Zao Wou-Ki | |
籍貫: | 鎮江丹徒大港 |
出生地: | 北京 |
去世地: | 瑞士尼永 |
|
趙無極(1921年2月13日-2013年4月9日),法國籍華裔畫傢,擅長畫油畫,生於中國北京,祖籍鎮江丹徒大港。趙無極畢業於國立杭州藝術專科學校,師從油畫傢方幹民與吳大羽。2002年,趙無極獲選為法蘭西藝術學院院士。趙無極與朱德群、吳冠中並稱中國藝術界的“留法三劍客”。
生平
米勒的《El Ángelus(天使)》(又稱《晚禱》)是趙無極兒時最喜歡的畫作。
趙無極生在一個書香世傢,世代定居鎮江丹徒大港(今鎮江丹徒區)。傢族可追溯自宋朝皇族趙子禠,其為宋太祖六世孫,建炎三年(公元1129年)遷居鎮江丹徒大港。父親趙漢生是銀行傢。
1921年2月,趙無極於北京出生,為 7 個小孩中的長子。在鎮江丹徒大港趙氏傢族有不少字畫收藏,趙無極對米芾的一幅真跡最感興趣,趙10歲時(約1931年),族中的一位叔叔,從巴黎帶回很多明信片,有許多西方的油畫,趙尤愛其中米勒的《天使》,他從此便喜歡畫畫,也獲得父親與長輩的認同。1935年趙無極通過考試進入國立杭州藝術專科學校(簡稱杭州藝專)就讀,學習繪畫,師從吳大羽、方幹民、林風眠,同年結識了同為杭州藝專學習音樂的謝景蘭、吳冠中、朱德群是趙的學長。
1937年爆發抗日戰爭,為避免戰禍,杭州藝專師生不斷往西遷移,由浙江杭州,輾轉移設至諸暨、江西貴溪、湖南沅陵、貴州貴陽、雲南昆明、四川鬆林岡,1942年遷設於重慶。
1941年趙無極畢業,經林風眠推薦留校擔任助教,同年與謝景蘭在香港結婚,並在重慶舉辦了第一次個人作品展覽。趙無極自承,在學期間深受塞尚、馬蒂斯、畢加索的作品影響。
1942年,趙在重慶中蘇文化協會舉辦了一個聯展,展出包括林風眠、吳大羽、方幹民、關良、丁衍鏞以及他個人的作品,此時他已立志擺脫傳統國畫對技巧的崇拜和模仿,同年獨子趙嘉陵出生。
1945年抗戰勝利,國立藝術專科學校(1938年由杭州藝專、北平藝專合併而成)遷回杭州原址,校名恢復為國立杭州藝術專科學校。1945年,國立藝專在重慶舉辦“現代繪畫聯展”,方幹民、林風眠、李可染、龐薫琹、趙無極、關良等參加,提倡“現代中國繪畫藝術與現代世界藝術合流”。
1946年趙無極回校任教,翌年(1947年),趙在上海大新百貨公司舉辦了個人畫展。
縱然已辦過個人展覽,27歲的趙無極,認為自己太年青,仍處於學習階段,在其父母資助下,1948年2月,趙偕妻子謝景蘭乘船遠赴法國巴黎深造,兒子趙嘉陵交由父母照料,選擇巴黎是因為他喜歡印象派畫風。2月28日趙氏夫婦於馬賽港入境法國,4月1日抵達巴黎。夫婦倆於藝術傢聚集的蒙帕納斯區,選擇了穆林-瓦特路上的一傢旅館住了下來,與著名雕塑傢阿爾伯托·賈科梅蒂為鄰。
1949年,在法國巴黎約剋勒茲畫廊舉辦留法後首之個展。在巴黎,妻子和他離婚,嫁給一位法國雕塑傢。趙無極開始到世界各地遊歷,在香港和電影演員朱纓(本名陳美琴)結婚,回到巴黎繼續創作 ,將西方的抽象繪畫方法和中國畫寫意畫法的空靈意象融合到一起,將油畫畫成寫意畫的效果,用稀薄的油彩潑墨,幹澀的筆法皴染。趙無極曾參加法國五月沙竜、意大利威尼斯雙年展等展覽,開始擁有名氣。
1972年陳美琴因精神病復發,服過量安眠藥自殺身亡,趙無極十分悲傷,有接近一年沒有畫畫,後來創作了一幅九米巨畫《紀念美琴》紀念亡妻,保存在蓬皮杜藝術中心。
翌年,趙無極認識弗朗索瓦·馬爾凱,兩人於1977年結婚,這是他的第三段婚姻。
1979年,應貝聿銘的邀請,為他設計的北京香山飯店做壁畫。兩人相識於50年代早期,當時貝聿銘獲得去歐洲的奬學金,他在代表趙無極的畫廊認識趙。貝聿銘的兒子貝禮中在訪問提到:“當我們談及50、60年代,那是抽象表現主義的高峰時期。這個風潮當時在歐美是既新鮮又熱切。當時的我是青少年,我記得雙親到訪畫廊、藝術傢工作室,與藝術傢共進晚餐。這是當時藝術、建築界中人做的事,是激動人心的時代。”
1999年在北京舉辦的《趙無極60年回顧展》時,轟動了整個中國藝術界,並到上海巡展。時任法國總統的希拉剋專門為畫展撰寫前言,提到:“趙無極洞徹我們兩大民族的感性,使二者融於一身,既屬中華,又屬法蘭西。他的藝術,吸取了我們兩國文化的精粹。”江澤民為畫展題詞“氤氳化醇,融合創新”。
1983年,趙無極回國在母校浙江美術學院講學。
1993年,趙無極獲法國密特朗總統頒贈榮譽勳位,並獲巴黎市長希哈剋親頒巴黎市政府維爾美勳章。
1995年,趙氏獲日本皇室大賞。
2002年,趙無極被選為法蘭西藝術院院士,並授予榮譽勳章,。
2011年之後偕妻子定居瑞士。2013年4月9日下午因病醫治無效在瑞士沃州逝世,享年92歲。
家庭
- 首任妻子謝景蘭,兩人育有一子趙嘉陵,後離異,1995年因車禍去世。
- 第二任妻子陳美琴,為香港藝人,患有精神病,1972年病發,自殺身亡。
- 第三任妻子弗朗索瓦.馬爾凱(Françoise Marquet),法國人。
2012年,鎮江《趙氏宗譜》編委會就已發現趙無極的爺爺趙紹甫親自主修的傢譜,其中記載: 鎮江大港趙氏始祖趙子禠為宋太祖六世孫,建炎三年(公元1129年)遷居鎮江大港。趙無極之父趙漢生為宋太祖30世孫,1894年出生於大港。
藝術時期
趙無極的藝術主要可以分為幾個時期:杭州時期、甲骨文時期、三段式時期和無極時期。
作品
2017
- 在佳士得香港秋拍“亞洲二十世紀及當代藝術”夜場,趙無極的油畫《29.01.64》以約2.03億港元成交,刷新了其作品拍賣成交價的世界紀錄。
2018
- 在保利香港春拍“現當代藝術專場”,趙無極的油畫《大地無形》以1.55億港元落槌,此作曾在2007年11月香港佳士得上拍,當時2,944萬港元成交。。
- 在佳士得香港春拍“亞洲二十世紀及當代藝術”夜場中,趙無極的油畫《14.12.59》以1.76億港元成交,成為史上第三貴趙無極作品。
- 趙無極創作尺幅最大的油畫三聯作《1985年6月至10月》,於香港蘇富比2018年秋拍以5.1億港元成交,刷新了3個拍賣紀錄,包括香港藝術拍賣史上最高成交畫作的紀錄、亞洲油畫世界拍賣紀錄、趙無極世界拍賣紀錄。
評價
- 王承昊在《傳統之根——試論趙無極、 朱德群、 吳冠中的中國藝術精神》一文中寫到:“趙無極、朱德群、吳冠中便是林風眠衣鉢的傳人。他們先後進入杭州國立藝專學習時,正值學校的鼎盛時期。校長林風眠以蔡元培“思想自由,兼容並包”的辦學宗旨廣納賢才,這裏既有像潘天壽這樣傳統功力深厚的國畫大師,也有像吳大羽、方幹民這樣深通西方現代繪畫藝理的著名畫傢,這使得他們在校的學習能在一個容納中西、開闊視野的學術環境下,吸收中西文化的精髓......林風眠、潘天壽、吳大羽、方幹民等藝術教育的形式與思想更深深影響了當時的朱德群、 趙無極、吳冠中。探尋西方藝術之源成為三人共同的夢想。”
- 劉鉞在《左杭州、右巴黎—西湖畫派六人集論》一書中將林風眠、吳大羽、方幹民、趙無極、朱德群和吳冠中六人作為一個畫派—“西湖畫派”。
相關條目
- 留法三劍客
- 中國油畫
- 西湖畫派
- 留法中國藝術傢
參考文獻
- ^Le peintre franco-chinois Zao Wou-ki est mort [法籍華裔畫傢趙無極逝世]. Le Monde. 2013-04-09 [2013-04-10] (法語).
- ^王承昊. 傳統之根 ——試論趙無極、 朱德群、 吳冠中的中國藝術精神. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 100-102.
- ^跳轉至:3.03.1宋代皇族後裔從小愛塗鴉. 星島日報. 2013-04-10[2013-04-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-01).
- ^跳轉至:4.04.14.2趙無極:不在學習西方藝術與傳承中國傳統問題上糾結. 新華網. 2013-04-12 [2013-04-12]. (原始內容存檔於2014-04-30).
- ^Claude Roy; Zao, Wou-ki. Zao WOU-KI (Les Grands peintres). Editions Cercle D'Art. 1988-09-20: 202.ISBN 2702202225(法語).
- ^跳轉至:6.06.16.26.3Gérard de Cortanze, Yves Bonnefoy; Wou-Ki Zao. ZAO WOU-KI. Editions de La Différence. 1998: 381.ISBN 2729112103(法語).
- ^蔡筱穎.畫傢趙無極過世 享壽93歲. 中央通訊社. 2013-04-10[2013-04-11].
- ^跳轉至:8.08.18.28.38.48.58.6趙無極執畫筆去天堂. 中國評論新聞網. 2013-04-12 [2013-04-12].
- ^跳轉至:9.09.1大陸新聞組/整理.趙無極的愛與痛. 世界新聞網. 2012-08-13 [2013-04-11].
- ^跳轉至:11.011.1民國國立杭州藝術專科學校. 浙江檔案網.[2013-04-12]. (原始內容存檔於2016年3月4日).
- ^跳轉至:12.012.112.2懷念趙無極:一個時代的結束. 文匯報. 2013-04-11 [2013-03-12].
- ^工商晚報, 1958-06-08 第8頁
- ^華人藝術瑰寶 趙無極逝世. 蘋果日報. 2013年4月11日.
- ^專訪貝禮中:父親貝聿銘與趙無極的藝術往事,The Value,2019-11-4
- ^趙無極繪畫融合創新60年. 中國青年報. 1999年2月19日 [2007年10月31日]. (原始內容存檔於2005年5月2日).
- ^ZAO Wou-Ki [趙無極]. 法蘭西藝術院. [2013-04-10]. (原始內容存檔於2007-10-21) (法語).
- ^著名華裔畫傢趙無極辭世. 亞太日報. 2013-04-10[2013-04-10].[永久失效鏈接]
- ^3367.趙無極生平史料遭揭--藝術收藏--人民網. art.people.com.cn. [2018-10-03].
- ^趙無極《29.01.64》逾2億拍出 刷畫作紀錄. on.cc東網.[2018-07-08] (中文(香港)).
- ^趙無極破紀錄,The Value,2017-5-27
- ^趙無極《大地無形》HK$1.55億落槌,The Value,2018-3-29
- ^6幅大作佳士得HK$4億成交,The Value, 2018-5-26
- ^趙無極最大油畫售5.1億 破香港藝術拍賣紀錄. on.cc東網.[2018-10-03] (中文(香港)).
- ^王承昊. 傳統之根 ——試論趙無極、 朱德群、 吳冠中的中國藝術精神. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 100-102.
外部鏈接
- 趙無極原是鎮江大港人 鎮江發現大師生平及藝術淵源新史料 金柏 紹竜
- [永久失效鏈接]
- 融合文化的王子﹣趙無極 | 巴黎彩之華
- 睿芙奧藝術集團藝術傢簡歷 - 趙無極
- 趙無極石版畫 北京-巴黎 Paris-Beijing 畫廊
- 法蘭西藝術院過去和現在院士名單
- 2011年列名世界拍賣收入記錄前30名的中國畫傢名單已公佈 - 第14名為趙無極 Zao Wou-ki 趙無極
- 華人藝術瑰寶 趙無極逝世《蘋果日報》2013年4月11日
Early years
Zao was born in Beijing with family roots in Dantu, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province. In his childhood he was brought back to his hometown Dantu where he studied calligraphy and gained acceptance to the Hangzhou School of Fine Arts. From 1935 to 1941, he studied painting at the China Academy of Art in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, where he was taught by Lin Fengmian, Fang Ganmin and Wu Dayu. In 1948, he went with his wife Lan-lan, a composer, to Paris to live on the same block in Montparnasse where the classes of Émile Othon Friesz took place. His earliest exhibitions in France were met with praise from Joan Miró and Picasso.
Personal life
Zao and his wife pursued their own careers, their son having stayed in China with Zao's parents. In the mid-1950s, they were divorced. In 1957, Zao decided to visit the United States where his younger brother Chao Wu-Wai was living in Montclair, New Jersey, close to the art scene of New York City. He wanted to learn more about "pop art". While in the US, he painted seven canvases at his brother's house. There are relatively few items dating from that year (1957). Years later, the largest canvas was given by his brother, Chao Wu-Wai, to the Detroit Institute of Arts.
He left the U.S. after a six-week stay, traveling to Tokyo and then to Hong Kong, where he met his second wife Chan May-Kan (陳美琴, May Zao), a film actress who had two children from her first marriage. Under the influence of Zao, she became a successful sculptor. In 1972, she committed suicide at age 41 due to mental illness. In 1972, he also visited his family in China who he had not seen since 1948.
In 1997, he married his third wife Françoise Marquet, who now serves as president of the Zao Wou-Ki Foundation.
Career
Zao's works, influenced by Paul Klee, are orientated to abstraction. He names them with the date in which he finishes them, and in them, masses of colours appear to materialise a creating world, like a Big Bang, where light structures the canvas. He worked formats in triptychs and diptychs. While his work was stylistically similar to the Abstract Expressionists whom he met while travelling in New York, he was influenced by Impressionism. Zao Wou-Ki stated that he had been influenced by the works of Matisse, Picasso and Cézanne.
His meetings with Henri Michaux pushed him to review his Indian ink techniques, always based in Chinese traditional drawings. Zao was a member of the Académie des beaux-arts, and was considered to have been one of the most successful Chinese painters during his lifetime.
In 1982, he was invited to paint for the Fragrant Hills Hotel in Beijing, designed by I. M. Pei. I. M. Pei had a fellowship to Europe in the early 1950s and he met Wou-Ki at Galerie Claude Bernard, the gallery that represented Wou-Ki. In 1983, he returned to his alma mater, the China Academy of Art in Hangzhou to give lectures.
Former French President Jacques Chirac was offered a painting by Zao Wou-Ki by his ministers during their last meeting.
By the end of his life Zao had stopped producing new paintings due to health problems. He died on 9 April 2013 at his home in Switzerland.
Art Auction Results
Between 2009 and 2014, the value of his work tripled, leading to a scarcity of paintings and to prices rising even higher.
2017
- Zao Wou-ki’s 29.01.64 (1964) was sold for HK$202.6m (US$26m) at Christie's in Hong Kong, setting a new auction record for the artist and the world record for an oil painting by any Asian artist.The record for the artist was previously held by 29.09.64, another large painting that was sold for HK$153m (US$19.6m) at Christie’s Hong Kong in May this year.
2018
- Juin-Octobre 1985, the largest size that Zao Wou-ki ever worked on, was sold for HK$510m after premium, setting the record for the most valuable painting sold in Hong Kong auctions, as well as the auction record for an oil painting by an Asian artist.
References
- ^ ab "Le peintre franco-chinois Zao Wou-ki est mort" [The Franco-Chinese painter Zao Wou-ki is dead]. Le Monde.fr (in French). Le Monde. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^ Biographie Zao Wou-ki (1921 - 2013) at Applicat-Prazan - Paris
- ^ ab c Holland, Oscar. "Zao Wou-Ki, the Chinese abstract painter who sells for millions". CNN. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ "Untitled, 1957 (oil on canvas) by Zao Wou-Ki". Bridgeman Art Library. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^ Gu, Mei (26 April 2013). "趙無極的第二任妻子陳美琴". Sina. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- ^ Molcard, Eva Sarah (17 September 2018). "21 Facts About Zao Wou-Ki". Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ Leymarie, Jean; Marquet, Françoise (1979). Zao Wou-ki. Rizzoli. p. 309. ISBN 0847801802.
- ^ Studio International. 154: 152. 1957.
- ^ "Li Chung Pei Recounts Friendship Between I.M. Pei and Zao Wou-Ki | Feature Series | THE VALUE | Art News". TheValue.com. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
- ^ "Franco-Chinese painter Zao Wou-Ki dies aged 93: lawyers". France 24. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^ "Zao Wou-ki 's 29.01.64 Sold for US$26m, New World Auction Record for Oil Painting by Asian Artist | Auctions News | THE VALUE | Art News". TheValue.com. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
- ^ "Sold for HK$510m, Zao Wou-ki's Largest Work Becomes Most Expensive Oil Painting by Asian Artist | Auctions News | THE VALUE | Art News". TheValue.com. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
External links
- Zao Wou-Ki: Ink and Watercolor at de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
- Zao Wou-Ki: Paintings 1950's - 1960's at de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
- Zhao Wuji at Gallery Heede & Moestrup - Copenhagen
- (in Chinese) 趙無極:在巴黎重新發現中國