美國 現代美國  (1932年)

 世界歷史 World History： 《西洋現代史》 閱讀羅伯特•帕剋斯頓 Robert Paxton在历史大观的作品!!!

　　羅伯特·帕剋斯頓（Robert O. Paxton），美國政治及歷史學者，專於“二戰”時期法國維希政權、納粹主義及歐洲史。1932年生於弗吉尼亞州的列剋星敦市。先後獲得牛津大學碩士、哈佛大學博士學位。曾任教於加利福尼亞大學伯剋利分校和紐約大學石溪分校，後進入哥倫比亞大學任教，為該校歷史係社會科學梅隆講座榮休教授。其主要著作有：開創性的《維希法國：老衛隊和新秩序，1940-1944》（Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order，1940-1944，2001），《法國農民的法西斯主義思緒》（French Peasant Fascism，1996），《法西斯主義剖析》（The Anatomy of Fascism，2004）。他還是對“法西斯主義”一詞做出權威界定者之一。2009年4月，法國政府授予其“法國榮譽軍團勳章”。

　　Robert O. Paxton (born 1932 in Lexington, Virginia) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism and Europe during the World War II era.
　　
　　BiographyPaxton was born in Lexington, Virginia, and studied at Washington and Lee University for B.A. He earned his M.A. at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his Ph.D. at Harvard University.
　　
　　Paxton taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the State University of New York at Stony Brook before joining the faculty of Columbia University in New York, where he is now Mellon Professor Emeritus of Social Science in the Department of History.
　　
　　Paxton was called to testify at the trial of Maurice Papon (1910–2007), who was convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.
　　
　　In April, 2009, the French government awarded Paxton the Legion d'honneur.
　　
　　 Academic WorkPaxton is best known for his 1972 book Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944, in which he argued that Vichy collaboration with Germany was a voluntary program entered into by the Vichy government, not forced upon it by German pressure. It is considered one of the path-breaking works on France in the Vichy era. Its thesis has earned respect among both American and French historians. Paxton was the co-writer of Claude Chabrol's The Eye of Vichy.
　　
　　Additionally, Paxton has put forward a definition of fascism:
　　
　　"Fascism may be defined as a form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victim-hood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion."