英國 人物列錶
辛西婭.列儂 Cynthia Lennon約翰·列儂 John Winston Lennon
弗吉尼亞·伍爾芙 Virginia Woolf
英國 溫莎王朝  (1882年元月25日～1941年三月28日)
Adeline Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf
弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫（英語：Virginia Woolf；1882年1月25日－1941年3月28日），英國作傢，被譽為二十世紀現代主義與女性主義的先鋒。在一戰與二戰的戰間期，她是倫敦文學界的核心人物，同時也是布盧姆茨伯裏派（Bloomsbury Group）的成員。最知名的小說包括《達洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）、《到燈塔去》（To the Lighthouse）、《雅各的房間》（Jakob's Room）、《奧蘭多》，散文《自己的房間》等，其中的名言指出，女人必須有她自己的一點收入及獨立的房間。

早年生活

1882年1月25日，弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫於倫敦出生，當時她的父母給她取名阿德琳（Adeline）。截至她結婚前都叫阿德琳·弗吉尼亞·斯蒂芬（Adeline Virginia Stephen）。

而她的父母雙方都曾喪偶，所以伍爾夫與她的異母/異父兄弟姊妹住在一起，整個家庭跨三宗婚姻。她的父親是當時顯赫的編輯萊斯利·史蒂芬爵士（Sir Leslie Stephen），也是文學評論傢及傳記作者。他的亡妻為薩剋雷的幼女，因此，他與很多文學名士都有往來，包括亨利·詹姆斯、丁尼生及托馬斯·哈代。伍爾夫的母親是一個美人，曾為前拉斐爾派的畫傢愛德華·波恩-瓊斯（Edward Burne-Jones）擔任模特。伍爾夫跟隨父母住在倫敦市區，那裏鄰近海德公園。另外，她的早年教育由父母在傢指導完成。

1895年，她的母親突然離世。2年後，同母異父的姐姐Stella去世，15歲的伍爾夫因此遭受若幹次精神崩潰。

1897至1901年間，伍爾夫於倫敦國王學院接受古希臘、拉丁語、德語及歷史教育。後來在自傳《存在的瞬間》（Moments of Being）中道出她和姐姐瓦內薩·貝爾（Vanessa Bell）曾遭受同母異父的哥哥喬治和傑瑞德·杜剋沃斯（Gerald Duckworth）性侵的遭遇。1904年，父親萊斯利·斯蒂芬爵士去世之後，她和瓦內薩遷居到了布盧姆斯伯裏（Bloomsbury）。後來她們和幾位朋友創立了布盧姆茨伯裏派文人團體。她在1905年開始職業寫作生涯，最初為《泰晤士報文學增刊》撰稿。

婚後以及著作

1912年，和公務員兼政治理論傢倫納德·伍爾夫結婚。

1915年，她的第一部小說《遠航》出版，其後作品都深受評論界和讀者喜愛。大部分作品是由自己和其丈夫成立的“賀加斯岀版”（Hogarth Press) 推岀。

伍爾夫被譽為20世紀偉大的小說傢，現代主義文學潮流的先鋒；不過她本人並不喜歡某些現代主義作者，如喬伊斯。她對英語語言革新良多，在小說中嘗試意識流的寫作方法，試圖去描繪在人們心底的潛意識。愛德華·摩根·福斯特稱她將英語“朝着光明的方向推進了一小步”。她在文學上的成就和創新至今仍有影響。二戰後她的聲望有所下降，但隨着70年代女權主義的興起，她又成為文學界關註的對象。

伍爾夫患有嚴重的憂鬱癥，她曾在1936年寫給朋友的信中提及：“永不要相信我的信，不騙你，寫這信之前我徹夜未眠，瞪着一瓶三氯乙醛，喃喃說着不能、不要，你不能飲。”1941年3月28日，她在自己的口袋裏裝滿了石頭之後，投入了位於羅德麥爾（Rodmell）她傢附近的歐塞河（River Ouse）自盡，留下了給丈夫的遺書。伍爾夫與詹姆斯·喬伊斯同年出生，又同年死去，兩人又同是意識流的代表作傢。

現代研究

最近關於伍爾夫的研究大多關註於三個方向：女權主義、同性戀傾嚮及憂鬱癥病史。這方面的一個例子是 1997 年 Eileen Barrett 和 Patricia Cramer 所著的一係列文學批評：《Virginia Woolf: Lesbian Readings》。

1966年伊麗莎白·泰勒曾主演的電影《靈欲春宵》（Who's afraid of Virginia Woolf？），但這部影片的名字，卻和 Virginia Woolf 沒有絲毫關係，而是套用了一麯英國童謠，名為“Who's afraid of the big, bad wolf?”

在 2002 年，出現了一部以伍爾夫在寫《達洛維夫人》期間故事為題材的電影《時時刻刻》（The Hours）。這部電影獲得了奧斯卡最佳影片奬的提名，最後沒有獲奬。但是影片的主角妮可·基德曼（Nicole Kidman）獲得了最佳女主角奬。這部電影取材於普利策奬得主麥可·康寧漢（Michael Cunningham）1998 年的同名小說。電影名字“The Hours”是伍爾夫在創作期間為《達洛維夫人》所起的暫時名字。不過有些研究伍爾夫的學者對伍爾夫在影片中的形像非常不滿。

紀念

2018年1月25日，Google以其首頁的Doodle紀念伍爾夫的136歲冥誕。

作品

更詳盡的列表見en:Bibliography of Virginia Woolf。

小說

  • 出航（The Voyage Out，1915年）
  • 夜與日（Night and Day，1919年）
  • 雅各的房間（Jacob's Room，1920年）
  • 達洛維夫人（Mrs. Dalloway，1925年）
  • 到燈塔去（To the Lighthouse，1927年）
  • 奧蘭多（Orlando: a Biography，1928年）
  • 海浪（The Waves，1931年）
  • 歲月（The Years，1937年）
  • 幕間（Between the Acts，1941年）
短篇小說集

隨筆

  • 自己的房間（A Room of One's Own，1929年）
  • 普通讀者I（The Common Reader，1925年）
  • 普通讀者II（The Second Common Reader，1933年）
  • 三個畿尼（Three Guineas，1938年）
  • 羅傑·弗萊傳記（Roger Fry: A Biography，1940年）
  • 飛蛾之死及其它（The Death of the Moth and Other Essays，1942年）
  • 瞬間及其它隨筆（The Moment and Other Essays，1948年）
  • 存在的瞬間（Moments of Being）
  • 現代小說（Modern Fiction，1919年）

自傳

弗吉尼亞‧伍爾夫出版了三本書，並給了它們“傳記” ("A Biography")的副標：

  • Orlando: A Biography (1928, usually characterised as a novel inspired by the life of Vita Sackville-West)
  • Flush: A Biography (1933, more explicitly cross-genre: fiction as "stream of consciousness" tale by Flush, a dog; non-fiction in the sense of telling the story of the owner of the dog, Elizabeth Barrett Browning), reprinted in 2005 by Persephone Books
  • Roger Fry: A Biography (1940, usually characterised as non-fiction, however: "[Woolf's] novelistic skills worked against her talent as a biographer, for her impressionistic observations jostled uncomfortably with the simultaneous need to marshal a multitude of facts.")

非小說

  • Modern Fiction (1919)
  • The Common Reader (1925)
  • A Room of One's Own (1929)
  • On Being Ill (1930)
  • The London Scene (1931)
  • The Common Reader: Second Series (1932)
  • Three Guineas (1938)
  • The Death of the Moth and Other Essays (1942)
  • The Moment and Other Essays (1947)
  • The Captain's Death Bed And Other Essays (1950)
  • Granite and Rainbow (1958)
  • Books and Portraits (1978)
  • Women And Writing (1979)
  • Collected Essays (six volumes)

戲劇

  • Freshwater: A Comedy (performed in 1923, revised in 1935, and published in 1976)

翻譯作品

自傳式寫作及日記

  • A Writer's Diary (1953)—Extracts from the complete diary
  • Moments of Being (1976)
  • A Moment's Liberty: the shorter diary (1990)
  • The Diary of Virginia Woolf (five volumes)—Diary of Virginia Woolf from 1915 to 1941
  • Passionate Apprentice: The Early Journals, 1897–1909 (1990)
  • Travels With Virginia Woolf (1993)—Greek travel diary of Virginia Woolf, edited by Jan Morris
  • The Platform of Time: Memoirs of Family and Friends, Expanded Edition, edited by S. P. Rosenbaum (London, Hesperus, 2008)

書信

  • Congenial Spirits: The Selected Letters (1993)
  • The Letters of Virginia Woolf 1888–1941 (six volumes, 1975–1980)
  • Paper Darts: The Illustrated Letters of Virginia Woolf (1991)

序

  • Selections Autobiographical and Imaginative from the Works of George Gissing ed. Alfred C. Gissing, with an introduction by Virginia Woolf (London & New York, 1929)

相册

參考文獻

  1. ^ Google celebrates 136th birthday of Virginia Woolf with a doodle.
  2. ^ Kirkpatrick, B. J.; Clarke, Stuart N. A Bibliography of Virginia Woolf 4th. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1997. ISBN 9780198183839.
  3. ^ Frances Spalding (ed.), Virginia Woolf: Paper Darts: the Illustrated Letters, Collins & Brown, 1991, (ISBN 1-85585-046-X) (hb) & (ISBN 1-85585-103-2) (pb), pp. 139–140.

延伸閱讀

傳記
  • Bell, Quentin. Virginia Woolf: a Biography. Vol. I: Virginia Stephen 1882 to 1912. London: Hogarth Press. 1972.
  • Bell, Quentin. Virginia Woolf: a Biography. Vol. II: Virginia Woolf 1912 to 1941. London: Hogarth Press. 1972.
  • Bell, Quentin. Virginia Woolf: A Biography. Rev. ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1996.
  • Bennett, Maxwell. Virginia Woolf and Neuropsychiatry. Dordrecht, London: Springer, 2013.
  • Briggs, Julia. Virginia Woolf: An Inner Life. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2006. ISBN 0-15-603229-5.
  • Caramago, Thomas D. The Flight of the Mind: Virginia Woolf's Art and Manic-Depressive Illness. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
  • Curtis, Anthony. "Virginia Woolf: Bloomsbury & Beyond", Haus Books, 2006.
  • Dalsimer, Katherine. Virginia Woolf: Becoming a Writer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-09208-3.
  • Dally, Peter. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: Manic Depression and the Life of Virginia Woolf. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2001.
  • Dunn, Jane. A Very Close Conspiracy: Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf. Boston: Little, Brown, 1990.
  • Holtby, Winifred. Virginia Woolf: a critical memoir. London: Bloomsbury. 2007 . ISBN 9780826494436. 已忽略未知參數|author&link= (幫助)
  • Gordon, Lyndall. Virginia Woolf: A Writer's Life. New York: Norton, 1984.
  • Gruber, Ruth. Virginia Woolf: The Will to Create as a Woman. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005.
  • Forrester, Viviane. Virginia Woolf: A Portrait. United States: Columbia University Press, 2015. ISBN 0231153562
  • King, James. Virginia Woolf. New York: Norton, 1994.
  • Leaska, Mitchell. Granite and Rainbow: The Hidden Life of Virginia Woolf. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998.
  • Lee, Hermione. Virginia Woolf. New York: Knopf, 1997.
  • Nicolson, Nigel. Virginia Woolf. New York: Penguin, 2000.
  • Poole, Roger. The Unknown Virginia Woolf. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
  • Reid, Panthea. Art and Affection: A Life of Virginia Woolf. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Rosenman, Ellen Bayuk. The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
  • Szasz, Thomas. "My Madness Saved Me": The Madness and Marriage of Virginia Woolf. New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Publishers, 2006.
文學主題
  • Blair, Emily. Virginia Woolf and the Nineteenth-century Domestic Novel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. ISBN 0-7914-7119-5.
  • Dalgarno, Emily. Virginia Woolf and the Visible World. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-521-03360-8.
  • DeSalvo, Louise. Virginia Woolf: The Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Her Life and Work. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989.
  • Goldman, Jane. The Feminist Aesthetics of Virginia Woolf. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-79458-7.
  • Hussey, Mark. Virginia Woolf and War. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8156-2537-5.
  • Miller, C. Ruth. Virginia Woolf: The Frames of Art and Life. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0-333-44880-4.
  • Paul, Janis M. The Victorian Heritage of Virginia Woolf: The External World in Her Novels. New York : St. Martin's Press, 1988. ISBN 0-937664-73-1.
  • Transue, Pamela J. Virginia Woolf and the Politics of Style. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986. ISBN 0-88706-286-5.
其它
 


Adeline Virginia Woolf (/wʊlf/; née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer, considered one of the most important modernist 20th century authors and also a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device.

Woolf was born into an affluent household in South Kensington, London, the seventh child in a blended family of eight which included the modernist painter Vanessa Bell. Her mother was Julia Prinsep Jackson and her father Leslie Stephen. While the boys in the family received college educations, the girls were home-schooled in English classics and Victorian literature. An important influence in Virginia Woolf's early life was the summer home the family used in St Ives, Cornwall, where she first saw the Godrevy Lighthouse, which was to become central in her novel To the Lighthouse (1927).

Woolf's childhood came to an abrupt end in 1895 with the death of her mother and her first mental breakdown, followed two years later by the death of her half-sister and a mother figure to her, Stella Duckworth. From 1897 to 1901, she attended the Ladies' Department of King's College London, where she studied classics and history and came into contact with early reformers of women's higher education and the women's rights movement. Other important influences were her Cambridge-educated brothers and unfettered access to her father's vast library.

Encouraged by her father, Woolf began writing professionally in 1900. Her father's death in 1904 caused Woolf to have another mental breakdown. Following his death, the Stephen family moved from Kensington to the more bohemian Bloomsbury, where they adopted a free-spirited lifestyle. It was in Bloomsbury where, in conjunction with the brothers' intellectual friends, they formed the artistic and literary Bloomsbury Group.

In 1912, she married Leonard Woolf, and in 1917 the couple founded the Hogarth Press, which published much of her work. They rented a home in Sussex and moved there permanently in 1940. Throughout her life, Woolf was troubled by her mental illness. She was institutionalised several times and attempted suicide at least twice. Her illness may have been bipolar disorder, for which there was no effective intervention during her lifetime. In 1941, at age 59, Woolf died by drowning herself in the River Ouse at Lewes.

During the interwar period, Woolf was an important part of London's literary and artistic society. In 1915 she published her first novel, The Voyage Out, through her half-brother's publishing house, Gerald Duckworth and Company. Her best-known works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928). She is also known for her essays, including A Room of One's Own (1929), in which she wrote the much-quoted dictum, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."

Woolf became one of the central subjects of the 1970s movement of feminist criticism and her works have since garnered much attention and widespread commentary for "inspiring feminism". Her works have been translated into more than 50 languages. A large body of literature is dedicated to her life and work, and she has been the subject of plays, novels, and films. Woolf is commemorated today by statues, societies dedicated to her work and a building at the University of London.


    

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