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斯塔夫理阿諾斯 L. S. Stavrianos巴拉剋·奧巴馬 Barack Hussein Obama湯姆·聖彼得羅 Tom Santopietro
莫裏斯·羅沙比 Morris Rossabi希瑟·萊爾·瓦格納 Heather Lehr Wagner海倫·凱勒 Helen Keller
老剋 Clemens哈雷特·阿班 Hallett Edward Abend比爾·剋林頓 William Jefferson Clinton
拉裏·凱恩 Larry Kane卡爾·伯恩斯坦 Carl Bernstein魯思.本尼迪剋特 Ruth Benedict
明妮·魏特琳 Minnie Vautrin凱瑟琳·特雷西 Kathleen Tracy施瓦·巴拉吉 Shiva Balaghi
詹姆斯·曼 James Mann查爾斯·R·莫裏斯 Charles R. Morris利默 Leamer L.
加裏·沃爾夫 Gary Wolf剋裏斯托弗·希爾頓 Christopher Hilton何天爵 Chester Holcombe
弗羅德裏剋·鮑爾 弗罗德里克 Powell羅斯·特裏爾 Ross Terrill魏斐德 Frederic Evans Wakeman, Jr.
詹姆斯·麥格雷戈·伯恩斯 James MacGregor Burns彼得·德魯剋 Peter F. Drucker德博拉·海登 Deborah Hayden
本·布萊德利 Ben Bradlee理查德·A·約翰遜 Richard A. Johnson傑剋·威澤弗德 Jack Weatherford
剋裏斯·華萊士 Chris Wallace海倫·S·加森 Helen S.Garson亨利·福特 Henry Ford
丹尼爾·埃爾斯博格 Daniel Ellsberg艾倫·肖姆 Alan Schom康尼·安·柯剋 Connie Ann Kirk
喬治·巴頓 George Smith Patton湯晏 Tang Yan阿爾敏·迪·萊曼 Armin D. Lehmann
蒂姆·卡羅爾 Tim Carroll帕米拉·剋拉剋·凱羅 帕米拉克拉 Kekai Luo羅伯特·達萊剋 Robert Dallek
伯納德·剋裏剋 Bernard Kerik羅伯特·魯賓 Robert Edward Rubin莫妮卡·萊溫斯基 Monica Lewinsky
艾倫·紐哈斯 Allen Neuharth蘇斐 SU Fei傑剋·韋爾奇 Jack Welch
麥當娜 Madonna Ciccone戴維·洛剋菲勒 David Rockefeller洛蘭·格倫農 Lorraine Glennon
凱瑟琳·卡爾 Cathleen Carl房竜 Hendrik Willem van Loon張純如 Iris Chang
托馬斯•索威爾 Thomas Swowell薛竜 Ronald Suleski彼得•鄺
杜桑卡•米賽耶維奇丹尼斯•捨曼 Dennis ShermanA•湯姆•格倫費爾德
威廉·卡爾文 William H. Calvin
美國 現代美國  (1939年四月30日)

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  威廉·卡爾文,美國華盛頓大學(西雅圖)醫學院教授,理論神經生物學家。曾在西北大學學習物理,後轉入麻省理工學院和哈佛大學醫學院學習神經科學,1966年獲華盛頓大學生理學和生物物理學博士,之後一直在該校任職。已有《大腦交響樂》、《大腦密碼》等9部著作問世。


  William H. Calvin, Ph.D., (born 30 April 1939) is a professor at the University of Washington in Seattle. He is a well-known popularizer of neuroscience and evolutionary biology, including the hybrid of these two fields, neural Darwinism. He relates abrupt climate change to human evolution and more recently has been working on global climate change issues (his 2008 book, Global Fever).
  
  In his 1996 book How Brains Think: Evolving Intelligence, Then and Now, Calvin writes as an advocate of the idea that brain-based Darwinian processes are what provides brains with what we call "consciousness" and "intelligence". Calvin starts with the harmless division of brain processes into two types, those that depend on "cerebral ruts" (hardware) and those that dance more freely through the brain and so are able to function like "software".....Calvin usually calls these "firing patterns".
  
  Calvin's more audacious step, in his research monograph The Cerebral Code, comes when he suggests that the pattern of action potentials in any particular neocortical minicolumn can be replicated and spread through the cortex like a piece of software code and be "played" on the millions of other minicolumns in the same way you can play a million copies of a CD on a million CD players......the key difference being that while all CD players are designed to do basically the same task, the various cortical minicolumns can all have their own unique "ruts" and the copies of the firing patterns are not exact duplicates.
  
  This allows for a "cerebral symphony" rather than just a million-fold amplification of the same tune and a "survival of the fittest" process whereby those firing patterns that resonate best with the existing pool of "ruts" will dominate our consciousness and generate intelligent behavior. ("Our long train of connected thoughts is why our consciousness is so different from what came before.")
  
  In writing about what mind will become, in A Brief History of the Mind, he notes, "We will likely shift gears again, juggling more concepts and making decisions even faster, imagining courses of action in greater depth. Ethics are possible only because of a human level of ability to speculate, judge quality, and modify our possible actions accordingly."
  
  William H. Calvin has advanced the view that use of the Acheulean hand axe in hominids was a major factor in the evolution in human intelligence.
  
   Book
  
   * Inside the Brain (with George A. Ojemann, New York:New American Library, 1980).
   * The Throwing Madonna: Essays on the Brain (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983. Update 1991 by Bantam.)
   * The River That Runs Uphill: A Journey from the Big Bang to the Big Brain (New York: Macmillan, 1986. ISBN 0025209205)
   * The Cerebral Symphony: Seashore Reflections on the Structure of Consciousness (New York: Bantam Books, 1990. ISBN 0-553-05707-3)
   * The Ascent of Mind: Ice Age Climates and the Evolution of Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1991. ISBN 0-553-07084-3)
   * How the Shaman Stole the Moon: The Search of Ancient Prophet-Scientists: From Stonehenge to the Grand Canyon (New York: Bantam Books, 1991. ISBN 0-553-07740-6)
   * Conversations with Neil's Brain: The Neural Nature of Thought and Language (with George Ojemann)
   * How Brains Think: Evolving Intelligence, Then and Now (New York: Basic Books, 1996. ISBN 0465072771)
   * The Cerebral Code: Thinking a Thought in the Mosaics of the Mind
   * Lingua ex Machina: Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the Human Brain (with Derek Bickerton) (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. ISBN 0262032732)
   * A Brain for All Seasons: Human Evolution and Abrupt Climate Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ISBN 0226092011)
   * A Brief History of the Mind: From Apes to Intellect and Beyond (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0195159071)
   * Almost Us: Portraits of the Apes (2005, ISBN 1-4196-1979-9)
   * Global Fever: How to Treat Climate Change (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2008. ISBN 0226092046.
    

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