Daniel Foe | |||
丹尼爾·福 | |||
出生地: | 倫敦 | ||
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丹尼爾.笛福,Daniel Defoe,1660 --1731,英國作傢。生於倫敦。父親經營屠宰業。笛福衹受過中等教育,信奉不屬於英國國教的長老會教派。二十多歲時,笛福已是倫敦一個體面的商人,經營過內衣、煙酒業等等,到過歐洲大陸。1692年經商破産,不得不以其他方式謀生。他給政府當過情報員,設計過開發事業。他還從事寫作,早年以寫政論文和諷刺詩著稱,反對封建,主張發展資本主義工商業。1698年他發表了《論開發》,建議修築公路,開辦銀行,徵收所得稅,舉辦水火保險,設立瘋人院,創辦女學等。1702年他在政論文《消滅不同教派的捷徑》中用反語諷刺政府的宗教歧視政策,由於文筆巧妙,開始未被識破,發覺後被捕入獄6個月,並受枷刑示衆。他受枷刑時散發了他的長詩《枷刑頌》,諷刺法律的不公,圍觀的倫敦市民把他奉為英雄。1704年至1713年,他為哈利主辦《評論》雜志,製造,搜集情報。1719年笛福發表了他的第一部小說《魯濱孫飄流記》,大受讀者歡迎。接着出版了《魯濱孫飄流續記》。1720年他又寫了《魯濱孫的沉思集》。此後還相繼發表了《辛格爾頓船長》(1720)、《摩爾·費蘭德斯》(1722)、《傑剋上校》(1722)和《羅剋薩娜》(1724)等長篇小說以及《彼得大帝》(1723)等傳記。
Daniel Defoe (/dɪˈfoʊ/; c. 1660 – 24 April 1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy. He is most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, which is claimed to be second only to the Bible in its number of translations. He has been seen as one of the earliest proponents of the English novel, and helped to popularise the form in Britain with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson. Defoe wrote many political tracts and was often in trouble with the authorities, and spent a period in prison. Intellectuals and political leaders paid attention to his fresh ideas and sometimes consulted with him.
Defoe was a prolific and versatile writer, producing more than three hundred works—books, pamphlets, and journals—on diverse topics, including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology, and the supernatural. He was also a pioneer of business journalism and economic journalism.