| Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank | |||
| 安妮·弗朗剋 | |||
閱讀安妮·弗蘭剋 Anne Frank在小说之家的作品!!! | |||
安妮·弗兰克1942年，由於納粹當局捕捉猶太人的行為日益嚴重，而且瑪格特也收到納粹當局的勞動通知，使得奧圖决定移居到更為隱密且安全的居所；那年的7月9 日，安妮一傢與範丹一傢搬入奧圖公司的三樓與四樓，以書櫃擋住出入口以避人耳目，過着隱蔽的生活。後來他們的夥伴又多了一位牙醫杜賽爾。所以隱密之傢的居 住者共有八個人。
但是在1944年8月4日，安妮一傢由於有人告密而被德國和荷蘭警察逮捕。數日後所有人被轉送到荷蘭的威斯第包剋集中營，一個月後隱密之傢的八個人被轉送到波蘭的奧斯威辛集中營。之後，安妮與姐姐又被轉送到貝爾根─貝爾森集中營，1945年3月姐妹都因傷寒死於營中，距離貝爾根─貝爾森集中營被英軍解放不到兩個月的時間。而其它隱密之傢的成員除奧圖之外，都死於集中營之中。
安妮的日記由於公司女職員的保存而留了下來，之後公司的女職員又轉交給生存下來的奧圖•法蘭剋，1947年安妮的日記便出版，成為珍貴的第一手資料。
安妮·弗蘭剋-早期的生活情況 1934年至1942年在荷蘭阿姆斯特丹居住的公寓
安妮•法蘭剋傢中成員還包括母親艾迪斯（Edith Holländer）與姊姊瑪格特（Margot Frank）。她出生時名為安內利澤•瑪麗（Anneliese Marie），但傢人和朋友都以昵稱“安妮（Anne）”來稱呼她. 有時其父也會叫她“小安妮（Annelein）”。
法蘭剋一傢住在一個猶太人與非猶太人雜居的同化小區中，而安妮和其它在這種環境下生活的小孩一樣，經常接觸到不同信仰的人士（如天主教徒和新教徒），以及其它猶太裔人。法蘭剋一傢信奉猶太教的一分支—猶太教改革派，此教衹遵守部分原猶太教條，而忽略及摒棄了大量原猶太教傳統。安妮的母親艾迪斯是一個虔誠的教徒，而父親奧圖在第一次世界大戰時曾出仕於德國政府，並且獲授勳。性格上奧圖熱衷於追求知識，所以對安妮及其姊瑪格特也經常鼓勵她們多閱讀。
1933年3月13日，在法蘭剋福進行了市議會選舉，由希特勒領導的納粹黨勝出。反猶太主義在此時便迅速擴張起來，使法蘭剋一傢開始擔心繼續留在德國會對自身安全構成危險。在接近年尾時，艾迪斯便帶着安妮與瑪格特到亞琛的外母傢中居住，而奧圖則繼續留在法蘭剋福，直至他收到在荷蘭阿姆斯特丹開設公司的邀請，便决定搬到那邊去打理生意和為傢人安排新住所。法蘭剋一傢是1933年至1939年離開德國的300，000猶太人之一。
奧圖開設了一傢名為“Opekta Works”的公司，負責批發由各種水果提煉出來的果膠。他在阿姆斯特丹近郊的梅爾韋德廣場（Merwedeplein）替傢人找到了新住所。1934年2月，艾迪斯帶着安妮與瑪格特搬到新住所，而且也重新為兩姊妹安排學校。姊姊瑪格特入讀了一所公立學校，而安妮則入讀了蒙特梭利式教育學校（Montessori School）。 兩姊妹在學業上各有專長，瑪格特比較精於算術及數學，而安妮在讀寫上比較優異。其中一個當時安妮的朋友哈娜•戈斯拉（Hannah Goslar）憶述，安妮在作業時經常會用手蓋着答案，以不被其它同儕藉故抄襲，而且也不會跟其它同學一起討論。但是這些作業後來卻沒有保留下來。同時， 安妮和瑪格特在個性上也有着明顯差別。瑪格特在舉止上較文雅，保守和勤奮，而安妮則較健談，外嚮和充滿活力。
1938年，奧圖與一個由德國奧斯納布呂剋舉傢搬來，與名叫赫爾曼•雲佩斯（Hermann van Pels）的肉販合夥建立了另一傢公司。1939年安妮的祖母也搬到阿姆斯特丹來居住，她之後一直住在這裏直到1942年1月逝世。1940年5月，德軍入侵並迅速占領荷蘭，新成立的親納粹政府開始透過差別對待及嚴格的執法迫害猶太人。政府對猶太人實行了強製登記及隔離，所以即使瑪格特與安妮在學校表現優異，但新制度卻規定她們衹可在指定的猶太學校讀書，她們衹好離開原校。之後，她們被編入猶太講學所繼續學習。
安妮·弗蘭剋-日記中的生活情況
躲藏在隱密之傢前
紀念石像，於阿姆斯特丹西教堂
1942年6月12日，當安妮正慶祝她的13歲生日時，她收到一份之前在逛商店時，曾嚮父親央求過的小簿作為生日禮物。這是一本配有紅白彩格封面，並附上一個小鎖的簽名簿。但安妮之後還是决定把這本小簿作為日記使用。她 開始在日記中記載着在日常生活上的各種瑣事，如自己，傢人和朋友，校園生活，鄰居，甚至與一些男孩嬉戲的情況。這些早期的日記都記錄了她的生活，其實都像 其它同學一樣大同小異。同時，安妮也把一些在德國占領下，周遭發生的變化記錄下來。當中有些是在表面上難以察覺的。但在之後的日記，安妮也透露了納粹對猶 太人的壓迫正急速膨脹，而且也記錄了一些詳細數據。其中一個例子是日記中有關強迫猶太人在公衆場合攜帶「黃星」的記錄。她也列舉了一係列在阿姆斯特丹風行，針對猶太人的禁製及迫害措施。同時，她也在日記中表示對年初祖母的離世感到難過。
1942年7月， 瑪格特收到了一份由猶太移民局中央辦公室（Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung）所發的徵召通告，命令她到附近的勞動營報到。然後安妮便得知其父奧圖在與自己公司的雇員"溝通"後，决定把她們藏到公司裏去，而其母與其姊亦早得知此事。 於是一傢人便搬到了位於阿姆斯特丹王子運河（Prinsengracht）河畔的公司內一間隱蔽的房間。
躲藏在隱密之傢後
在1942年7月6日早上，安妮一傢搬到隱密之傢暫避。他們故意把房子弄得很亂，嘗試營造他們已經離開的樣子。奧圖法蘭剋留下了一張字條，暗示他們要去瑞士。他們被逼留下了安妮的貓 「摩積」。因為猶太人不準乘坐公共交通工具，他們從傢門走了幾公裏，每個人都穿了幾層的衣服，因為害怕被人見到他們拿着行李。房子秘密增建的部分，在日記中叫「Achterhuis」，在荷蘭文中意即後座。這是一個在房子後座三層高的空間，可以從地面進入。第一層有兩間細房，相連的洗手間；樓上是一間大的開放式房間，旁邊有一間細房。細房可以通往閣樓去。通往這隱密之傢的門被一個書架蓋住，保證不會被發現。主建築在Westerkerk教堂的一個街口外，表面上跟阿姆斯特丹其它的房子沒甚兩樣。
域陀古加、基爾文、美亞姬斯、禾古治是唯一幾個知道這裏有人隱藏的雇員，姬斯的丈夫、禾古治的父親都是幫助他們藏身的人。他們是屋內的人和外界的唯 一聯繫，也會告知他們戰爭的情況和政局發展。他們保證屋內人的安全，照顧他們的起居飲食——一個隨時間而變得艱難的任務。安妮寫下了他們在最危險的時期對 提升屋內士氣的貢獻。他們都知道，一旦被發現，幫助猶太人都會令他們落得死刑的下場。
在七月尾，雲佩斯一傢加入了法蘭剋一傢，他們包括：賀文、愛吉斯、十六歲的彼得，十一月時費茲•飛化，一位牙醫和雲佩斯傢的朋友，也加入了。安妮寫下了跟新朋友說話的興奮，但很快，狹小的居住環境引起了衝突。安妮跟飛化同住一間房，她很快就覺得他很難以忍受；她又跟愛吉斯•雲佩斯衝突，她認為她愚蠢。她跟她母親的關係亦日漸緊張，安妮說她與她母親沒有甚麽共通點。雖然她有時也跟瑪格特吵架，但她最親的還是父親。過了一段日子以後，她跟彼得卻墮入了愛河。
安妮大部分時間都花在讀書和學習上，閑時也寫日記。除了記下生活上經歷的事情外，她也寫下自己的感受，信念和希望，一些她覺得她不能再談的東西。後來她對寫作的信心增強了，人又成熟了，她開始寫一些抽象的東西，例如對神的信念，又或是她怎麽瞭解人性。她一直都在寫，直至1944年8月1日的最後一篇為止。
被捕
1944年8月4日早上，德國警察闖入了他們的隱密之傢，告密者的身分至今未明。在黨衛隊長官斯巴鮑華的帶領下，當中總共有至少三個德國警察的成員。屋裏的人都被貨車帶走問話。域陀古加和基爾文都被帶走並收監，美亞姬斯和禾基治則沒有被帶走。其它所有人都被帶到了蓋世太保的基地，被盤問了一整晚。8月5日，他們被轉送到拘留所，一個極度擠逼的監獄中。兩日後八個猶太囚犯又被轉送到荷蘭的維斯坦堡。它表面上是一個暫時拘留營，在當時已經有超過十萬猶太人曾經被囚在此處。因為被發現匿藏，他們被視為罪犯，要被送去做苦工。
域陀古加與基爾文被囚禁於一個位於阿默斯福特的戰俘營。基爾文在七個星期後獲釋，但域陀古加則在不同的勞改營一直當苦工直到戰爭結束。美亞姬斯與禾基治曾被秘密警察迫問，但沒有被帶走。他們後來回到隱密之傢，找到安妮散落在地上的紙張；他們把它們連同家庭相簿收起，姬斯打算在戰後把它們還給安妮。在1944年8月7日，美亞姬斯曾找到斯巴鮑華，並希望賄賂他以換取釋放囚犯，但遭拒絶。
被送入集中營與逝世
位於貝爾根－貝爾森集中營集中營舊址的紀念碑9月3日，他們被最後一次移轉，由火車送到奧斯威辛集中營去。他們在三日後到達，以性別分開，再也無法會面。在1019個乘客當中，549個人（包括所有15歲以下的小孩）被直接送到毒氣室殺害。安妮當時已經過了十五歲三個月，得以活命。雖然每個從隱密之傢來的人都活下來了，但安妮相信她的父親已經身亡。
安妮跟其它沒被送進毒氣室的女性一樣，要脫光消毒，剃頭，被紋上一個識別碼。白天，她們被逼做奴隸式的苦工，晚上她們都擠在冷得要命的營房中。疾病非常猖獗，安妮的皮膚也感染了疥癬。
10月28日，軍方開始選移轉到貝爾根－貝爾森集中營。多於8000個女人，包括安妮、瑪格特和愛吉斯•雲佩斯，被轉送到該集中營；她的母親艾迪斯 留了下來。因為大量囚犯被送進來，要開始用營帳收留；安妮和瑪格特就是其中二人。人口增加了，同時使死亡率不斷上升。安妮跟兩個朋友短暫地重遇——漢妮和 蘭特，她們兩人都在戰爭中活下來了。蘭特形容安妮為：禿頭，瘦弱，又在顫抖。漢妮說雖然安妮自己也在生病，她卻更擔心瑪格特，因為她的病更嚴重，而且已經 不能走動，常常在帆布床中躲着。安妮對她的兩位朋友說，她相信她的父母已經死亡。
1945年3月，班疹傷寒在集中營中傳開，17000個囚犯因此死亡。有目擊者說瑪格特從她的帆布床中掉下來，因為休剋而死亡，數日後安妮也死去了。他們估計安妮的死發生在1945年4月15日，英軍光復這個集中營的數星期前。雖然沒有確切日期，一般都相信時間介乎二月尾和三月中。
戰後，有報告稱在110000個從荷蘭押解到納粹德國的猶太人中，衹有5000個得以活命。也有估計指出仍有大約30000名猶太人留在荷蘭，大部分都受到地下反納粹組織援助，當中約有三分之二的人存活下來。
安妮·弗蘭剋-安妮的日記
日記出版經過
1995版，采用了一幅安妮於1941年在猶太人學校讀書時，所攝影的相片作為封面。奧圖一傢最後衹剩下父親奧圖在大戰後存活下來。他在大戰過後回到阿姆斯特丹，而且知道他的妻子已經逝世，而兩個女兒就被轉移到貝爾根－貝爾森集中營。雖然他仍然寄望兩個女兒能夠活着回來，但於1945年7月，他卻收到由國際紅十字會傳來的信息，表示兩姊妹被確認已經離世。後來，奧圖的舊下屬美亞‧姬斯把一直收藏的日記還給了他。奧圖在看過日記後，也表示從來也沒有想到安妮在日記中，對往日的生活狀況竟有着如此準確和良好的記載。基於安妮在生前曾多次提到自己的意願是成為作傢，奧圖開始考慮把日記公開出版。在若幹年後，當奧圖再次被問起對此事的感受時，他表示 「這對我來說也是一個發現，.我從不知道她有這麽深刻的想法和感受，... 她從沒有表露過這些」。
開始時，安妮的日記都是表達自己的想法，並且在裏頭強調了很多次她不容許任何人看她的日記。她聰明地形容了她的生活，她的家庭與同伴，他們的情況， 同時又表明了自己希望寫小說出版的意嚮。在1944年春天，她聽到一個Gerrit Bolkestein做的電臺廣播——他是一個荷蘭流亡政府的成員。他說當戰事結束後，他會籌組關於戰事荷蘭人民受壓迫的公共紀錄。他 也提起過出版信件和日記，所以安妮决定在那時交出她的日記。她開始修正她的作品，刪減某些部分，又重寫某些部分，希望終有一天可以出版。她原本的筆記本子已經用完了，開始寫另一本活頁簿。她為屋子裏的所有人起了假名，雲佩斯一傢成為了賀文，比曹妮娜和彼得•雲丹，費茲飛化成為了艾拔•德素。奧圖•法蘭剋用 了稱為「A版本」的原日記，和稱為「B版本」的修改了的日記一起，出版了日記的初版。他拿走了幾篇文章，大多數是用不奉承的詞語形容他太太的，和一些形容 安妮對性的興趣的篇章。他回覆了他們一傢的真實身分，但其它人依然沿用假名。
他把日記交給歷史學家安妮•羅美，她想出版日記的嘗試卻都不成功。然後她把日記交給丈夫，他從而寫了一篇關於日記的文章，叫「一個小孩的聲音」，於1946年4月3日刊在報紙上。他寫道：「日記結結巴巴地道出了一個小孩子的心聲，體現了法西斯主義的可怕，連紐倫堡審判都不及它。」他的文章引來了出版商的註意，在1947年，日記初版， 1950 年再版。美國的初版在1952年，書名稱為《安妮•法蘭剋：一個少女的日記》。在法國、德國、美國，日記的發行都大受歡迎；但英國卻是個例外，在1953 年便已停印。在日本，此書的發行極受註目及好評，初版賣出逾100，000本。而安妮•法蘭剋在當時的日本，也成為戰時受害的年輕一代的象徵人物。後來艾拔•赫吉把它改編成為戲劇，於1955年10月5日在紐約首次公演，後來贏了普立茲奬。1959年，日記被拍成電影，《安妮•法蘭剋的日記》 ，無論是評論還是票房都是非常正面。日子久了，日記的受歡迎程度也與日俱增，在很多學校，尤其是在美國，它被列入學校正規課程中，把安妮介紹給新一代的讀者。
1986年，荷蘭國傢戰爭文件研究所發表了所謂的「評論性版」日記。它包括了所有已知版本的比較，已修訂和未經修訂的都包含在內。它也包括了對日記真實性的討論，和附加的，有關這個家庭和日記的歷史資料。
1999年，安妮•法蘭剋基金的前主席和美國大屠殺紀念教育基金的主席瑞積（Cornelis Suijk），宣佈他擁有被奧圖•法蘭剋在出版前拿走的五頁日記；瑞積說奧圖•法蘭剋在1980年臨終前把這幾頁都給了他。那幾頁，記下了安妮對父母關係 緊張的婚姻的批評，和她母親對她的漠不關心。
當瑞積打算賣出那五頁日記以替他的美國基金籌錢的時候，惹起過一番不小的爭議。而手稿的正式主人，荷蘭國傢戰爭文件研究所要求瑞積交出手稿。 2000年，荷蘭教育、文化及科學部同意捐出300000美元給瑞積的基金，2001年，手稿回到他們的手上。自此之後，五頁手稿都被收入日記的新版本中。
安妮·弗蘭剋-對安妮與日記的評價
正面評價
戰後在阿姆斯特丹的安妮舊居內，重新放置了用作屏蔽"隱密之傢"的書架。這本日記的高度文學價值一直受世人重視。美國知名劇作傢梅耶•萊文（Meyer Levin）曾以「有着嫓美長篇小說的張力」來形容安妮的寫作風格，並受到她的日記啓發和感動，在日記出版後不久，便與奧圖•法蘭剋合作把日記內容改編為舞臺劇。另外，著名美國詩人約翰•貝裏曼（John Berryman）也曾表示，日記描寫的內容獨特之處，在於它不僅描述了青春期的心態，而且「以細緻而充滿自信，簡約而不失真實地描述了一個孩子轉變為成人的心態。」
在日記的美國發行版中，埃莉諾•羅斯福（即前美國總統羅斯福夫人）在序中寫道：「在我曾閱讀過的書籍中，這是其中一個對戰爭影響的描述最為現實和聰慧的記載之一」。前美國總統約翰•肯尼迪在1961年一次演說中提到說：「在衆多於我們歷史重要關頭，站出來為人性尊嚴辯護的人當中，沒有誰的說話比安妮法蘭剋更鏗鏘有力。」同年，一位蘇聯作傢伊利亞•愛倫堡（Ilya Ehrenburg）也認為，「這是一本代表了六百萬（猶太）人心聲的書，縱使這不是甚麽雄壯偉大的史詩，衹是一本普通小女孩的日記。」
安妮也被認為是一個有高度寫作水平的作傢和人道主義者，同時也被廣泛視為納粹對猶太人大屠殺，以及迫害主義的一個象徵。希拉裏•剋林頓（即前美國總統剋林頓夫人，2008年美國總統選舉候選民主黨提名人） ，在她於1994年接受埃利•維瑟爾人道主義奬時的演說中，也提到安妮的日記「喚醒我們不要再作出愚蠢的岐視行為」（指當時於薩拉熱窩，索馬利蘭和盧旺達的種族戰爭和屠殺）。
在獲得安妮•法蘭剋基金頒授的人權奬後，曼德拉在約翰內斯堡發表講話， 他說在閱過安妮的日記後，「在當中獲得許多鼓勵」。他把自己對種族隔離的反抗喻為安妮對納粹的反抗，並以「因為這些信條都是完全錯誤的，也因為古往今來，它們都在被跟安妮•法蘭剋相似的人挑戰，所以它們是必定會失敗的。」 來把兩種信念連係在一起。同樣地於1994年，前捷剋總統瓦茨拉夫•哈維爾在響應怎樣面對當時的東歐國傢，在蘇聯解體後的政治與社會變化時，也回答說：「安妮•法蘭剋留給後人的精神至今仍然存在，並且對我們仍然具有重要意義。」藉此表示自己的理念。
意大利作傢普利摩•利瓦伊（Primo Levi）曾經表示安妮•法蘭剋之所以被廣泛認為代表着在二戰中數以百萬計受害的民衆，是因為「接受安妮•法蘭剋的故事，比起要去接受那成千上萬與她一樣的受害者要來的容易。也許這樣比較好吧，人們總不能活在成千上萬悲慘故事的陰影下。」而奧地利作傢瑪莉薩•穆勒（Melissa Müller） 在她的撰寫的安妮法蘭剋傳記的後記中，也提到相似的想法，並且試圖消除公衆對「安妮•法蘭剋代表着六百萬納粹集中營受難者」的誤解。她寫道：「安妮的生命 與死亡都是她的命運，而那六百萬受害者也有着自己的命運。所以她不能代表那六百萬被納粹奪去的性命，他們也有着自己與別不同的命運……但她的命運，依然使 我們明白大屠殺對猶太人的影響是如此的廣，如此的深遠。」
安妮的父親，奧圖•法蘭剋在餘生都致力於維護安妮留下的一切。他曾表示「這樣給我的感覺很奇怪。通常在正常的家庭關係裏，都是子女承受着父母知名所 帶來榮譽和負擔，而我卻恰好相反。」而他也重提了出版商認為日記何以如此暢銷的意見。「他們說，日記觸及的日常生活細節是如此的廣泛，致使幾乎每個讀者都 能在日記中找到觸動自己的共鳴。」著名的「納粹獵人」西蒙•維森塔爾認為，安妮的日記大大提高了公衆，對那些在紐倫堡審判中已被確認的屠殺罪行的註意和認識，因為「人們都認識這個女孩。人們都知道大屠殺對她的影響，這也是在我的家庭，在你的家庭也發生着的事，所以人們都能明白這個罪行的影響。」
於1999年6月，美國時代雜志出版了一册題為《TIME 100：世界最具影響力的人物》（TIME 100：Heroes & Icons of the 20th century）的特別期刊，安妮•法蘭剋獲選為其中之一。編者羅傑•羅森布拉特（Roger Rosenblatt） 對她的貢獻作出了這樣的評價：「安妮的日記燃起了所有人對她的熱情，她使人們認識到大屠殺、反猶太主義，也使人們認識到她的童真、善良仁慈，更成為現代世 界的精神象徵－不論是在受着各式各樣影響的個人精神道德，還是在堅定人類對生存的渴望，與對未來的憧憬上。」 他同時表示，當人們敬重安妮的勇氣與實事求事的態度時，同時她對自身的分析能力與寫作能力亦使人欽佩，「她的聲譽所以能長存不朽，主要是因為她具有高度文 學水平。不論甚麽年齡來看，她都是一個水平極高的作傢，能在當時殘酷的現實環境下寫出了如此優秀的作品。」
安妮·弗蘭剋
負面評價和訴訟
日記自20世紀50年代起受到公衆關註後，開始出現不斷的批評與質疑，也有著作申述這些批評，最早期的著作來自瑞典及挪威。在這些負面評價中，曾經有人質疑日記的作者不是安妮•法蘭剋，而是劇作傢梅耶•萊文。
於1958年，當安妮的日記改編的舞臺劇在維也納上映時，在席的西蒙•維森塔爾受到一班抗議者的滋擾。那些抗議者質疑安妮•法蘭剋是否實際上不存 在，並挑釁維森塔爾要求他找出當年逮捕安妮的軍官以茲證明。後來於1963年維森塔爾找到了當時的蓋世太保Karl Silberbauer，在與他的會談中， Silberbauer對當時的罪行直認不諱，並在一張被他逮捕的人的相片中認出了安妮•法蘭剋。他並供認了整個逮捕過程，也記得在過程中曾翻倒了一個載 滿紙張的公文包。這些證詞後來全被其它目擊證人，包括奧圖•法蘭剋予以證實。這次事件也平息了對安妮•法蘭剋是否存在的質疑。
除此以外，有批評者提出了對作者新的質疑。批評者認為，安妮的日記實際是親猶太組織的宣傳品，而奧圖•法蘭剋亦被指為騙子。於1959年，奧圖•法蘭剋於德國呂貝剋對一名曾為希特拉青年團成 員的教師Lothar Stielau興訟，控告該名教師在校報上詆毀日記為贋品，後來同時控告了在呂貝剋一份報紙登信支持Stielau的Heinrich Buddegerg。開庭審訊後，法庭分析了日記的手稿，在1960年確認了日記筆跡與已知的安妮•法蘭剋筆跡相同，並確定日記為真品。法庭判决後， Stielau撤回本來的言論，而奧圖•法蘭剋也沒有繼續追究。
1976年，奧圖•法蘭剋控告法蘭剋福的Heinz Roth，指他印發詆毀日記為贋品的小册子，法庭其後判决Heinz Roth被罰款500，000馬剋及監禁6個月。Roth其後提出了上訴，但他於1978年去世，而在翌年上訴也被駁回。
同年，奧圖•法蘭剋也對Ernst Römer提出了訴訟，指他印發一本名為《暢銷書安妮日記的謊言（ The Diary of Anne Frank, Bestseller, A Lie）》的小册子。此案在法庭審訊時，一個名為Edgar Geiss的人在庭上派發此本小册子，結果他也被起訴。法庭其後判决Römer被罰款1,500馬剋，而Geiss則被判監禁6個月。在上訴後刑期雖然獲得減少，但此次案件卻因為奧圖•法蘭剋後來對刑期的再度上訴，超逾了當地有關誹謗的法律條例範圍而結束。
在奧圖•法蘭剋於1980年死後，安妮的日記包括書信與分散的頁紙，按他的遺願被轉交予荷蘭國傢戰爭文件研究所，研究所後來在1986年委托荷蘭司法部對日記進行司法科學鑒定。司法部分析了日記的筆跡並與過往案例作對比，證實筆跡脗合，而日記上的紙張，漿糊與墨跡亦被確認為與日記撰寫年代脗合，最後安妮的日記正式被荷蘭司法部確認為真跡。後來荷蘭國傢戰爭文件研究所綜合研究結果與原稿及其它資料，出版了所謂的「評論性版」。於1990年3月23日，德國漢堡地方法庭對此版的日記進行了確認。
1991年，兩位大屠殺否定派學者羅伯特•弗裏森（Robert Faurisson） 與 Siegfried Verbeke出版了一本名為《安妮的日記:另一面接觸（The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach）》的著作。這本着作宣稱日記由奧圖•法蘭剋撰寫，並提出日記內容有不少矛盾，質疑躲藏在隱密之傢的可能性，以及文章風格及文筆與同年齡 的青少年有別等問題。
在荷蘭阿姆斯特丹的安妮•法蘭剋之傢與位於瑞士巴塞爾的安妮•法蘭剋基金，在1993年12月就上述著作動用民事法，禁止該書在荷蘭的進一步印發。於1998年12月9日，阿姆斯特丹地方法庭按原告要求，禁止任何否定日記及其內容真實性的印刷品出版，違者將被罰款25,000荷蘭盾（約11350歐元）。
安妮·弗蘭剋-安妮與日記的精神與物質遺産
安妮的半身像，倫敦大英圖書館
在1957年5月3日，一群阿姆斯特丹市民，包括奧圖•法蘭剋，成立了安妮法蘭剋慈善會（the Anne Frank Stichting）以拯救有被拆卸危險的隱密之傢（舊Opekta Works公司大樓），並把大樓改建為安妮之傢博物館，於1960年5月3日嚮公衆開放。博物館由Opekta公司的貨倉與辦公室和隱密之傢兩部分組成， 所有的傢具都已經被移走，使訪客能自由移動。而一些前住客的個人物品則仍被保留，如一些安妮貼在墻上的影星照片、奧圖•法蘭剋在墻紙上標示女兒身高的部 分、還有一幅記錄着同盟國進 度的地圖，這些東西都仍然保存完好。在一間曾經是彼得居住的房間裏，有一條通往旁邊樓房鄰居處的通道，也被慈善會買下來並入博物館。這些房屋都曾用作收藏 安妮的日記，以轉換的展覽區來展示當時納粹迫害的影響以及當代世界的反對種族岐視暴力。安妮之傢至今已成為阿姆斯特丹一個重要旅遊景點，在2005年當年 接待了965，000名遊客。博物館亦提供了網上導覽予不能前來的公衆，也舉辦了多國流動展覽。直至2005年，已有32個國傢舉行過展覽，分佈於歐洲、 亞洲、北美洲及南美洲。
1963年，奧圖•法蘭剋與他的第二任妻子，Elfriede Geiringer-Markovits，成立了安妮法蘭剋基金會作為慈善基金，以瑞士巴塞爾為總部。基金會籌募捐助經費使博物館「看來好一點」。直至奧 圖•法蘭剋逝世，他在遺願中表示把日記的版權留給基金會，但附帶條款是把每年需在版權所得收入中撥出80，000瑞士法郎予他的繼承人，其餘收入則由基金 管理員决定如何使用。基金會現在使用這筆收入，每年定期捐助給一個名為「國際義人（Righteous Among the Nations）」的計劃中以作醫療用途。基金會亦致力教育下一代反對種族岐視暴力，曾在2003年藉出安妮的部分手稿，於美國大屠殺紀念館作公開展覽。在同年的年度報告中，基金會也指出它們於德國、以色列、印度、瑞士、英國及美國亦開展着同樣的計劃。
安妮一傢在1933年至1942年間曾經居住於荷蘭Merwedeplein區的一所房屋，於本世紀初仍為私人所有，直至一部電視紀錄片公 開纔開始受到公衆關註。雖然長期沒有保護及維修，但這所房屋被一傢荷蘭房屋公司收購後，房屋公司根據以往法蘭剋一傢的照片，與安妮在信件中對傢具環境等的 描述數據幫助下，成功回覆到1930年代的舊貌。在過程中，安妮之傢博物館的Teresien da Silva與安妮的表弟Bernhard "Buddy" Elias亦提供了不少意見。該所房屋已於2005年重開，提供予部分因不同原因，而不能於原居地寫作的被選作傢以作棲身之所。每名被選的作傢都有一年期 限於屋內居留或工作。首名被選的作傢是阿爾及利亞籍的小說作傢El-Mahdi Acherchour。
2007年6月，安妮的表弟"Buddy" Elias捐贈了約25，000件傢居文件予安妮之傢博物館。這些文件中，包括了一些法蘭剋一傢在德國與荷蘭拍下的照片，以及奧圖•法蘭剋於1945年把前妻與女兒於納粹集中營中死去的消息告知母親的信件。
以安妮•法蘭剋的生命、日記、作品為靈感，後世也創作了大量以她為參考，或以她為主題的文學、音樂、電視及其它媒體作品。
Born in the city of Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany, she lived most of her life in or near Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. By nationality, she was officially considered a German until 1941, when she lost her nationality owing to the anti-Semitic policies of Nazi Germany (the Nuremberg Laws). She gained international fame posthumously following the publication of her diary which documents her experiences hiding during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II.
The Frank family moved from Germany to Amsterdam in 1933, the same year as the Nazis gained power in Germany. By the beginning of 1940 they were trapped in Amsterdam due to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. As persecutions of the Jewish population increased in July 1942, the family went into hiding in the hidden rooms of her father, Otto Frank's, office building. After two years, the group was betrayed and transported to concentration camps. Anne Frank and her sister, Margot, were eventually transferred to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp where they both died of typhus in March 1945.
Otto Frank, the only survivor of the family, returned to Amsterdam after the war to find that Anne's diary had been saved, and his efforts led to its publication in 1947. It was translated from its original Dutch and first published in English in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl. It has since been translated into many languages. The diary, which was given to Anne on her 13th birthday, chronicles her life from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944.
Anne Frank was born on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany, the second daughter of Otto Frank (1889–1980) and Edith Frank-Holländer (1900–45). Margot Frank (1926–45) was her elder sister. The Franks were liberal Jews, did not observe all of the customs and traditions of Judaism, and lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions. Edith Frank was the more devout parent, while Otto Frank was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read.
On 13 March 1933, elections were held in Frankfurt for the municipal council, and Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won. Antisemitic demonstrations occurred almost immediately, and the Franks began to fear what would happen to them if they remained in Germany. Later that year, Edith and the children went to Aachen, where they stayed with Edith's mother, Rosa Holländer. Otto Frank remained in Frankfurt, but after receiving an offer to start a company in Amsterdam, he moved there to organise the business and to arrange accommodations for his family. The Franks were among approximately 300,000 Jews who fled Germany between 1933 and 1939.
The apartment block on the Merwedeplein where the Frank family lived from 1934 until 1942
Otto Frank began working at the Opekta Works, a company that sold the fruit extract pectin, and found an apartment on the Merwedeplein (Merwede Square) in Amsterdam. By February 1934, Edith and the children had arrived in Amsterdam, and the two girls were enrolled in school — Margot in public school and Anne in a Montessori school. Margot demonstrated ability in arithmetic, and Anne showed aptitude for reading and writing. Her friend Hanneli Goslar later recalled that from early childhood, Frank frequently wrote, although she shielded her work with her hands and refused to discuss the content of her writing. The Frank sisters had highly distinct personalities, Margot being well-mannered, reserved, and studious, while Anne was outspoken, energetic, and extroverted.
In 1938, Otto Frank started a second company, Pectacon, which was a wholesaler of herbs, pickling salts and mixed spices, used in the production of sausages. Hermann van Pels was employed by Pectacon as an advisor about spices. He was a Jewish butcher, who had fled Osnabrück in Germany with his family. In 1939, Edith's mother came to live with the Franks, and remained with them until her death in January 1942.
In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and the occupation government began to persecute Jews by the implementation of restrictive and discriminatory laws; mandatory registration and segregation soon followed. The Frank sisters were excelling in their studies and had many friends, but with the introduction of a decree that Jewish children could attend only Jewish schools, they were enrolled at the Jewish Lyceum. In April 1941, Otto Frank took action to prevent Pectacon from being confiscated as a Jewish-owned business. He transferred his shares in Pectacon to Johannes Kleiman and resigned as director. The company was liquidated and all assets transferred to Gies and Company, headed by Jan Gies. In December 1941, he followed a similar process to save Opekta. The businesses continued with little obvious change and their survival allowed Otto Frank to earn a minimal income, but sufficient to provide for his family.
Time period chronicled in the diary
Before going into hiding
For her 13th birthday on 12 June 1942, Frank received a book she had shown her father in a shop window a few days earlier. Although it was an autograph book, bound with red-and-green plaid cloth and with a small lock on the front, Frank decided she would use it as a diary, and began writing in it almost immediately. While many of her early entries relate the mundane aspects of her life, she also discusses some of the changes that had taken place in the Netherlands since the German occupation. In her entry dated 20 June 1942, she lists many of the restrictions that had been placed upon the lives of the Dutch Jewish population, and also notes her sorrow at the death of her grandmother earlier in the year. Frank dreamed about becoming an actress. She loved watching movies, but the Dutch Jews were forbidden access to movie theaters from 8 January 1941 onwards.
In July 1942, Margot Frank received a call-up notice from the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) ordering her to report for relocation to a work camp. Otto Frank told his family that they would go into hiding in rooms above and behind the company's premises on the Prinsengracht, a street along one of Amsterdam's canals, where some of his most trusted employees would help them. The call-up notice forced them to relocate several weeks earlier than had been anticipated.
Life in the Achterhuis
Reconstruction of the bookcase that covered the entrance to the Secret Annexe, in the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam
On the morning of Monday, 6 July 1942, the family moved into the hiding place. Their apartment was left in a state of disarray to create the impression that they had left suddenly, and Otto Frank left a note that hinted they were going to Switzerland. The need for secrecy forced them to leave behind Anne's cat, Moortje. As Jews were not allowed to use public transport, they walked several kilometers from their home, with each of them wearing several layers of clothing as they did not dare to be seen carrying luggage. The Achterhuis (a Dutch word denoting the rear part of a house, translated as the "Secret Annexe" in English editions of the diary) was a three-story space entered from a landing above the Opekta offices. Two small rooms, with an adjoining bathroom and toilet, were on the first level, and above that a larger open room, with a small room beside it. From this smaller room, a ladder led to the attic. The door to the Achterhuis was later covered by a bookcase to ensure it remained undiscovered. The main building, situated a block from the Westerkerk, was nondescript, old and typical of buildings in the western quarters of Amsterdam.
Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies, and Bep Voskuijl were the only employees who knew of the people in hiding, and with Gies's husband Jan Gies and Voskuijl's father Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, were their "helpers" for the duration of their confinement. These contacts provided the only connection between the outside world and the occupants of the house, and they kept the occupants informed of war news and political developments. They catered for all of their needs, ensured their safety and supplied them with food, a task that grew more difficult with the passage of time. Frank wrote of their dedication and of their efforts to boost morale within the household during the most dangerous of times. All were aware that if caught they could face the death penalty for sheltering Jews.
The house (left) at the Prinsengracht in Amsterdam
On 13 July 1942, the Franks were joined by the van Pels family: Hermann, Auguste, and 16-year-old Peter, and then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and friend of the family. Frank wrote of her pleasure at having new people to talk to, but tensions quickly developed within the group forced to live in such confined conditions. After sharing her room with Pfeffer, she found him to be insufferable and resented his intrusion, and she clashed with Auguste van Pels, whom she regarded as foolish. She regarded Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer as selfish, particularly in regard to the amount of food they consumed. Some time later, after first dismissing the shy and awkward Peter van Pels, she recognised a kinship with him and the two entered a romance. She received her first kiss from him, but her infatuation with him began to wane as she questioned whether her feelings for him were genuine, or resulted from their shared confinement. Anne Frank formed a close bond with each of the helpers and Otto Frank later recalled that she had anticipated their daily visits with impatient enthusiasm. He observed that Anne's closest friendship was with Bep Voskuijl, "the young typist... the two of them often stood whispering in the corner."
In her writing, Frank examined her relationships with the members of her family, and the strong differences in each of their personalities. She considered herself to be closest emotionally to her father, who later commented, "I got on better with Anne than with Margot, who was more attached to her mother. The reason for that may have been that Margot rarely showed her feelings and didn't need as much support because she didn't suffer from mood swings as much as Anne did." The Frank sisters formed a closer relationship than had existed before they went into hiding, although Anne sometimes expressed jealousy towards Margot, particularly when members of the household criticised Anne for lacking Margot's gentle and placid nature. As Anne began to mature, the sisters were able to confide in each other. In her entry of 12 January 1944, Frank wrote, "Margot's much nicer... She's not nearly so catty these days and is becoming a real friend. She no longer thinks of me as a little baby who doesn't count."
The Secret Annexe with its light-coloured walls and orange roof (bottom) and the Anne Frank tree in the garden behind the house (bottom right), seen from the Westerkerk in 2004
Frank frequently wrote of her difficult relationship with her mother, and of her ambivalence towards her. On 7 November 1942 she described her "contempt" for her mother and her inability to "confront her with her carelessness, her sarcasm and her hard-heartedness," before concluding, "She's not a mother to me." Later, as she revised her diary, Frank felt ashamed of her harsh attitude, writing: "Anne, is it really you who mentioned hate, oh Anne, how could you?" She came to understand that their differences resulted from misunderstandings that were as much her fault as her mother's, and saw that she had added unnecessarily to her mother's suffering. With this realization, Frank began to treat her mother with a degree of tolerance and respect.
The Frank sisters each hoped to return to school as soon as they were able, and continued with their studies while in hiding. Margot took a shorthand course by correspondence in Bep Voskuijl's name and received high marks. Most of Anne's time was spent reading and studying, and she regularly wrote and edited her diary entries. In addition to providing a narrative of events as they occurred, she wrote about her feelings, beliefs and ambitions, subjects she felt she could not discuss with anyone. As her confidence in her writing grew, and as she began to mature, she wrote of more abstract subjects such as her belief in God, and how she defined human nature.
Frank aspired to become a journalist, writing in her diary on Wednesday, 5 April 1944:
“ I finally realized that I must do my schoolwork to keep from being ignorant, to get on in life, to become a journalist, because that’s what I want! I know I can write..., but it remains to be seen whether I really have talent...
And if I don’t have the talent to write books or newspaper articles, I can always write for myself. But I want to achieve more than that. I can’t imagine living like Mother, Mrs. van Daan and all the women who go about their work and are then forgotten. I need to have something besides a husband and children to devote myself to!... I want to be useful or bring enjoyment to all people, even those I’ve never met. I want to go on living even after my death! And that’s why I’m so grateful to God for having given me this gift, which I can use to develop myself and to express all that’s inside me! When I write I can shake off all my cares. My sorrow disappears, my spirits are revived! But, and that’s a big question, will I ever be able to write something great, will I ever become a journalist or a writer?
”
—Anne Frank
She continued writing regularly until her final entry of August 1, 1944.
Arrest
Main article: Betrayal of Anne Frank
A partial reconstruction of the barracks in the concentration camp Westerbork where Anne Frank stayed from August to September 1944
On the morning of 4 August 1944, the Achterhuis was stormed by the German Security Police (Grüne Polizei) following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified. Led by Schutzstaffel Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer of the Sicherheitsdienst, the group included at least three members of the Security Police. The Franks, van Pelses and Pfeffer were taken to the Gestapo headquarters where they were interrogated and held overnight. On 5 August, they were transferred to the Huis van Bewaring (House of Detention), an overcrowded prison on the Weteringschans. Two days later they were transported to Westerbork. Ostensibly a transit camp, by this time more than 100,000 Jews had passed through it. Having been arrested in hiding, they were considered criminals and were sent to the Punishment Barracks for hard labor.
Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were arrested and jailed at the penal camp for enemies of the regime at Amersfoort. Kleiman was released after seven weeks, but Kugler was held in various work camps until the war's end. Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were questioned and threatened by the Security Police but were not detained. They returned to the Achterhuis the following day, and found Anne's papers strewn on the floor. They collected them, as well as several family photograph albums, and Gies resolved to return them to Anne after the war. On 7 August 1944, Gies attempted to facilitate the release of the prisoners by confronting Silberbauer and offering him money to intervene, but he refused.
Deportation and death
On 3 September 1944, the group was deported on what would be the last transport from Westerbork to the Auschwitz concentration camp, and arrived after a three-day journey. In the chaos that marked the unloading of the trains, the men were forcibly separated from the women and children, and Otto Frank was wrenched from his family. Of the 1,019 passengers, 549—including all children younger than fifteen—were sent directly to the gas chambers. Frank had turned fifteen three months earlier and was one of the youngest people to be spared from her transport. She was soon made aware that most people were gassed upon arrival, and never learned that the entire group from the Achterhuis had survived this selection. She reasoned that her father, in his mid-fifties and not particularly robust, had been killed immediately after they were separated.
With the other females not selected for immediate death, Frank was forced to strip naked to be disinfected, had her head shaved and was tattooed with an identifying number on her arm. By day, the women were used as slave labor and Frank was forced to haul rocks and dig rolls of sod; by night, they were crammed into overcrowded barracks. Some witnesses later testified Frank became withdrawn and tearful when she saw children being led to the gas chambers, others reported that more often she displayed strength and courage, and her gregarious and confident nature allowed her to obtain extra bread rations for her mother, sister and herself. Disease was rampant and before long, Frank's skin became badly infected by scabies. The Frank sisters were moved into an infirmary, which was in a state of constant darkness, and infested with rats and mice. Edith Frank stopped eating, saving every morsel of food for her daughters and passing her rations to them, through a hole she made at the bottom of the infirmary wall.
Memorial for Margot and Anne Frank at the former Bergen-Belsen site, along with floral and pictorial tributes
On 28 October, selections began for women to be relocated to Bergen-Belsen. More than 8,000 women, including Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels, were transported, but Edith Frank was left behind and later died from starvation. Tents were erected at Bergen-Belsen to accommodate the influx of prisoners, and as the population rose, the death toll due to disease increased rapidly. Frank was briefly reunited with two friends, Hanneli Goslar and Nanette Blitz, who were confined in another section of the camp. Goslar and Blitz both survived the war and later discussed the brief conversations they had conducted with Frank through a fence. Blitz described her as bald, emaciated and shivering and Goslar noted Auguste van Pels was with Anne and Margot Frank, and was caring for Margot, who was severely ill. Neither of them saw Margot as she was too weak to leave her bunk. Anne told both Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February, 1945.
In March 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp and killed approximately 17,000 prisoners. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock, and a few days later, Anne died. They state this occurred a few weeks before the camp was liberated by British troops on 15 April 1945, although the exact dates were not recorded. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease, and Anne and Margot were buried in a mass grave, the exact whereabouts of which is unknown.
After the war, it was estimated of the 107,000 Jews deported from the Netherlands between 1942 and 1944, only 5,000 survived. It was also estimated up to 30,000 Jews remained in the Netherlands, with many people aided by the Dutch underground. Approximately two-thirds of this group of people survived the war.
Otto Frank survived his internment in Auschwitz. After the war ended, he returned to Amsterdam where he was sheltered by Jan and Miep Gies, as he attempted to locate his family. He learned of the death of his wife, Edith, in Auschwitz, but he remained hopeful that his daughters had survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends, and learned many had been murdered. Susanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents, though her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of both Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid 1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.