明治時代土方歲三 Hijikata Toshizō

日本明治時代 (1835年五月31日～1869年六月20日)

義豊
豊玉

土方岁三

土方歲三（1835年5月31日－1869年6月20日，即為天保六年5月5日－明治二年5月11日），為新選組副長。諱義豊，雅號豊玉。化名內藤隼人。

生涯

出身

武藏國多摩郡石田村（現在東京都日野市石田）出生。一般認為他是六兄弟姐妹中最小的，近年的史料發現可能實為十兄弟姐妹中最小的。土方傢出身為平民。出生前父親已過世，六歲時母親亦過世，而由二哥喜六夫妻倆扶養長大。

十一歲時在江戶上野的“鬆坂屋和服店”（現在鬆坂屋上野店）當學徒，但不久即因和前輩爭執而返回日野。十七歲時至江戶傳馬町的和服店工作，亦因為和上司不和而回到日野。之後以其傢相傳的秘方傷藥“石田散藥”四處行商，並在此時至各地的劍道道場修業及比試。在日野的佐藤道場, 通過姐夫佐藤彥五郎結識了之後的天然理心流第四代傳人島崎勝太（之後的新選組局長近藤勇）。歲三在安政六年（1859年）3月29日、正式成為天然理心流的入門弟子。文久3年2月，歲三隨着近藤道館的師兄弟一起參加幕府上京都的浪士組召募。

新選組副長

位在東京都日野的土方歲三銅像

文久3年（1863年）八月十八日政變後，他與近藤勇所參加的壬生浪士組因功賜名為新選組。近藤勇原本與芹澤鴨、新見錦共同領導，但芹澤與新見二人在京都經常酒醉鬧事，甚至勒索，後新見錦切腹、近藤派並肅正了芹澤和其黨羽、自此近藤勇終於得以一伸報國之志，而土方則就任副長，負責京都的治安警護維持。

新選組的權力集中在局長，出謀劃策則由副長土方承擔。元治元年（1864年）6月5日池田屋事件時、土方率隊前往長州土佐藩士進出頻繁的四國屋進行搜索，卻不見可疑人物，旋即前往池田屋支援近藤等人。新選組在池田屋事件之後得到破格的恩賞。

新選組的局中法度，對違法犯紀和無故叛逃的隊士相當嚴格，往往切腹是唯一的懲罰。連總長山南敬助叛逃之舉，也被下令切腹。

戊辰戰爭

慶應3年（1867年）6月他被封為幕臣，但同年10月14日即發生大政奉還、12月9日王政復古時事實上幕府已經瓦解。慶應4年1月3日，以鳥羽伏見之戰為前哨的戊辰戰爭爆發，土方代替於墨染事件中負傷的局長近藤勇率領新選組參戰，但在皇軍新式槍炮前敗北。土方覺悟到冷兵器的時代已經過去，而開始致力引進西洋軍備。

鳥羽伏見之戰戰敗的幕府軍從大坂往江戶撤退後，近藤化名大久保剛、土方化名內藤隼人避走甲斐，於3月6日甲州勝沼之戰再度敗退。4月3日時在皇軍包圍下，土方阻止了近藤的切腹謝罪，並前往江戸嚮勝海舟請求赦免近藤，但勝海舟未能成功說服皇軍，慶應4年（1868年）4月25日、近藤勇在板橋（現在JR板橋站前）被斬首。

是年4月11日，江戶城無血開城。土方率流山殘部與幕府軍主力會師。之後，土方和立見尚文、秋月登之助於半日內攻破皇軍名將有馬藤太鎮守的宇都宮城（關東七大名城之一，素有難攻不落之名）。但是壬生之戰中，土方不幸於亂軍中被地面跳彈所傷，轉進會津休養了三個月，並在此時興建了供奉近藤勇的天寧寺。

8月會津戰爭，土方前往莊內藩尋求援軍支援，之後在仙臺加入了榎本武揚率領的舊幕府海軍繼續奮戰新政府軍。與榎本共同出席奧羽越列藩同盟軍議、但奧羽越列藩同盟不久即瓦解、同盟藩一一嚮皇軍屈服投降，遂率領新選組殘部和桑名藩士乘上大江號、與榎本武揚於10月12日自仙臺折濱（現宮城縣石捲市折濱）出航、前往蝦夷地（北海道）。

箱館戰爭

10月20日、於蝦夷地鷲之木上陸後、土方被任為兼道軍總督攻嚮五棱郭城。箱館（今函館市）・五棱郭占領後、土方率領額兵隊直撲鬆前城（福山城），未幾應聲陷落。同時、榎本武揚率領海軍掩護、但開陽號軍艦卻在江差衝遇上暴風雨而觸礁沉沒。12月15日榎本為招待各國領事返回五棱郭，並舉辦亞洲第一次記名選舉。開票結果，由通曉國際公法的榎本武揚擔任總裁，並公告列強，成立蝦夷共和國繼續對抗新政府軍。土方就任陸軍奉行並（陸軍副司令，中將缺）、兼箱館市中取締（警察總長）及陸海軍裁判局長（陸海軍憲兵總監）。

先有近代東洋海戰史首見之接舷作戰，也就是著名的宮古灣海戰，土方以回天一艦突入新政府軍泊地，強襲官軍旗艦甲鐵，但因甲鐵擁有新兵器格林機槍而不幸功敗垂成。

明治2年（1869年）6月20日（陰歷5月11日）、新政府軍箱館戰爭總攻擊開始、新選組隊士島田魁守備的辯天台場被新政府軍包圍，陷入孤立。土方率領少數士兵突圍相救。土方一夫當關，力阻自七重濱大舉進犯的新政府軍於一本木關口，卻不幸在亂戰之中腹部中彈，落馬不治。不久榎本武揚開城投降，蝦夷共和國滅亡，土方的遺體下落不明，而其他戰死者則被埋葬在五棱郭內。

其他

土方歲三與新選組的故事成為日本大衆文化膾炙人口的一環，在往後的小說和電影、動漫中都有不少以他為題材。在日本更有不少土方迷成立的社團。

墓地（紀念碑）

東京都日野市石田　石田寺
北海道函館市舟見町　稱名寺（慰靈碑）
福島縣會津若鬆市東山町　天寧寺（慰靈木碑）
東京都北區瀧野川　壽徳寺
東京都荒川區南千住　圓通寺

其佩刀為打刀“和泉守兼定”（いずみのかみかねさだ）和脅差“堀川國廣”（ほりかわくにひろ)。

其興趣另有和歌與俳句，展現其風雅的一面，著有《豐玉發句集》。

由於土方歲三流傳後世的照片與漫畫傢荒木飛呂彥十分相似，且荒木駐顔有術的情況，讓雜志“ダ・ヴィンチ”在其2012年8月號特集中，以半開玩笑的方式將土方的照片作為他1868年時的樣貌。

登場作品

小說

新選組始末記（角川書店、子母澤寬著）
新選組血風錄（中央公論新社、司馬遼太郎著）
燃劍（文藝春秋、司馬遼太郎著）
幕末新選組（文藝春秋、池波正太郎著）
壬生義士傳（文藝春秋、淺田次郎著）
虎狼的天空小說新選組（文藝春秋、津本陽著）
最後的武士道（集英社、津本陽著）
土方歳三－壬生狼（德間書店、峰隆一郎著）
新選組斬人劍―小說・土方歳三（講談社、早乙女貢著）
回天之夢―小說土方歲三（角川學藝出版、井上進著）
不恭順的官賊新撰組土方歳三的生存之方（KADOKAWA、原田伊織著）
草莽枯行（集英社、北方謙三著）
黑竜之柩（幻鼕捨、北方謙三著）
最終的决鬥者（中央公論新社、逢坂剛著）
歲三之劍（講談社、小鬆エメル著）
土方歲三（角川書店、富㭴倫太郎著）
鬆前之花－土方歲三蝦夷血風錄（中央公論新社、富㭴倫太郎著）
土方歲三：為劍而生為誠而殉的生涯（PHP研究所、鬆永義弘著）
明治維新血的最前戰－土方歲三與長州戰至最後的男人（櫻花捨、星亮一著）
土方歲三的生涯（新人物往來社、菊地明著）
土方歳三的鬼謀（角川春樹事務所、柘植久慶著）
土方歲三（學研、嶽真也著）
北辰輓歌―土方歲三海戰（學研、辻真先著）
戰士之賦－土方歲三的生與死（集英社、三好徹著）
散華土方歲三（新人物往來社、萩尾農著）
新選組幕末青嵐（集英社、木內昇著）
新選組意外史（作品社、八切止夫著）
來自歲三的傳言（講談社、北原亞以子著）
土方歳三（新人物往來社、大內美予子著）
ヒトごろし（新潮社、京極夏彥著）
幕末群像傳土方歲三（AI出版、小島政孝著）
翺翔蒼空土方歳三戰鬥選集（牧野出版、橫山北斗著）
火星的土方歲三（朝日Sonorama、吉岡平著）
Baragaki 土方歲三青春譜（講談社、中場利一著）
土方歲三：我擁有的天空（明窗出版、七濱凪著）
土方歲三無賴控－Baragaki・參上（文藝社、潮美瑤著）

影視劇

維新之麯（1942年、大映、演：寺島貢）
新撰組（1952年、東映、演：河津清三郎）
近藤勇池田屋騷動（1953年、新東寶、演：阿部九州男）
新選組鬼隊長（1954年、東映、演：原健策）
桂小五郎與近藤勇：竜虎决戰（1957年、新東寶、演：江川宇禮雄）
新選組（1958年、東映、演：山形勳）
壯烈新選組幕末動亂（1960年、東映、演：黑川彌太郎）
劍豪秘傳（1960年、NET、演：原保美）
新選組始末記（1961年、TBS、演：戶浦六宏）
新選組血風錄近藤勇（1963年、東映、演：加藤武）
新選組始末記（1963年、大映、演：天知茂）
幕末殘酷物語（1964年、東映、演：西村晃）
風雲兒半次郎（1964年、MBS、演：佐藤慶）
新選組血風錄（1965年、NET、演：慄塚旭）
燃劍（1966年、TX、演：內田良平）
三姊妹（1967年、NHK大河劇、演：岩下浩）
第十一位志士（1968年、NET、演：原田芳雄）
日本劍客傳（1968年、NET、演：寺島達夫）
竜馬來了（1968年、NHK大河劇、演：金內吉男）
鞍馬天狗（1969年、NHK、演：前田昌明）
新選組（1969年、東寶、演：小林桂樹）
劍豪（1970年、NET、演：勝部演之）
衝田總司（1974年、東寶、演：高橋幸治）
勝海舟（1974年、NHK大河劇、演：藤竜也）
鞍馬天狗（1974年、NTV、演：成田三樹夫）
吶喊（1975年、ATG、演：仲代達矢）
花神（1977年、NHK大河劇、演：長塚京三）
新選組始末記（1977年、TBS、演：古𠔌一行）
幕末未來人（1977年、NHK、演：青砥洋）
鞍馬天狗（1981年、TBS、演：細川俊之）
宛如炎光（1981年、東寶、演：伊吹吾郎）
衝田總司華麗的暗殺者（1982年、CX、演：柴俊夫）
竜馬來了（1982年、TX、演：伊達正三郎）
壬生戀歌（1983年、NHK、演：夏八木勳）
燃花迸散：炎之劍士衝田總司（1984年、NTV、演：柴田恭兵）
白虎隊（1986年、NTV、演：近藤正臣）
高爾夫黎明之前（1987年、東寶、演：西川紀夫）
新選組（1987年、ANB、演：竹脅無我）
五棱郭（1988年、NTV、演：渡哲也）
野心之國（1989年、NTV、演：本田博太郎）
鞍馬天狗（1990年、TX、演：菅田俊）
燃劍（1990年、TX、演：役所廣司）
幕末純情傳（1991年、鬆竹、演：杉本哲太）
新選組：池田屋血鬥（1992年、TBS、演：地井武男）
太陽照常升起（1996年、CX、演：渡邊裕之）
新選組血風錄（1998年、ANB、演：村上弘明）
德川慶喜（1998年、NHK大河劇、演：橋爪淳）
尾張幕末風雲錄（1998年、TX、演：北爪俊行）
禦法度（1999年、鬆竹、演：北野武）
壬生義士傳新選組最強的男人（2002年、TX、演：伊原剛志）
壬生義士傳（2003年、鬆竹、演：野村祐人）
IZO（2004年、Teamokuyama、演：勝野洋）
新選組！（2004年、NHK大河劇、演：山本耕史）
輪違屋糸裏〜女子們的新選組〜（2007年、TBS、演：伊藤英明）
竜馬傳（2010年、NHK大河劇、演：鬆田悟志）
新選組血風錄（2011年、NHK-BS、演：永井大）
白虎隊：不敗的人們（2013年、TX、演：岸𠔌五朗）
八重之櫻（2013年、NHK大河劇、演：村上淳）
燃劍（2020年、東寶、演：岡田準一）

動漫畫

銀魂（集英社、空知英秋作）
琥珀ACE（角川書店、經驗值作）
茜色之風：新撰組血風記錄（集英社、車田正美作）
爆彈！〜幕末男子〜（講談社、加瀨敦作）
陸奧圓明流外傳修羅之刻風雲幕末編（講談社、川原正敏作）
風光（小學館、渡邊多惠子作）
月明星稀：再會新選組（小學館、盛田賢司作）
PEACE MAKER鐵（艾尼剋斯、黑乃奈奈繪作）
新選組刃義抄：ASAGI（艾尼剋斯、山村竜也作・蜷川八重子畫）
北走新選組（白泉社、菅野文作）
Chiruran：新撰組鎮魂歌（Coamix、梅村真也作・橋本英治畫）
錯過星星的男人（青林堂、水木茂作）
貓貓新撰組（德間書店、耳式作）
歳三〜新撰組箱館戰記〜（潮出版社、神田貴志作）
漂流武士（少年畫報社、平野耕太作）
黃金神威（集英社、野田智作）
天漫浮世錄（小學館、赤堀悟作・北崎拓畫）
北之邊境的夢土方歲三外傳（Beaglee、佐知美梨穗作）
薄櫻鬼～新選組奇譚～
刀劍亂舞

遊戲

Fate/Grand Order（配音:星野貴紀）
在茜色世界與君詠唱（配音：津田健次郎）

參見

參考文獻

新・歷史群像シリーズ13‘土方歳三’（學習研究社）
‘剣の達人111人データファイル’（新人物往來社）

Hijikata Toshizō (土方歳三, May 31, 1835 – June 20, 1869) was a Japanese warrior. As Vice-Commander (副長, Fukucho) of the Shinsengumi, he resisted the Meiji Restoration.

Background

Hijikata Toshizō Yoshitoyo (土方歳三義豊) was born on May 31, 1835, in the Ishida village, Tama region of Musashi Province (present day Ishida, Hino), Japan. He was the youngest of six children (later records discovered in recent years revealed that he was actually the youngest among the ten children), and his father Hijikata Yoshiatsu (Hayato), a well-to-do farmer, died a few months before his birth. His eldest brother Tamejiro, was born blind and as a result, could not inherit the family property. His 3rd older brother Daisaku (later Kasuya Ryojin), was adopted to another family and would later become a physician. His eldest sister Shuu died when he was about three years old and his mother Etsu also died when he was six years old, and he was therefore raised by his 2nd older brother Kiroku and sister-in-law.

He was apparently tall compared to the average Japanese men of the period, and it is said that he was very handsome. He was said to be spoiled at an early age and was alleged to be mean to all but his friends and family. This changed when a 21-year-old swordsman from the Aizu clan known for opposing the Reformists was forced to commit seppuku. When Hijikata attended the man's funeral, he apparently cried in public.

Hijikata spent his youth selling his family's Ishida sanyaku (medicine for treating injuries such as bruises and broken bones) while practicing his self-taught kenjutsu. His brother-in-law, Satō Hikogorō, who was married to his older sister Nobu, managed a Tennen Rishin-ryū dojo in Hino; through Satō, Hijikata later met Kondō Isami and was formally enrolled at the Tennen Rishin-ryū's Shieikan in 1859. Although Hijikata himself never fully mastered the Tennen Rishin-ryū, it is said that he managed to develop the "Shinsengumi-Kenjutsu" fighting style from the Tennen Rishin-ryū.

An arrangement was made by his eldest brother Tamejiro for him to marry Okoto, the daughter of the shamisen shop owners. Since he had already planned to join the Rōshigumi with Kondō Isami, Hijikata told them that after he got a promotion, he would carry out his marriage.

Shinsengumi period

However, Serizawa and Niimi began fighting, drinking, and extorting money from merchants in Kyoto, which started to tarnish the reputation of Shinsengumi and earned the group the derogatory nickname of "Wolves of Mibu" (壬生狼, Miburō). Hijikata found enough proof against Niimi in these matters and ordered him to commit seppuku on October 19. Later on October 30 (or October 28) at night, Hijikata and the selected Shinsengumi members went into the house of Yagi Gennojō and assassinated Serizawa, his mistress Oume, and one of his followers Hirayama Goro, with Hirama Jūsuke been the only survivor fled that night. Kondō became the sole leader of Shinsengumi, with Yamanami Keisuke as his Vice-Commander.In 1863, Hijikata and Kondō Isami joined the Rōshigumi in Edo, they arrived in Mibu, Kyoto and remained there as the Mibu Rōshigumi while the rest returned to Edo. Later, when Mibu Rōshigumi was renamed as the Shinsengumi, Kondō and two other men, Serizawa Kamo and Niimi Nishiki, became joint leaders of the group, and Hijikata served as one of the deputy leaders. Shinsengumi served as a special police force in Kyoto that fought against the Reformists under Matsudaira Katamori, the Daimyō of Aizu.

Some time after the Zenzaiya incident, Yamanami Keisuke tried to leave Shinsengumi, despite the regulation against deserters. As a result, he committed seppuku with Okita Sōji as his Kaishakunin on March 20 (lunar calendar February 23), 1865; and Hijikata took over as Vice-Commander. Due to his position in the Shinsengumi, which would be dangerous for anyone close to him, Hijikata felt that he had no choice but to cancel his marriage engagement with Okoto. Although he later had many lovers, he never came close to making a commitment to any of them.

The Shinsengumi grew to 140 men, which included a number of farmers and merchants whose livelihood would be threatened if the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown. The regulations set up by Shinsengumi within Kyoto were strict and Hijikata was known to be harsh in enforcing them, hence his nickname: "Demon Vice-Commander" (鬼の副長, Oni no fukucho). Even within the Shinsengumi itself, regulations were strictly enforced by Hijikata. As usual, deserters and traitors were forced to commit seppuku.

Hijikata owned, among others, a sword signed "Izumi no Kami Kanesada" (和泉守兼定), made by the 11th and last generation^{[clarification needed]} Aizu Kanesada (1837-1903).

Together with the rest of the Shinsengumi, Hijikata became a hatamoto in 1867 and took the name of Naitō Hayato (but reverted to his original name after Kondō was captured and executed during the Boshin war). He was given the rank of Yoriai (寄合格 Yoriai-kaku) in early 1868.

Boshin War

Hijikata Toshizo

On March 29, 1868, Kondō, Hijikata and the Kōyō Chinbutai resisted an attack by the Imperial forces at the Battle of Kōshū-Katsunuma for about two hours but lost, and they were scattered and fled to Edo.Following the Boshin War in 1868, Kondō and Hijikata led the Shinsengumi in their final battles against the new government and fought in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in January 1868. The Shinsengumi returned to Edo and was later reformed into a unit known as the Kōyō Chinbutai (甲陽鎮撫隊, "Pacification Corps") and departed from Edo for Kōfu Castle on March 24 upon orders to suppress the uprisings there. But while on the way there, they received news on March 28 that the Kōfu Castle was taken by Imperial Court forces led by Itagaki Taisuke and later settled at a town of Katsunuma five miles east of Kōfu.

On April 11, 1868, Kondō, Hijikata and the Kōyō Chinbutai departed Edo again and later set up a temporary headquarters at the Kaneko family estate, northeast of Edo. They later moved to a new headquarters in Nagareyama on April 25, 1868.

During the training at Nagareyama on April 26, 1868, the Kōyō Chinbutai were caught by surprise by the 200 strong Imperial forces led by Vice-chief of Staff Arima Tota of Satsuma Domain and Kondō was ordered to go with them to their camp at Koshigaya. He was later brought to Itabashi on April 27, 1868, for questioning. On the same day Hijikata went to Edo to see Katsu Kaishū and asked for his help in getting a pardon for Kondō. On the following day, a messenger arrived at Itabashi with a letter seemingly written by Katsu requesting that Kondō's life to be spared, but the messenger was arrested and the request was denied.

Following his trial on April 31, 1868, Kondō was executed at Itabashi execution grounds on May 17, 1868. Hijikata, convalesced from a foot injury sustained at the Battle of Utsunomiya Castle, brought Kondō's hair to Aizu and was said to have personally supervised the erection of Kondō's grave memorial at Tenneiji Temple.

Following the Battle of Bonari Pass, the next day on October 7, 1868, Hijikata met Saitō Hajime at the Inawashiro Castle and stayed at the Saitoya inn in Wakamatsu. When Hijikata decided to retreat from Aizu, Saitō and a small group of Shinsengumi parted with Hijikata and continued to battle in the Battle of Aizu until the very end. Hijikata and his rest of the Shinsengumi went to Sendai, where he joined up with Enomoto Takeaki's fleet.

He knew he was fighting a losing battle, and told the physician Matsumoto Ryōjun:

I am not going to battle to win. With the Tokugawa government about to collapse, it would be a disgrace if no one is willing to go down with it. That is why I must go. I will fight the best battle of my life to die for the country.

In October 1868, Hijikata and Ōtori Keisuke led Shogunate forces to occupy the fortress of Goryōkaku in the Battle of Hakodate, and continued to eliminate local resistance. When the short-lived Ezo Republic was founded in December, Hijikata was made a Deputy Defence Minister (Vice-minister of the Army). Imperial troops continued to attack by land and sea.

On May 6, 1869, Hijikata led a daring but doomed raid to steal the imperial warship Kōtetsu in the Battle of Miyako Bay, in the early morning, a number of oppositionists managed to board the ship via the Kaiten warship, but Kōtetsu repelled the attack and mowed them down with a Gatling gun. Many others including the captain of Kaiten were also killed by gunfire from the Imperial ships. The battle lasted only thirty minutes; Hijikata, the survivors and the Kaiten retreated to Hakodate.

Later on the fourth week of May 1869, Hijikata led the 230-strong Republic of Ezo forces and the surviving Shinsengumi against 600 strong Imperial forces during the Battle of Futamata for sixteen hours and were forced to retreat. The Imperial forces attacked again on the next day, only to retreat. On the following night, Hijikata led a successful raid on the Imperial forces' camp, forcing them to flee. Hijikata and the forces later retreated to Hakodate on June 10.

Death

During the Battle of Hakodate, the final battle of the Boshin War, Hijikata summoned his 16-year-old page, Ichimura Tetsunosuke on June 14 (lunar calendar May 5), 1869, to a private room in an inn. There, he entrusted Ichimura with a death poem, his katana, a letter, a photograph of himself, and several strands of his hair. Ichimura was instructed to bear them to the home of Hijikata's brother-in-law Satō Hikogorō in Hino. The death poem entrusted to Ichimura reads:

Though my body may decay on the island of Ezo, my spirit guards my lord in the East.

In the final conflict of the revolution, on June 20 (lunar calendar May 11), 1869, Hijikata was killed near the Ippongi Kanmon (一本木關門) while leading his troops on horseback by a bullet that shattered his lower back. His body was later claimed by Koshiba Chōnosuke and others.

Three days later on June 23 (lunar calendar May 14), 1869, a remaining group of surviving Shinsengumi members under the last commander Sōma Kazue had surrendered at Benten Daiba. A week after his death, the Goryōkaku fortress was taken, and the military of Ezo Republic surrendered to the Meiji government on June 27, 1869, marked the end of Boshin War.

It is unknown where Hijikata was buried, but it is believed that his body was buried either at Goryōkaku, Hekketsuhi or Ganjoji.

Grave memorials and monuments

The oldest grave memorial of Hijikata Toshizo in Hakodate

The first grave memorial of Hijikata was at Wakamatsu-chō, Hakodate, where he was killed, near the reconstructed Ippongi Kanmon in the present day compound of the Hakodate Welfare Centre.

Grave memorial of Hijikata family (Hijikata Toshizō's on the right) at Sekidenji, Hino, Tokyo, Japan

A grave memorial of Hijikata was also erected at Sekidenji temple in Hino, Tokyo, Japan.

Other grave memorials were located at Shōmyōji (Hakodate, Hokkaido), Tenneji (Aizuwakamatsu), Jutokuji (Kita, Tokyo), Entsūji (Kita, Tokyo), etc.

A monument known as Hekketsuhi, was erected at Hakodate in memory of about 800 people, including Hijikata, who died during the Boshin War.

In 1875, Nagakura Shinpachi, with the help of Matsumoto Ryōjun and several of his surviving former Shinsengumi comrades including Saitō Hajime among others, erected the monument known as the Grave of Shinsengumi for Kondō Isami, Hijikata Toshizō, and the fallen comrades of the Shinsengumi at Jutoku-ji temple boundary in Itabashi, near Itabashi Station in Tokyo.

Statue at Takahata Fudo, Hino, Tokyo

Hijikata bust near the Hijikata Toshizō Museum, Takahata Fudo, Hino, Tokyo

The Hijikata Toshizō Museum was later established in 1994 near the Sekidenji temple.

In popular culture

The Shinsengumi have become a popular subject for films, television, and manga and anime, ranging from historical drama to comedy and romance. As a leader of the group, Hijikata is usually a prominent character in such productions.

The novel Moeyo Ken, written by Ryōtarō Shiba, is a dramatization of Hijikata's life. The novel was adapted into a film in 1966 and a television series in 1970 where Hijikata was played by Asahi Kurizuka.

Hijikata is depicted in the 1999 film Gohatto ("Taboo") (played by Takeshi Kitano) and the 2013 NHK Taiga drama Yae no Sakura (played by Jun Murakami). He was also played by Koji Yamamoto in both the 2004 NHK Taiga drama series Shinsengumi! (including the single-episode sequel Shinsengumi!: Hijikata Toshizo Saigo no Ichinichi) and 2015 Taiga drama series Asa ga Kita. He is the protagonist in Morita Kenji's manga Getsumei Seiki, and in Mibu Robin's Baragaki ("Red Demon").

He is also featured in a number of other anime and manga series, including Gintama (an inspired character named Hijikata Tōshirō 土方十四郎), Peacemaker Kurogane, Intrigue in the Bakumatsu - Irohanihoheto, Ghost Slayers Ayashi (as a child, with a brief glimpse of his future death); Kaze Hikaru, Shura no Toki, Hell Girl, Soar High! Isami (inspired character: Toshi Tsukikage) and the popular otome game/anime series Hakuouki: Shinsengumi Kitan. Hijikata is also a supporting character in Shin Teito Monogatari, the prequel to the bestselling historical fantasy novel Teito Monogatari (Hiroshi Aramata). In the manga and anime, Drifters, Hijikata serves as one of the antagonists, who holds hatred to the protagonist, Shimazu Toyohisa, because he is an ancestor of the Shimazu clan he fought. He is also a main character in the manga Golden Kamuy, having been secretly imprisoned in Abashiri Prison instead of killed. Hijikata appears in the 2014 historical fiction novel The Soldier and the Samurai.(ISBN 1500183059)

Hijikata is one of the main characters in the 2014 video game Ryū ga Gotoku Ishin!, voiced by Nakamura Shidō II.

Hijikata also appears in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order as a limited 5-Star Berserker-class Servant. He debuted during the GUDAGUDA 2: Meiji Restoration event, and his Noble Phantasm is known as Shinsengumi, which gets stronger as his HP dwindles.

Notes

^ 幕臣取り立て新選組概史歴史館-動亂の章 Archived 2013-08-16 at the Wayback Machine; accessed 16 June 2015.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c 土方歳三 HIJIKATA, tamahito.com; accessed 16 June 2015.
^ Lee, Rosa (January 2011). "Romanticising Shinsengumi in Contemporary Japan". New Voices in Japanese Studies. 4: 168–187.

生涯

出身