八大山人（1626年－1705年），谱名统𨨗quàn，训名耷，法名传綮，字刃庵，号八大山人、彭祖、雪个、个山、个山驴、驴屋、人屋、道朗等，江西新建人，祖籍直隶凤阳（今安徽），明朝宗室、辅国中尉、书画家，明末清初画坛“四僧”之一 。

生平

宁献王朱权九世孙，弋阳荣庄王朱奠壏七世孙。父亲镇国中尉朱谋????为哑巴，巧心善画。明朝灭亡后，国毁家亡，心情悲愤，剃发为僧；后改为当道士。妻子去世后，自号八大山人，并一直用到去世。其于画作上署名时，常把“八大”和“山人”竖着连写。前二字又似“哭”字，又似“笑”字，而后二字则类似“之”字，“哭之笑之”即哭笑不得之意。

风格特点

八大山人的山水和花鸟画都具有强烈的个性化风格和高度的艺术成就，尤其是其简笔写意花鸟画。他的书法亦与他的绘画风格相似，极为简练，风格独特，常有出人意料的结构造型。

朱耷塑像

评价

现代美术家范曾先生这样评价他：“天不生仲尼，万古如长夜。中国美术史苟无八大山人，绝对也会黯然失色。八大山人对中国画的贡献几乎是不可计量的，而随着历史的推移，他的艺术将使千秋蒙庥，恩泽无以数计的后之来者。”

存世作品

绘画作品：《孔雀竹石图》、《孤禽图》、《眠鸭图》、《猫石杂卉图》、《荷塘戏禽图卷》、《河上花并题图卷》、《鱼鸭图卷》、《莲花鱼乐图卷》、《杂花图卷》《杨柳浴禽图轴》、《芙蓉芦雁图轴》、《大石游鱼图轴》、《双鹰图轴》、《古梅图轴》、《墨松图轴》、《秋荷图轴》、《芭蕉竹石图轴》、《椿鹿图轴》、《快雪时晴图轴》、《幽溪泛舟图轴》、《四帧绢本浅绛山水大屏》等。

书法作品：《临兰亭序轴》、《临“临河叙”四屏》等。

作品拍卖

朱耷的存世作品十分受艺术品投资市场的追捧，2010画作《竹石鸳鸯》在西泠印社拍场拍出了1.187亿的拍卖价，创下古代书画南方市场的最高记录。其他近年来在艺术品投资市场被拍卖的作品还有：《个山杂画册》、《山青水碧鸟语花香》、《鹭石图》、《瓶菊图》等。

纪念馆

江西省南昌市的青云谱道院，曾为八大山人出家修行地，现辟为八大山人纪念馆，周边为梅湖景区。

作品

山水画

荷凫图

彩笔山水图

柳条八哥图

枯木来禽图

注释

1. ^ 清朝画家黄安平曾于康熙十三年（1674年）五月初七日为其绘像，八大山人在其绘像题跋中提到“甲寅蒲节后二日，遇老友黄安平为余写此，时年四十有九”由此推断，八大山人当生于天启六年（1626年）。
2. ^ 《江右》 第二集隐者之风_中国纪录片网
3. ^ 民国《盱眙朱氏八支宗谱》·卷五：谋????之子，统𨨗，号彭祖，别号八大山人，封辅国中尉。……子一，议冲。
4. ^ 跳转至：4.0 4.1 民国《盱眙朱氏八支宗谱》·卷四：觐鐰三子，宸????，号云峯，封镇国将军。明成化二十年甲辰正月十六日午时生，明嘉靖五年丙戌六月十三日未时卒，历年四十三。……子五，拱柹、拱楅、拱桧、拱㮢、拱■
5. ^ 民国《盱眙朱氏八支宗谱》·卷四：宸????三子，字汝楫，号竹隐，封辅国将军。明正德八年癸酉正月十八日巳时生，明嘉靖三十年庚申十二月十八日亥时卒，享寿四十八。……著有《负初集》二卷行世。……子六，多煌、多炡、多燝、多炤、多■、多■
6. ^ 民国《盱眙朱氏八支宗谱》·卷五：拱桧次子，多炡，字贞吉，号瀑泉。封奉国将军。明嘉靖二十年辛丑正月二十六日戌时生。公敏善诗歌，尝变姓出游，踪迹遍吴楚，晚病羸不废吟诵，人咸称之曰：清远先生。在《江西通志》……子五，谋堚、谋趯、谋㘻、谋????、谋卦。
7. ^ 民国《盱眙朱氏八支宗谱》·卷五：多炡四子，谋????，号鹿洞。封镇国中尉。明隆庆五年辛未九月廿七日丑时生。……子一，统????。
8. ^ 生僻字，上“林”下“金”
9. ^ 清·张潮，《虞初新志》（卷11）：“数年，妻子俱死。或谓之曰：“斩先人祀，非所以为人后也，子无畏乎？”个山驴遂慨然蓄发谋妻子，号“八大山人”。其言曰：“八大者，四方四隅，皆我为大，而无大于我也。””
10. ^ 清·张潮，《虞初新志》（卷11）：“未几病颠，初则伏地呜咽，已而仰天大笑。笑已，忽跿跔踊跃，叫号痛哭。或鼓腹高歌，或混舞于市。一日之间，颠态百出。市人恶其扰，醉之酒，则颠止。”
11. ^ 大事记- 西泠印社拍卖有限公司官方网站(西泠拍卖网）

参考文献

• 张潮，《虞初新志》

Bada Shanren (Chinese: 朱耷; pinyin: zhū dā, born Zhu Da; c. 1626–1705), other department Bada Shanren (Chinese: 八大山人; pinyin: bā dà shān rén), was a Han Chinese painter of ink wash painting and a calligrapher. He was of royal descent, being a direct offspring of the Ming dynasty prince Zhu Quan who had a feudal establishment in Nanchang. His master lineage's accession was revoked following the last Ning Lineage King Zhu Chenhao's rebellion in 1521, but the rest of the lineage was allowed to retain status in Jiangxi. Art historians have named him as a brilliant painter of the period.

Life and work

Bada Shanren, a purported child prodigy born to a handicapped father, began painting and writing poetry in his early childhood. About the year 1644, when the Ming emperor committed suicide and the Manchu army from the north attacked Beijing, the young Han Chinese man sought refuge in a vihara. Because he was a Ming prince, the dynastic upheaval created a great amount of uncertainty for his position in society. As years passed and the Manchurian court became more firmly established, there was less and less insecurity among the Qing regime about remaining Ming loyalties and possible future rebellions. Due to these more stable circumstances, after 40 years, Bada Shanren deemed it acceptable to leave the monastery and to re-enter day-to-day life among society. In the aftermath of a nervous breakdown that could have been staged to avoid retribution for his family background, Zhu Da abandoned his monastic life and developed a career as a professional painter, adopting a series of descriptive pseudonyms, most notably Bada Shanren by which he is most often known today. He is said to have screamed and made weird sounds while painting. The stylized vertical writing of his pseudonym Bada Shanren (八大山人) looks like the characters for laugh (笑) and cry (哭), thus by signing his paintings he implied his confusion and feelings of grief for the fate of his country and home.

His paintings feature sharp brush strokes which are attributed to the sideways manner by which he held his brush. In the 1930s, Chinese painter Zhang Daqian produced several forgeries of Bada Shanren's works but they are easily spotted by the trained eye, because the modern copies were softer and rounder. Yale University scholar Fred Fangyu Wang was a major collector of Bada Shanren paintings from the 1960s until his death in 1997.

Gallery

• 

  Two Birds, Sen-oku Hakuko Kan, Kyoto, Japan

 
• 

  Metropolitan Museum, New York

 
• 

  National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan

 
• 

  Nelson Atkins Museum, Kansas city, USA

References

• Stokstad, Marilyn; Art History, 2011, 4th ed., ISBN 0-205-79094-1

External links

• Zhu Da and his Painting Gallery at China Online Museum
• Could Bada Shanren be the first caricaturist in China?