安德魯·馬維爾（英語：Andrew Marvell 1621年3月31日－1678年8月16日）英國形而上詩人、諷刺作傢、政治傢，1659至1678年多次入選英國下院。英格蘭聯邦時期，是約翰·米爾頓的同事和朋友。

作品

馬維爾創作不少政治諷刺詩和小品文，抨擊政府的腐敗和宗教迫害。同時，他以詩歌來閱讀並解說“大自然的神秘書籍”。在《緻他的嬌羞的女友》一詩中，馬維爾將激情和理智並置，用優美的語言表現“及時行樂”。《花園》詩文音韻優美，意在將田園詩的風格和玄學詩（Metaphysical Poetry）的特點融合在一起。

相關

• 安德魯·馬維爾作品列表
• 馬維爾學院，以安德魯·馬維爾命名的學校。
• 安德魯·馬維爾號，一艘英國商船。

參考

1. ^ 李春寧主編. 高等教育與教學研究. 北京：兵器工業出版社. 2005.12: 195. ISBN 7-80172-611-1.
2. ^ 張廣奎主編. 英美詩歌. 廣州：中山大學出版社. 2016.01: 27. ISBN 978-7-306-05550-7.
3. ^ 張伯香，張文主編. 《英美文學簡明教程》學習指南. 武漢：華中科技大學出版社. 2015.09: 32. ISBN 978-7-5680-1101-3.

安德魯·馬維爾(Andrew Marvell)英國詩人。曾受雇於托馬斯·費爾法剋斯和奧利弗·剋倫威爾任家庭教師。後成為彌爾頓的助手，任政府拉丁文秘書。1659年入選為議員，直至去世。作有許多政治諷刺詩和小品文，抨擊政府的腐敗和宗教的迫害。大部分詩作都是在他死後發表的，其中最著名的作品有《緻羞澀的情人》、《花園》和《哀嘆幼鹿之死的仙女》等 。安德魯·馬維爾(Andrew Marvell, 1621―1678)是17世紀英國著名的玄學派詩人。玄學派詩人是英國17世紀早期的一組詩人，其主要成員包括約翰·多恩，喬治·赫伯特，安德魯·馬維爾等。玄學派詩歌的突出特徵在於對一種新穎的意象和奇特比喻的運用，也就是我們通常所說的"奇思妙喻"(conceits)。 這些詩歌語言口語化，節奏和韻律有很大的靈活性，主題復雜，充滿了智慧與創造力。而其中的那些奇異而新穎的意象尤其讓人印象深刻。與其他玄學派詩人不同的是，馬維爾被一些批評傢看作是一位承前啓後的詩人。他不但繼承了伊麗莎白時代愛情詩中的浪漫主義傳統，成為一位具有浪漫主義氣質的詩人，而且開啓了18世紀古典主義的"理性時代"。古典派詩人偏重意象的完整優美，喜以哲理入詩;浪漫派詩人則偏重情感的自然流露。二者各有偏重，前者重形式，而後者則重實質。在馬維爾的詩中，常能體現二者的完美結合，理性令他的詩寓意深刻，浪漫則使他的詩情境優美。玄學派詩歌在18和19世紀一直為世人所忽視，直到20世紀初，纔從歷史的塵封中重見天日。馬維爾的詩集在出版之時並未引起公衆註意，在艾略特給予玄學派詩人以高度評價之後，馬維爾作為這派的一員纔得以聞名。他的詩作並不多，其中膾炙人口的不過三四首早期詩作, 然而他的作品以簡潔、警闢、生動、文雅而為人所稱道。一提起他，人們通常會想到的是他的名作《緻他的嬌羞的女友》(To His Coy Mistress)，一首表現"及時行樂"(Carpe diem)主題的好詩。殊不知他的《花園》(The Garden)一詩亦有其獨特的藝術魅力。該詩文字綺麗，音韻優美，意象生動，將田園詩的風格和玄理詩的特點融合在一起，形成了他特有的風格。讀《花園》一詩，目睹那飽含詩人情感的花園美景，讓人情不自禁地陶醉於那精心繪製出的色彩清淡、優美靜謐、和諧融洽的田園風光之中，一股清新自然的氣息不能不引發出一種深切的嚮往之情。風格在探討什麽樣的世界纔是人的理想世界時，作者不僅以情感人，而且以理服人。周珏良先生曾對全詩作過詳盡的分析，本文着力於探討馬維爾所追求的花園境界及《花園》一詩所體現的他的獨特詩風。想象奇特作為玄學派詩人，馬維爾身上體現出許多玄學派詩人突出的特徵。比如善於采用奇特的意象和別具匠心的比喻。在《緻他的嬌羞的女友》中，他使用了"植物般的愛情"、"食肉的猛禽"、"受時間慢慢吞吞地咀嚼"、"把甜蜜的愛情揉成一球"、"生活的兩扇鐵門"、"我們的太陽"等奇思妙喻。在另一首詩《愛的定義》(The Definition of Love)中，詩的開始采用源自宇宙的意象來表達衹有通過失望才能認識到無法滿足的愛具有怎樣巨大的力量，結尾則采用了平行綫的意象加深這種有緣無份，愛不可得的失望。很顯然，馬維爾在詩中廣泛藉鑒其他學科諸如生物學、天文學、幾何學的知識，而這一點正是典型的玄學派風格。《花園》一詩中的奇特想象就集中體現在詩人使用的奇思妙喻中。文藝復興時期的詩人喜用宇宙意象，這在馬維爾的詩中也有所體現。亞裏士多德-托勒密宇宙論為當時的英國詩人提供了衆多涉及宇宙的方方面面的意象，這些意象對當時的詩人産生了極其廣泛的影響。按照亞裏士多德-托勒密宇宙的構成，有形宇宙的主要特徵是圓形。圓形是傳統宇宙結構中占支配地位的形狀。文藝復興時期英國詩人大多是以圓形對世界的一切進行觀察和思考的。《花園》中關於圓的意象可謂俯拾即是。葡萄、仙桃、玉桃、瓜、蘋果等等，都隱含了"圓"的意象。圓形象徵完美。馬維爾多次使用圓形意象與他所嚮往的花園境界，也是想使它臻於完美。《花園》一詩結尾處還采用了"宇宙之舞"的意象:多才多藝的園丁用鮮花和碧草把一座新日晷勾劃得多美好;在這兒，趨於溫和的太陽從上空沿着芬芳的黃道十二宮追奔;還有那勤勞的蜜蜂，一面工作，一面像我們一樣計算着它的時刻。如此甜美健康的時辰，衹除用碧草與鮮花來計算，別無他途!(楊周翰譯 以下同。但《花園》一詩我還是喜歡蘇薇星教授的翻譯。)"宇宙之舞"這個意象暗示宇宙的運動變化，它把天地萬物組織起來，構成一種富有節奏的運動模式，"日晷"的意象暗示花園的圓形，"日晷"和"太陽"穿過"黃道十二宮"運行的意象，一方面說明宇宙是一個和諧的整體，它井然有序，不僅美麗，而且和諧，另一方面也暗示這座花園受到時間的製約，而受到時間製約的任何事物都是可朽的、短暫的、不完美的。因此，詩人實際上暗示，本詩前面描繪的所謂"花園"在現實世界中是沒有的，衹有通過沉思才能抵達。圓的意象和宇宙之舞的意象都說明花園雖是理想境界，但仍受時間的製約，是有限宇宙的象徵。以理入詩馬維爾的《緻他的嬌羞的女友》之所以能從衆多同類主題的詩歌中脫穎而出，一個重要原因就是他在詩中使用了邏輯中的三段論的推理和說理方式，以故為新。以哲理入詩是玄學派詩歌的另一顯著特點。"詩雖不是討論哲學和宣傳宗教的工具，但是它的後面如果沒有哲學和宗教就不易達到深廣的境界。"《花園》一詩難能可貴之處正在以哲理入詩。花園之景的意象美，不僅要用眼睛去欣賞，更需要我們以整個身心去感覺。因它不止是表面的形色，更有它藴含的精神，也正因此，它才能勾起遐思，開拓胸懷，引發靈感，頓悟人生。在《花園》一詩中，詩人開篇就批評人們這種無端為功利名譽而煩惱的行為，認為在人世間為戰功、高官、桂冠而辛苦經營是無謂的，那最終贏來的榮譽不過要用自然界中的樹木(棕櫚、橡樹、月桂樹)來象徵。詩人不願與世俗同流，極力嚮往自然和田園生活的願望由此可見一斑。花園能給人帶來世上的功名利祿所不能帶來的那份恬靜與安適。因此詩人悔恨自己"久入迷途"，提出衹有進入花園隱居才能得到快樂。那麽花園境界到底是什麽樣的呢?在下一節詩中，詩人以擬人化的筆調點出花園境界的兩大特點:一為恬靜，二為無邪。美好的"寧靜"，我終於在此找到了你，還有"天真無邪"，你親愛的女弟!我久入迷途，一直在忙忙碌碌的衆人之中想和你們相遇。你們的神聖的草木，在這世界上，衹能在草木叢中才能生長;和這甜美的"幽獨"相比的話，人群衹可說是粗鄙，不開化。"寧靜"和"天真無邪"造就了這讓人苦苦尋覓的花園境界，與之相比，詩人眼中的世俗世界則是庸俗喧囂的。

Early life

Attributed to Sir Godfrey Kneller (who arrived in England in 1676), Trinity College, Cambridge

Andrew Marvell

Marvell was born in Winestead-in-Holderness, East Riding of Yorkshire, near the city of Kingston upon Hull, the son of a Church of England clergyman also named Andrew Marvell. The family moved to Hull when his father was appointed Lecturer at Holy Trinity Church there, and Marvell was educated at Hull Grammar School. A secondary school in the city, the Andrew Marvell Business and Enterprise College, is now named after him.

At the age of 13, Marvell attended Trinity College, Cambridge and eventually received a BA degree. A portrait of Marvell attributed to Godfrey Kneller hangs in Trinity College's collection.

Afterwards, from the middle of 1642 onwards, Marvell probably travelled in continental Europe. He may well have served as a tutor for an aristocrat on the Grand Tour, but the facts are not clear on this point. While England was embroiled in the civil war, Marvell seems to have remained on the continent until 1647. In Rome in 1645 he probably met the Villiers brothers, Lord Francis and the 2nd Duke of Buckingham, as well as Richard Flecknoe, about whom he would later on write a satirical poem. It is not known exactly where his travels took him except that Milton later reported that Marvell had mastered four languages, including French, Italian and Spanish.

First poems and Marvell's time at Nun Appleton

Marvell's first poems, which were written in Latin and Greek and published when he was still at Cambridge, lamented a visitation of the plague and celebrated the birth of a child to King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria. He only belatedly became sympathetic to the successive regimes during the Interregnum after Charles I's execution on 30 January 1649. His "Horatian Ode", a political poem dated to early 1650, responds with lament to the regicide even as it praises Oliver Cromwell's return from Ireland.

Circa 1650–52, Marvell served as tutor to the daughter of the Lord General Thomas Fairfax, who had recently relinquished command of the Parliamentary army to Cromwell. He lived during that time at Nun Appleton Hall, near York, where he continued to write poetry. One poem, "Upon Appleton House, To My Lord Fairfax", uses a description of the estate as a way of exploring Fairfax's and Marvell's own situation in a time of war and political change. Probably the best-known poem he wrote at this time is "To His Coy Mistress".

Anglo-Dutch War and employment as Latin secretary

During the period of increasing tensions leading up to the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652, Marvell wrote the satirical "Character of Holland," repeating the then-current stereotype of the Dutch as "drunken and profane": "This indigested vomit of the Sea,/ Fell to the Dutch by Just Propriety."

He became a tutor to Cromwell's ward, William Dutton, in 1653, and moved to live with his pupil at the house of John Oxenbridge in Eton. Oxenbridge had made two trips to Bermuda, and it is thought that this inspired Marvell to write his poem Bermudas. He also wrote several poems in praise of Cromwell, who was by this time Lord Protector of England. In 1656 Marvell and Dutton travelled to France, to visit the Protestant Academy of Saumur.

In 1657, Marvell joined Milton, who by that time had lost his sight, in service as Latin secretary to Cromwell's Council of State at a salary of £200 a year, which represented financial security at that time. Oliver Cromwell died in 1658. He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard. In 1659 Marvell was elected Member of Parliament for Kingston upon Hull in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was paid a rate of 6 shillings, 8 pence per day during sittings of parliament, a financial support derived from the contributions of his constituency. He was re-elected MP for Hull in 1660 for the Convention Parliament.

After the Restoration

A statue of Andrew Marvell, located in the Marketplace, Kingston upon Hull, UK

The monarchy was restored to Charles II in 1660. Marvell avoided punishment for his own co-operation with republicanism, and he helped convince the government of Charles II not to execute John Milton for his antimonarchical writings and revolutionary activities. The closeness of the relationship between the two former colleagues is indicated by the fact that Marvell contributed an eloquent prefatory poem, entitled "On Mr. Milton's Paradise Lost", to the second edition of Milton's epic Paradise Lost. According to a biographer: "Skilled in the arts of self-preservation, he was not a toady."

In 1661 Marvell was re-elected MP for Hull in the Cavalier Parliament. He eventually came to write several long and bitterly satirical verses against the corruption of the court. Although circulated in manuscript form, some finding anonymous publication in print, they were too politically sensitive and thus dangerous to be published under his name until well after his death. Marvell took up opposition to the 'court party', and satirised them anonymously. In his longest verse satire, Last Instructions to a Painter, written in 1667, Marvell responded to the political corruption that had contributed to English failures during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The poem did not find print publication until after the Revolution of 1688–9. The poem instructs an imaginary painter how to picture the state without a proper navy to defend them, led by men without intelligence or courage, a corrupt and dissolute court, and dishonest officials. Of another such satire, Samuel Pepys, himself a government official, commented in his diary, "Here I met with a fourth Advice to a Painter upon the coming in of the Dutch and the End of the War, that made my heart ake to read, it being too sharp and so true."

From 1659 until his death in 1678, Marvell was serving as London agent for the Hull Trinity House, a shipmasters' guild.^{[citation needed]} He went on two missions to the continent, one to the Dutch Republic and the other encompassing Russia, Sweden, and Denmark.^{[citation needed]} He spent some time living in a cottage on Highgate Hill in north London, where his time in the area is recorded by a bronze plaque that bears the following inscription:

Four feet below this spot is the stone step, formerly the entrance to the cottage in which lived Andrew Marvell, poet, wit, and satirist; colleague with John Milton in the foreign or Latin secretaryship during the Commonwealth; and for about twenty years M.P. for Hull. Born at Winestead, Yorkshire, 31st March, 1621, died in London, 18th August, 1678, and buried in the church of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. This memorial is placed here by the London County Council, December, 1898.

A floral sundial in the nearby Lauderdale House bears an inscription quoting lines from his poem "The Garden". He died suddenly in 1678, while in attendance at a popular meeting of his old constituents at Hull. His health had previously been remarkably good; and it was supposed by many that he was poisoned by some of his political or clerical enemies. Marvell was buried in the church of St Giles in the Fields in central London. His monument, erected by his grateful constituency, bears the following inscription:

Near this place lyeth the body of Andrew Marvell, Esq., a man so endowed by Nature, so improved by Education, Study, and Travel, so consummated by Experience, that, joining the peculiar graces of Wit and Learning, with a singular penetration and strength of judgment; and exercising all these in the whole course of his life, with an unutterable steadiness in the ways of Virtue, he became the ornament and example of his age, beloved by good men, feared by bad, admired by all, though imitated by few; and scarce paralleled by any. But a Tombstone can neither contain his character, nor is Marble necessary to transmit it to posterity; it is engraved in the minds of this generation, and will be always legible in his inimitable writings, nevertheless. He having served twenty years successfully in Parliament, and that with such Wisdom, Dexterity, and Courage, as becomes a true Patriot, the town of Kingston-upon-Hull, from whence he was deputed to that Assembly, lamenting in his death the public loss, have erected this Monument of their Grief and their Gratitude, 1688.

Prose works

Marvell also wrote anonymous prose satires criticizing the monarchy and Roman Catholicism, defending Puritan dissenters, and denouncing censorship.

The Rehearsal Transpros'd, an attack on Samuel Parker, was published in two parts in 1672 and 1673.

In 1676, Mr. Smirke; or The Divine in Mode, a work critical of intolerance within the Church of England, was published together with a "Short Historical Essay, concerning General Councils, Creeds, and Impositions, in matters of Religion."

Marvell's pamphlet An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government in England, published in late 1677, alleged that: "There has now for diverse Years, a design been carried on, to change the Lawfull Government of England into an Absolute Tyranny, and to convert the established Protestant Religion into down-right Popery". John Kenyon described it as "one of the most influential pamphlets of the decade" and G. M. Trevelyan called it: "A fine pamphlet, which throws light on causes provocative of the formation of the Whig party".

A 1678 work published anonymously ("by a Protestant") in defense of John Howe against the attack of his fellow-dissenter, the severe Calvinist Thomas Danson, is also probably by Marvell. Its full title is Remarks upon a late disingenuous discourse, writ by one T.D. under the pretence de causa Dei, and of answering Mr. John Howe's letter and postscript of God's prescience, &c., affirming, as the Protestant doctrine, that God doth by efficacious influence universally move and determine men to all their actions, even to those that are most wicked.

Views

Although Marvell became a Parliamentarian and was opposed to episcopacy, he was not a Puritan. Later in life especially, he seems to have been a conforming Anglican. Marvell positively identifies himself as "a Protestant" in pamphlets. He had flirted briefly with Catholicism as a youth, and was described in his thirties (on the Saumur visit) as "a notable English Italo-Machiavellian".

His strong Biblical influence is clear in poems such as "The Garden", the "Coronet" and "The Bermudas".

Vincent Palmieri noted that Marvell is sometimes known as the "British Aristides" for his incorruptible integrity in life and poverty at death. Many of his poems were not published until 1681, three years after his death, from a collection owned by Mary Palmer, his housekeeper. After Marvell's death she laid dubious claim to having been his wife, from the time of a secret marriage in 1667.

Marvell's poetic style

T. S. Eliot wrote of Marvell's style that 'It is more than a technical accomplishment, or the vocabulary and syntax of an epoch; it is, what we have designated tentatively as wit, a tough reasonableness beneath the slight lyric grace'. He also identified Marvell and the metaphysical school with the 'dissociation of sensibility' that occurred in 17th-century English literature; Eliot described this trend as 'something which... happened to the mind of England... it is the difference between the intellectual poet and the reflective poet'. Poets increasingly developed a self-conscious relationship to tradition, which took the form of a new emphasis on craftsmanship of expression and an idiosyncratic freedom in allusions to Classical and Biblical sources.

Marvell's most celebrated lyric, "To His Coy Mistress", combines an old poetic conceit (the persuasion of the speaker's lover by means of a carpe diem philosophy) with Marvell's typically vibrant imagery and easy command of rhyming couplets. Other works incorporate topical satire and religious themes.

In popular culture

His work is referenced in the 1997 British film The Serpent's Kiss and quoted in the 1946 British film A Matter of Life and Death. It is also referenced in Audrey Niffenegger's The Time Traveler's Wife and Emily Colin's The Memory Thief.

Several works of science fiction, fantasy, and mystery allude to "To His Coy Mistress".

In 2003, Christopher Peachment published "The Green and the Gold", a first-person fictional narrative following Marvell's life.

See also

• List of works by Andrew Marvell
• The Marvell College
• Andrew Marvel (1812 ship) - ship built at Kingston upon Hull that made some 24 voyages as a Greenland whaler

References

Further reading

• A. B. Chambers (1991). Andrew Marvell and Edmund Waller: Seventeenth-Century Praise and Restoration Satire. University Park, PA.
• Warren L. Chernaik (1983). The poet's time: politics and religion in the work of Andrew Marvell. Cambridge University Press.
• Will Davenport. The Painter. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-651460-X. This novel about Rembrandt features Andrew Marvell as a character.
• Kenneth R. Friedenreich (ed.) (1978). Tercentenary Essays in Honor of Andrew Marvell. Hamden, CT.
• Nicholas McDowell (2008). Poetry and Allegiance in the English Civil Wars: Marvell and the Cause of Wit. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Nigel Smith (2010). Andrew Marvell: The Chameleon. New Haven, CT. ISBN 978-0-300-11221-4.