1856niánsìyuè24rì～1951niánqīyuè23rì)

kāiduān zhōngjié zàiwèi 1940nián 1940nián 

　　hēng lì · fěi lì pǔ · bèi dāng（ fǎ yǔ： HenriPhilippePétain， 1856 nián 4 yuè 24 rì － 1951 nián 7 yuè 23 rì）， fǎ guó lù jūn jiànglǐng、 zhèng zhì jiā， yě shì fǎ guó wéi xī zhèng fǔ de yuán shǒu， zǒng lǐ。 tā céng zài dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn qī jiān dān rèn fǎ jūn zǒng sī lìng， dài lǐng fǎ guó yǔ dé guó duì zhàn， bèi rèn wéi shì mín zú yīng xióng， 1918 nián shēng rèn fǎ guó yuán shuài， dàn 1940 nián rèn fǎ guó zǒng lǐ shí， tā xiàng dé guó tóu jiàng， zhì jīn zài fǎ guó réng bèi shì wéi pàn guó zhě， zhàn hòu bèi pàn sǐ xíng， hòu gǎi pàn zhōng shēn jiān jìn。
　　
　　 zǎo nián
　　
　　 bèi dāng shì yī gè tiān zhù jiào nóng mín zhī zǐ， zài 1876 nián jiā rù fǎ guó lù jūn。
　　 dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn
　　
　　 bèi dāng zài yī cì dà zhàn qī jiān chéng wéi fǎ guó yīng xióng， bèi chēng wéi “ fán 'ěr dēng de jiù xīng ”。 zài 1914 nián kāi zhàn shí， bèi dāng shì yī gè zhèng dài tuì xiū de shàng xiào， zhàn zhēng kāi shǐ hòu bèi shēng wéi lǚ cháng， hòu shēng wéi shī cháng ， zài 10 yuè rèn dì 'èr jūn jūn cháng， 1915 nián 7 yuè shēng wéi dì 'èr jūn tuán sī lìng， zài 1916 nián de fán 'ěr dēng zhàn yì zhōng zhǐ huī dāng dì fǎ jūn jī tuì dé jūn jìn gōng。 1917 nián bèi dāng shēng wéi fǎ guó lù jūn zǒng sī lìng， 1918 nián 11 yuè shēng rèn fǎ guó yuán shuài。
　　 liǎng cì dà zhàn jiān
　　
　　 bèi dāng zài 1929 nián fú xù yuán shuài shì shì hòu， jì qí wèi chū rèn fǎ lán xī xué yuàn yuàn shì。 1934 nián shí céng jìn rù nèi gé， rèn guó fáng bù cháng yī zhí。
　　 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn jí wéi xī fǎ guó
　　
　　1940 nián 6 yuè， bèi dāng zài dé jūn xiàng fǎ guó nèi lù dà jǔ tuī jìn zhī jì jiù rèn fǎ guó zǒng lǐ， zài 6 yuè 22 rì yǔ dé guó qiān dìng tíng huǒ xié dìng。 gēn jù gāi xié dìng， fǎ guó de dà bù fèn dì qū bèi dé jūn zhàn lǐng， zhǐ yòu nán bù jí dōng nán bù yī dài lì wài。 suí hòu fǎ guó guó huì tōng guò yì 'àn， shòu yú bèi dāng xiàn fǎ、 lì fǎ、 xíng zhèng jí sī fǎ quán lì， bìng zàn tíng xiàn fǎ， lìng bèi dāng yōng yòu dú cái zhě de quán lì。 bèi dāng zhèng fǔ zǒng bù shè zài fǎ guó zhōng bù fēi zhàn lǐng qū de wéi xī， gù bèi chēng“ wéi xī zhèng fǔ”。 wéi xī zhèng fǔ wéi zhóu xīn guó tí gōng dà liàng wù zī， yòu céng xià lìng zài hǎi wài shǔ dì de fǎ jūn duì kàng méng jūn， yǐ jí róng xǔ zhóu xīn jūn zài hǎi wài shǔ dì guò jìng。 1942 nián 11 yuè 11 rì， dé jūn tū rán zhàn lǐng fǎ guó yú xià de fēi zhàn lǐng qū。 1944 nián méng jūn dēng lù fǎ guó hòu， wéi xī zhèng fǔ zài 9 yuè qiān zhì dé guó jìng nèi。
　　 zhàn hòu shěn pàn
　　
　　1945 nián 4 yuè， bèi dāng huí dào fǎ guó jiē shòu pàn guó zuì shěn xùn， qí hòu bèi dìng zuì jí pàn chù sǐ xíng。 bèi dāng zài 8 yuè huò dài gāo lè yǐ nián lǎo wéi lǐ yóu jiǎn xíng zhì zhōng shēn jiān jìn， zài 1951 nián qù shì。

　　Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who reached the distinction of Marshal of France, and was later Chief of State of Vichy France (Chef de l'État Français), from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state.
　　
　　Because of his outstanding military leadership in World War I, particularly during the Battle of Verdun, he was viewed as a hero in France. However, during the 1920s and 1930s, while remaining the highest ranking military authority, he failed to modernize the French military except for the ineffective Maginot Line. After the French defeat in June 1940, Pétain was legally voted in as Head of State (Chef de l'Etat) by the French Parliament. However, Pétain surrendered France to Germany and, along with his cabinet, including later on Pierre Laval, transformed the French Republic into the French State, an authoritarian (not totalitarian) dictatorship administered from the town of Vichy in central France. As the war progressed, the Vichy Government sank deeper into collaboration with the German occupiers which finally took control of the totality of metropolitan France. Petain's actions during World War II resulted in a conviction and death sentence for treason, which was commuted to life imprisonment by Charles de Gaulle. In modern France he is remembered as an ambiguous figure while pétainisme is a derogatory term for certain reactionary policies.

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