閱讀埃薩·德·剋羅茲 José Maria de Eça de Queiroz在小说之家的作品!!! | |||||
埃薩·德·剋羅茲於1866年去裏斯本，執行律師業務，但其主要興趣在文學。1866至1867年間，在《葡萄牙新聞報》上發表了許多題材不同的短篇小說，後來編輯為短篇小說集《粗野的散文》(1903)，其中寫的大多是神怪、奇聞、幻想故事，顯然受了雨果、海涅、波德萊爾、愛倫·坡等人的影響。
1867年後，埃薩·德·剋羅茲前往埃及和巴勒斯坦等地旅行,1870年回到裏斯本,與一群進步青年知識分子交往,鼓吹社會改革,被稱為“七十年代派”。他抨擊當代葡萄牙文學“沒有獨創性,隨波逐流，弄虛作假”,主張文藝應當描寫現實，探討現實問題。1871年與若澤·杜阿爾特·拉馬略·奧爾蒂岡合作，出版社會評論雜志《投槍》。
1872年進入外交界工作，任駐古巴哈瓦那領事。在任期間，曾為保護從澳門來的中國勞工的利益作出努力。1874年調往英國任領事，所寫關於英國情況的文章和書信，後來收集編為《英國書簡》(1903)和《倫敦紀事》(1945)兩本集子。1888年調往法國巴黎任領事，直至逝世。
埃薩·德·剋羅茲的第一部現實主義小說《阿馬羅神父的罪惡》(1876)諷刺和揭露了宗教教育的惡果和盲目迷信的危險。小說寫青年教士阿馬羅被派到萊裏亞的大教堂充當神父，他的老師迪亞斯神父介紹他與寡婦桑鬍亞內拉一傢來往。這個家庭經常有許多迷信的婦女聚會。阿馬羅誘惑了寡婦的女兒阿梅利塔，卻發現寡婦是迪亞斯神父的情婦。師徒兩人互相包庇。阿梅利塔懷孕後為阿馬羅遺棄，後在分娩時死去。
1878年，他的第二部著名小說《堂兄巴濟利奧》發表。這部小說暴露了從海外殖民地暴發歸來的資本傢的罪惡,筆鋒冷峭,諷刺辛辣。主人公路易莎是裏斯本中産階級社會的一個年輕婦女，她的丈夫的堂兄巴濟利奧剛從巴西發財歸來，趁她丈夫外出經商之際勾引了她。他們有一封情書落到了女僕鬍利亞娜手裏，女僕以此要挾路易莎。巴濟利奧又棄她而去巴黎。最後她在恐懼、悔恨、絶望中死去。
埃薩·德·剋羅茲的一部最長的小說《馬伊亞一傢》(1888)寫一個中産階級家庭的庸俗生活，表明作者對這種生活的鄙棄。
從《滿洲官員》(1880)開始，他的作品轉而從幻想和想象中取材,流露出濃厚的異國情調。《遺物》(1887)即取材於一次中東旅行的經歷。《短篇小說集》(1902)中的某些作品，也是描寫巴勒斯坦、埃及、卡利普索島等地的異國風物。
他的一些主要作品企圖揭露葡萄牙資産階級的罪惡和墮落,分析阻礙社會進步的原因,以促進社會變革。他的藝術風格是客觀的、直率的，善於運用諷刺手法。
埃薩·德·剋羅茲晚年對葡萄牙社會變革日益失望，作品偏重於形式和風格。他去世以後還出版了3部小說:《豪門拉米雷斯》(1900)、《弗拉迪剋·門德斯的通訊》(1900)、《城與山》(1901)，其中流露出作者僑居國外時懷念祖國的傷感情緒。
He used the old-fashioned spelling "Eça de Queiroz" and this is the form that appears on many editions of his works; the modern standard Portuguese spelling is "Eça de Queirós".
Biography
Eça de Queirós was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, in 1845. An illegitimate child, he was officially recorded as the son of José Maria de Almeida Teixeira de Queirós, a Brazilian judge, and of an unknown mother. Teixeira de Queirós soon afterwards married Carolina Augusta Pereira d'Eça, and it has been suggested that in reality the boy was her son by an unknown father, or even that he was instead both his and her son, as most genealogists and relatives contend.
At age 16, he went to Coimbra to study law at the University of Coimbra; there he met the poet Antero de Quental. Eça's first work was a series of prose poems, published in the Gazeta de Portugal magazine, which eventually appeared in book form in a posthumous collection edited by Batalha Reis entitled Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous texts"). He worked as a journalist at Évora, then returned to Lisbon and, with his former school friend Ramalho Ortigão and others, created the Correspondence of the fictional adventurer Fradique Mendes. This amusing work was first published in 1900.
Statue of Eça in Póvoa de Varzim; a couple of metres from his birthplace.
In 1869 and 1870, Eça de Queirós travelled to Egypt and watched the opening of the Suez Canal, which inspired several of his works, most notably O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870), written in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão, in which Fradique Mendes appears. A Relíquia ("The Relic") was also written at this period but was published only in 1887. When he was later dispatched to Leiria to work as a municipal administrator, Eça de Queirós wrote his first realist novel, O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Sin of Father Amaro"), which is set in the city and first appeared in 1875.
Eça then worked in the Portuguese consular service and after two years' service at Havana was stationed at 53 Grey Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, from late 1874 until April 1879. His diplomatic duties involved the dispatch of detailed reports to the Portuguese foreign office concerning the unrest in the Northumberland and Durham coalfields - in which, as he points out, the miners earned twice as much as those in South Wales, along with free housing and a weekly supply of coal. The Newcastle years were among the most productive of his literary career. He published the second version of O Crime de Padre Amaro in 1876 and another celebrated novel, O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Basílio") in 1878, as well as working on a number of other projects. These included the first of his "Cartas de Londres" ("Letters from London") which were printed in the Lisbon daily newspaper Diário de Notícias and afterwards appeared in book form as Cartas de Inglaterra. As early as 1878 he had at least given a name to his masterpiece Os Maias ("The Maias"), though this was largely written during his later residence in Bristol and was published only in 1888. There is a plaque to Eça in that city and another was unveiled in Grey Street, Newcastle, in 2001 by the Portuguese ambassador.
Eça, a cosmopolite widely read in English literature, was not enamoured of English society, but he was fascinated by its oddity. In Bristol he wrote: "Everything about this society is disagreeable to me - from its limited way of thinking to its indecent manner of cooking vegetables." As often happens when a writer is unhappy, the weather is endlessly bad. Nevertheless, he was rarely bored and was content to stay in England for some fifteen years. "I detest England, but this does not stop me from declaring that as a thinking nation, she is probably the foremost." It may be said that England acted as a constant stimulus and a corrective to Eça’s traditionally Portuguese Francophilia.
In 1888 he became Portuguese consul-general in Paris. He lived at Neuilly-sur-Seine and continued to write journalism (Ecos de Paris, "Echos from Paris") as well as literary criticism. He died in 1900 of tuberculosis. His son António Eça de Queirós would hold government office under António de Oliveira Salazar.
[edit]Works by Eça de Queirós
Cover of the first edition of Os Maias
À Capital ("To the Capital")
A Cidade e as Serras ("The City and the Mountains", 1901)
A Ilustre Casa de Ramires ("The Noble House of Ramires", 1900)
A Relíquia ("The Relic", 1887)
A Tragédia da Rua das Flores ("The Rua das Flores Tragedy")
Alves & C.a ("Alves & Co.", published in English as "The Yellow Sofa", 1925)
As Minas de Salomão, a reworking of H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines
Cartas de Inglaterra ("Letters from England")
Cartas Familiares e Bilhetes de Paris ("Family Letters and Notes from Paris")
Contos ("Stories")
Correspondência de Fradique Mendes ("Correspondence of Fradique Mendes", 1900)
Ecos de Paris ("Echos from Paris")
Notas Contemporâneas ("Contemporary Notes")
O Conde d'Abranhos ("Count d'Abranhos")
O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Sin of Father Amaro", 1875, revised 1876, revised 1880)
O Egipto ("Egypt", 1926)
O Mandarim ("The Mandarin", 1880)
O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870, in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão)
O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Basílio", 1878)
Os Maias ("The Maias", 1888)
Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous Texts", 1903)
Últimas páginas ("Last Pages")
Uma Campanha Alegre ("A Cheerful Campaign")
[edit]Periodicals to which Eça de Queirós contributed
Gazeta de Portugal
As Farpas ("Barbs")
Diário de Notícias
[edit]Translations
His works have been translated into about 20 languages, including English.
Since 2002 English versions of six of his novels and a volume of short stories, translated by Margaret Jull Costa, have been published in the UK by Dedalus Books.
A capital (To the Capital): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press (UK), 1995.
A Cidade e as serras (The City and the Mountains): translation by Roy Campbell, Ohio University Press, 1968.
A Ilustre Casa de Ramires (The illustrious house of Ramires): translation by Ann Stevens, Ohio University Press, 1968.
A Reliquia (The Relic): translation by Aubrey F. Bell, A. A. Knopf, 1925. Also published as The Reliquary, Reinhardt, 1954.
A Reliquia (The Relic): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 1994.
A tragédia da rua das Flores (The Tragedy of the Street of Flowers): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2000.
Alves & Cia (Alves & Co.): translation by Robert M. Fedorchek, University Press of America, 1988.
Cartas da Inglaterra (Letters from England): translation by Ann Stevens, Bodley Head, 1970. Also published as Eça's English Letters, Carcanet Press, 2000.
O Crime do Padre Amaro (El crimen del Padre Amaro): Versión de Ramón del Valle - Inclan, Editorial Maucci, 1911
O Crime do Padre Amaro (The Sin of Father Amaro): translation by Nan Flanagan, St. Martins Press, 1963. Also published as The Crime of Father Amaro, Carcanet Press, 2002.
O Crime do Padre Amaro (The Crime of Father Amaro): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2002.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
Um Poeta Lírico (A Lyric Poet in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
Singularidades de uma Rapariga Loura (Peculiarities of a Fair-haired Girl in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
José Mathias (José Mathias in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Hippocrene Books, 1983.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
José Mathias (José Mathias in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
O Defunto (The Hanged Man in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
Singularidades de uma Rapariga Loura (Idiosyncrasies of a young blonde woman in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
O Primo Basílio (Dragon's teeth): translation by Mary Jane Serrano, R. F. Fenno & Co., 1896.
O Primo Basílio (Cousin Bazilio): translation by Roy Campbell, Noonday Press, 1953.
O Primo Basílio (Cousin Bazilio): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2003.
Suave milagre (The Sweet Miracle): translation by Edgar Prestage, David Nutt, 1905. Also published as The Fisher of Men, T. B. Mosher, 1905; The Sweetest Miracle, T. B. Mosher, 1906; The Sweet Miracle, B. H. Blakwell, 1914.
Os Maias (The Maias): translation by Ann Stevens and Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, St. Martin's Press, 1965.
Os Maias (The Maias): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, New Directions, 2007.
O Defunto (Our Lady of the Pillar): translation by Edgar Prestage, Archibald Constable, 1906.
Pacheco (Pacheco): translation by Edgar Prestage, Basil Blackwell, 1922.
A Perfeição (Perfection): translation by Charles Marriott, Selwyn & Blovnt, 1923.
José Mathias (José Mathias in José Mathias and A Man of Talent): translation by Luís Marques, George G. Harap & Co., 1947.
Pacheco (A man of talent in José Mathias and A Man of Talent): translation by Luís Marques, George G. Harap & Co., 1947.
Alves & Cia (The Yellow Sofa in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
Um Poeta Lírico (Lyric Poet in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
José Mathias (José Mathias in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by Luís Marques, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
Pacheco (A man of talent in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by Luís Marques, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
Adaptations
There have been two film versions of O Crime do Padre Amaro, a Mexican one in 2002 and a Portuguese version in 2005 which was edited out of a SIC television series, released shortly after the film (the film was by then the most seen Portuguese movie ever, though very badly received by critics, but the tv series, maybe due to being a slightly longer version of the same thing seen by a big share of Portuguese population, flopped and was rather ignored by audiences and critics).
Eça's works have been also adapted on Brazilian television. In 1988 Rede Globo produced O Primo Basílio in 35 episodes. Later, in 2007, a movie adaptation of the same novel was made by director Daniel Filho. In 2001 Rede Globo produced an acclaimed adaptation of Os Maias as a television serial in 40 episodes.
A movie adaptation of O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra was produced in 2007. The director had shortly before directed a series inspired in a whodunit involving the descendants of the original novel's characters (Nome de Código Sintra, Code Name Sintra), and some of the historical flashback scenes (reporting to the book's events) of the series were used in the new movie. The movie was more centered on Eça's and Ramalho Ortigão's writing and publishing of the original serial and the controversy it created and less around the book's plot itself.