美國 美國嚮西擴展  (1751年三月16日～1836年六月28日)

開端 終結 在位 1809年 1817年 

　　詹姆士·麥迪遜（James Madison，1751年3月16日－1836年6月28日），美國第四任總統（1809年－1817年）。他是最後一位去世的美國開國之父。
　　
　　他與約翰·傑伊及亞歷山大·漢密爾頓共同編寫《聯邦黨人文集》，亦被一些人視為“美國憲法之父”。
　　
　　作為美國憲法之父，麥迪遜對西方基督教的統治進行了揭露和批判：
　　
　　 “基督徒傳教士實際上對文明社會有什麽影響？他們在許多情況下維護暴政。沒有事例表明他們曾作為民衆自由的保護人。希望剝奪公衆自由的統治者發現有神職人員的輔助更加方便。一個正義的政府，被設立來獲取和保衛自由，不需要神職人員。”
　　
　　 “基督教在過去十五個世紀中嘗試了立法，結果如何呢？在所有地方，或多或少都存在神職人員的傲慢和懶惰以及俗人的無知和奴性；兩者都體現了迷信、頑固和迫害。”

　　James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document. In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on the Constitution. The first President to have served in the United States Congress, he was a leader in the 1st United States Congress, drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution (said to be based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights), and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights". As a political theorist, Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to protect individual rights from the tyranny of the majority.
　　
　　As leader in the House of Representatives, Madison worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government. Breaking with Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party (later called the Democratic-Republican Party) in opposition to key policies of the Federalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty. He secretly co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.
　　
　　As Jefferson's Secretary of State (1801–1809), Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size, and sponsored the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807. As president, he led the nation into the War of 1812 against Great Britain. During and after the war, Madison reversed many of his positions. By 1815, he supported the creation of the second National Bank, a strong military, and a high tariff to protect the new factories opened during the war.