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萨克雷萨克雷，William Makepeace Thackeray，1811--1863， 英国小说家。
萨克雷出生于印度加尔各答。父亲是东印度公司的税务员。父亲去世后，6岁的萨克雷被送回英国受教育。1829年入剑桥三一学院，1830年离开剑桥去魏玛学德语，结识了歌德。8个月后回国学法律，但半途而废。1833年去巴黎学习绘画，后担任伦敦《立宪报》驻巴黎记者。1837年返回英国，靠写稿谋生。正当他在事业上崭露头角时，妻子精神失常，东印度银行的破产又使他损失大部分遗产。在此后的十几年间，他为抚养妻子女儿，大量地为杂志写作散文、书评、游记、小说等。早期作品中主要的有《巴利·林登的命运》（1844）。1847年，《势利眼集》和《名利场》先后在《笨拙》杂志上连载。后者奠定了萨克雷讽刺作家的地位。此后，《彭登尼斯》（1848一1850）、《亨利·埃斯蒙德》（1852）、《纽克姆一家》（1854～1835）相继问世。 50年代，萨克雷在剑桥、牛津、爱丁堡讲演，此后又应邀赴美演讲，讲演集分别于 1853、1860年出版。此外还写了不少诗歌和歌谣。 1863年圣诞节前夕，萨克雷因心脏病发作猝死伦敦。
生平
萨克雷是李奇蒙·萨克雷（Richmond Thackeray，1781年9月1日-1815年9月13日）的长子，1811年7月11日在印度的加尔各答出生。父亲是不列颠东印度公司的员工。母亲安妮·贝契尔（Anne Becher，1792年-1864年），是约翰·哈曼·贝契尔（John Harman Becher）与海丽叶特·贝契尔（Harriet Becher）的二女儿，安妮原本和亨利·卡麦可·史密斯（Henry Carmichael Smyth）是一对恋人，可是因为周围人们的反对而将安妮送往印度，在那里她与李奇蒙认识而结婚。不过在那之后却偶然与卡麦可·史密斯再次相遇，在李奇蒙死后5年，萨克雷的母亲安妮改嫁于卡麦可·史密斯。
1816年，5岁的时候，与继父卡麦可·史密斯一起离开印度回到英国。萨克雷由外婆抚养。母亲回国后萨克雷进入了查特豪斯学校（Charterhouse School）就学，认识了知交约翰·李区（John Leech，1817年8月29日-1864年10月29日）。1829年，进入剑桥大学的三一学院就学，一方面将自己的诗词投稿，另一方面热衷于赌博。自大学辍学后，在殴洲大陆各地旅居，过着自由奔放的生活，在这段日子里结识约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德。萨克雷使用父亲的遗产做投资、发行周刊杂志，还想成为独立的画家，可是都宣告失败。加上投资的印度银行代理公司破产，父亲遗产也全数失去。
1836年，与伊莎贝拉·盖辛·萧（Isabella Gethin Shawe，1816年-1893年）结婚，她是马修·萧（Matthew Shawe）的二女儿。萨克雷与伊莎贝拉共有3个女儿，长女安妮·伊莎贝拉·萨克雷·瑞奇（Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie，1837年-1919年），二女儿珍·萨克雷（Jane Thackeray），但只出生8个月就夭折了，小女儿海丽叶特·玛丽安·萨克雷（Harriet Marian Thackeray，1840年-1875年）。
1843年发表了《爱尔兰小品集》，1846年发表《庸人之书》，但是在1848年发表《名利场》时，他的作家才能才受到肯定，与查尔斯·狄更斯并称。1848年~1850年发表《潘丹尼斯》，1852年发表历史小说《亨利·艾斯蒙》，1853年~1855年发表《纽康家》。
1863年12月24日，在写《丹尼斯·杜瓦尔》的时候过世，享年52岁。他下葬于伦敦的肯萨尔园公墓。1864年《丹尼斯·杜瓦尔》发表。
主要作品
- 1838年-1839年：《马伕精粹语录》（Yellowplush Papers）
- 1839年：《凯瑟琳》（Catherine）
- 1840年：《水手日记》（Cox's Diary）
- 1840年：《悲惨华丽的故事》（A Shabby Genteel Story）
- 1840年：《巴黎小品集》（Paris Sketch Book）
- 1841年：《霍格蒂家的大钻石》（The Great Hoggarty Diamond）
- 1843年：《费兹·布德尔·佩珀斯》（Fitz-Boodle Papers）
- 1843年：《爱尔兰小品集》（The Irish Sketch Book）
- 1844年：《乱世儿女》，原名【贝瑞·林登】（Barry Lyndon）
- 1846年：《庸人之书》（The Book of Snobs）
- 1846年：《珀金斯夫人的舞会》（Mrs. Perkins's Ball）
- 1847年：《我的家园》（Our Town）
- 1847年-1848年：《名利场》（Vanity Fair）
- 1848年：《柏奇医生与他的年轻朋友》（Dr. Birch and His Young Friends）
- 1848年-1850年：《潘丹尼斯》（Pendennis）
- 1850年：《丽贝卡与罗薇娜》（Rebecca and Rowena）
- 1850年：《莱茵河的齐克柏里家》（The Kickleburys on the Rhine）
- 1852年：《亨利·艾斯蒙》（The History of Henry Esmond）
- 1852年：《男人的妻子们》（Men's Wives）
- 1853年-1855年：《纽康家》（The Newcomes）
- 1855年：《玫瑰与戒指》（The Rose and the Ring）
- 1857年-1859年：《维吉尼亚的人们》（The Virginians）
- 1862年：《菲利浦的冒险》（The Adventures of Philip）
- 1864年：《丹尼斯·杜瓦尔》（Denis Duval）【死后出版】
相关
- 安妮·伊莎贝拉·萨克雷·瑞奇
- 乱世儿女，被史坦利·库布里克1975年改编成电影
外部链接
- 古腾堡计划中威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷的作品
- Pegasus in Harness: Victorian Publishing and W. M. Thackeray by Peter LeRoy Shillingsburg
- "Bluebeard's Ghost" by W. M. Thackeray (1843)
- PSU's Electronic Classics Series William Makepeace Thackeray site
Biography
Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta, India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781 – 13 September 1815), held the high rank of secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company. His mother, Anne Becher (1792–1864) was the second daughter of Harriet and John Harman Becher who was also a secretary (writer) for the East India Company.
William's father died in 1815, which caused his mother to decide to return William to England in 1816 (she remained in India). The ship on which he traveled made a short stopover at St. Helena where the imprisoned Napoleon was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick and then at Charterhouse School, where he was a close friend of John Leech. He disliked Charterhouse, parodying it in his later fiction as "Slaughterhouse." (Nevertheless Thackeray was honored in the Charterhouse Chapel with a monument after his death.) Illness in his last year there (during which he reportedly grew to his full height of 6'3") postponed his matriculation at Trinity College, Cambridge, until February 1829. Never too keen on academic studies, he left the University in 1830, though some of his earliest writing appeared in university publications The Snob and The Gownsman.
He travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned to England and began to study law at the Middle Temple, but soon gave that up. On reaching the age of 21 he came into his inheritance but he squandered much of it on gambling and by funding two unsuccessful newspapers, The National Standard and The Constitutional for which he had hoped to write. He also lost a good part of his fortune in the collapse of two Indian banks. Forced to consider a profession to support himself, he turned first to art, which he studied in Paris, but did not pursue it except in later years as the illustrator of some of his own novels and other writings.
Thackeray portrayed by Eyre Crowe, 1845
Thackeray's years of semi-idleness ended after he met and, on 20 August 1836, married Isabella Gethin Shawe (1816–1893), second daughter of Matthew Shawe, a colonel, who had died after extraordinary service, primarily in India, and his wife, Isabella Creagh. Their three daughters were Anne Isabella (1837–1919), Jane (died at 8 months) and Harriet Marian (1840–1875). He now began "writing for his life," as he put it, turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family.
He primarily worked for Fraser's Magazine, a sharp-witted and sharp-tongued conservative publication, for which he produced art criticism, short fictional sketches, and two longer fictional works, Catherine and The Luck of Barry Lyndon. Later, through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing for the newly created Punch magazine, where he published The Snob Papers, later collected as The Book of Snobs. This work popularized the modern meaning of the word "snob".
Tragedy struck in his personal life as his wife succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child in 1840. Finding he could get no work done at home, he spent more and more time away, until September of that year, when he noticed how grave her condition was. Struck by guilt, he took his ailing wife to Ireland. During the crossing she threw herself from a water-closet into the sea, from which she was rescued. They fled back home after a four-week domestic battle with her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 she was in and out of professional care, her condition waxing and waning.
Caricature of Thackeray by Thackeray
In the long run, she deteriorated into a permanent state of detachment from reality, unaware of the world around her. Thackeray desperately sought cures for her, but nothing worked, and she ended up confined in a home near Paris. She remained there until 1893, outliving her husband by thirty years. After his wife's illness, Thackeray became a de facto widower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He did pursue other women, in particular Mrs. Jane Brookfield and Sally Baxter. In 1851 Mr. Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits to or correspondence with Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years his junior whom he met during a lecture tour in New York City in 1852, married another man in 1855.
In the early 1840s, Thackeray had some success with two travel books, The Paris Sketch Book and The Irish Sketch Book. Later in the decade, he achieved some notoriety with his Snob Papers, but the work that really established his fame was the novel Vanity Fair, which first appeared in serialized instalments beginning in January 1847. Even before Vanity Fair completed its serial run, Thackeray had become a celebrity, sought after by the very lords and ladies he satirized; they hailed him as the equal of Dickens.
He remained "at the top of the tree", as he put it, for the remaining decade and a half of his life, producing several large novels, notably Pendennis, The Newcomes, and The History of Henry Esmond, despite various illnesses, including a near fatal one that struck him in 1849 in the middle of writing Pendennis. He twice visited the United States on lecture tours during this period.
Thackeray
Thackeray also gave lectures in London on the English humourists of the eighteenth century, and on the first four Hanoverian monarchs. The latter series was published in book form as The Four Georges. In Oxford, he stood unsuccessfully as an independent for Parliament. He was narrowly beaten by Cardwell (1070 votes, against 1005 for Thackeray).
In 1860, Thackeray became editor of the newly established Cornhill Magazine, but was never comfortable as an editor, preferring to contribute to the magazine as a columnist, producing his Roundabout Papers for it.
His health worsened during the 1850s and he was plagued by the recurring stricture of the urethra that laid him up for days at a time. He also felt he had lost much of his creative impetus. He worsened matters by over-eating and drinking and avoiding exercise, though he enjoyed horseback riding and kept a horse. He could not break his addiction to spicy peppers, further ruining his digestion. On 23 December 1863, after returning from dining out and before dressing for bed, Thackeray suffered a stroke and was found dead on his bed in the morning. His death at the age of fifty-two was entirely unexpected, and shocked his family, friends, and reading public. An estimated 7000 people attended his funeral at Kensington Gardens. He was buried on 29 December at Kensal Green Cemetery, and a memorial bust sculpted by Marochetti can be found in Westminster Abbey.
Works
Thackeray began as a satirist and parodist,writing papers with a sneaking fondness for roguish upstarts like Becky Sharp in Vanity Fair, Barry Lyndon in The Luck of Barry Lyndon and Catherine in Catherine. In his earliest works, writing under such pseudonyms as Charles James Yellowplush, Michael Angelo Titmarsh and George Savage Fitz-Boodle, he tended towards the savage in his attacks on high society, military prowess, the institution of marriage and hypocrisy.
Title-page to Vanity Fair, drawn by Thackeray, who furnished the illustrations for many of his earlier editions.
One of his very earliest works, "Timbuctoo" (1829), contained his burlesque upon the subject set for the Cambridge Chancellor's medal for English verse, (the contest was won by Tennyson with "Timbuctoo"). His writing career really began with a series of satirical sketches now usually known as The Yellowplush Papers, which appeared in Fraser's Magazine beginning in 1837. These were adapted for BBC Radio 4 in 2009, with Adam Buxton playing Charles Yellowplush.
Between May 1839 and February 1840, Fraser's published the work sometimes considered Thackeray's first novel, Catherine, originally intended as a satire of the Newgate school of crime fiction but ending up more as a rollicking picaresque tale in its own right.
In The Luck of Barry Lyndon, a novel serialized in Fraser's in 1844, Thackeray explored the situation of an outsider trying to achieve status in high society, a theme he developed much more successfully in Vanity Fair with the character of Becky Sharp, the artist's daughter who rises nearly to the heights by manipulating the other characters.
He is best known now for Vanity Fair, with its deft skewerings of human foibles and its roguishly attractive heroine. His large novels from the period after this, once described unflatteringly by Henry James as examples of "loose baggy monsters", have faded from view, perhaps because they reflect a mellowing in the author, who became so successful with his satires on society that he seemed to lose his zest for attacking it.
The later works include Pendennis, a sort of bildungsroman depicting the coming of age of Arthur Pendennis, a kind of alter ego of Thackeray's who also features as the narrator of two later novels: The Newcomes and The Adventures of Philip. The Newcomes is noteworthy for its critical portrayal of the "marriage market", while Philip is noteworthy for its semi-autobiographical look back at Thackeray's early life, in which the author partially regains some of his early satirical zest.
Also notable among the later novels is The History of Henry Esmond, in which Thackeray tried to write a novel in the style of the eighteenth century. In fact, the eighteenth century held a great appeal for Thackeray. Not only Esmond but also Barry Lyndon and Catherine are set then, as is the sequel to Esmond, The Virginians, which takes place in America and includes George Washington as a character who nearly kills one of the protagonists in a duel.
Family life and background
Anne Becher and William Makepeace Thackeray, c.1813
Thackeray's father, Richmond, was born at South Mimms and went to India in 1798 at the age of sixteen to assume his duties as writer (secretary) with the East India Company. Richmond fathered a daughter, Sarah Redfield, born in 1804, by Charlotte Sophia Rudd, his native and possibly Eurasian mistress, the mother and daughter being named in his will. Such liaisons were common among gentlemen of the East India Company, and it formed no bar to his later courting and marrying William's mother.
Anne Becher, born 1792, was "one of the reigning beauties of the day", a daughter of John Harmon Becher (Collector of the South 24 Parganas district d. Calcutta, 1800), of an old Bengal civilian family "noted for the tenderness of its women". Anne Becher, her sister Harriet and widowed mother Harriet had been sent back to India by her authoritarian guardian grandmother, widow Ann Becher, in 1809 on the Earl Howe. Anne's grandmother had told her that the man she loved, Henry Carmichael-Smyth, an ensign of the Bengal Engineers whom she met at an Assembly Ball in Bath, Somerset during 1807, had died, and Henry was told that Anne was no longer interested in him. This was not true. Though Carmichael-Smyth was from a distinguished Scottish military family, Anne's grandmother went to extreme lengths to thwart their marriage; surviving family letters state that she wanted a better match for her granddaughter.
Anne Becher and Richmond Thackeray were married in Calcutta on 13 October 1810. Their only child, William, was subsequently born on 18 July 1811.
There was a fine miniature portrait of the exuberant and youthful Anne Becher Thackeray and William Makepeace Thackeray at about age 2, done in Madras by George Chinnery c. 1813.
Her family's deception was unexpectedly revealed in 1812, when Richmond Thackeray unwittingly invited to dinner the supposedly dead Carmichael-Smyth. After Richmond's death of a fever on 13 September 1815, Anne married Henry Carmichael-Smyth on 13 March 1817, but they did not return to England until 1820, though they had sent William off to school there more than three years before. The separation from his mother had a traumatic effect on the young Thackeray which he discusses in his essay "On Letts's Diary" in The Roundabout Papers.
He is British comedian Al Murray's great-great-great-grandfather.
Reputation and legacy
During the Victorian era, Thackeray was ranked second only to Charles Dickens, but he is now much less read and is known almost exclusively for Vanity Fair. In that novel he was able to satirize whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch. It also features his most memorable character, the engagingly roguish Becky Sharp. As a result, unlike Thackeray's other novels, it remains popular with the general reading public; it is a standard fixture in university courses and has been repeatedly adapted for movies and television.
In Thackeray's own day, some commentators, such as Anthony Trollope, ranked his History of Henry Esmond as his greatest work, perhaps because it expressed Victorian values of duty and earnestness, as did some of his other later novels. It is perhaps for this reason that they have not survived as well as Vanity Fair, which satirizes those values.
Thackeray saw himself as writing in the realistic tradition and distinguished himself from the exaggerations and sentimentality of Dickens. Some later commentators have accepted this self-evaluation and seen him as a realist, but others note his inclination to use eighteenth-century narrative techniques, such as digressions and talking to the reader, and argue that through them he frequently disrupts the illusion of reality. The school of Henry James, with its emphasis on maintaining that illusion, marked a break with Thackeray's techniques.
Though Edward Bulwer-Lytton is credited with originating the phrase "the Great Unwashed", the earliest citation of it to be found in his oeuvre is in "The Parisians" of 1872, while Thackeray used it as early as 1850 in "Pendennis", in an ironic context implying the phrase would be known to his readers.
2 Palace Green, a house built for Thackeray in the 1860s, is currently the permanent residence of the Israeli Embassy to the United Kingdom.
His former home in Tunbridge Wells,Kent is now a fine dining restaurant named after the author