| 姓： | 愛新覺羅 | |||||||||
| 名： | 旻寧 | |||||||||
| 廟號： | 宣宗 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 慕陵 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
道光嘉慶十八年（1813年）封為智親王。二十五年（1820年）嘉慶帝卒，綿寧繼位，改名旻寧，定年號為道光。即位時正值鴉片氾濫，道光帝為輓救國傢財政危機，也主張禁煙，多次下詔禁止鴉片進口，禁止自種自製。之後鴉片戰爭爆發，由於道光帝戰守無策，時和時戰，清朝戰敗於英國，並與英人簽訂近代首條不平等條約──《南京條約》，割讓香港及開放五口通商。
道光帝一生儉樸，所穿竜袍甚至是宮內舊料所製，“衣非三浣不易。宮中用款，歲不逾二十萬，內務府掌司各官，皆有‘臣朔饑欲死’狀。頌之者謂其儉德實三代下第一人，雖漢文帝宋仁宗亦不能及。”滿朝文武亦因此投其所好，所穿朝服故意打上補丁，以示清廉。曹振鏞是道光帝第一重臣，奉行“多磕頭，少說話”哲學。大臣所上奏章也“語多吉祥，兇災不敢入告”。繼起的穆彰阿，人稱“在位二十年，亦愛纔，亦不大貪，惟性巧佞，以欺罔蒙蔽為務”。鴉片戰爭時，整個戰爭過程中前方將帥的不斷撒謊，“戰敗後的廣州，並沒有像通常那樣死氣沉沉，而是上上下下都喜氣洋洋地互賀升遷”，指揮官“靖逆將軍”奕山竟被欽命“交部優敘”，賞白玉翎管。禮部右侍郎曾國藩批評道光時代：“九卿無一人陳時政之得失，司道無一折言地方之利病，相率緘默。”“以畏葸為慎，以柔靡為恭。”乃至太平天國兵起，地方官仍互相隱諱，不敢上報。
在位三十年，終年69歲，葬於慕陵（今河北省易縣西）。
評價
* 歷史學家孟森認為：“宣宗之庸暗，亦為清朝入關以來所未有。”稱這時期為“嘉道中衰”。
大事年表
* 乾隆四十七年八月初十日，綿寧在擷芳殿出生。
* 嘉慶元年，以鈕祜祿氏為嫡福晉。
* 嘉慶十八年九月，封為智親王。
* 嘉慶二十五年七月，仁宗去世，綿寧繼位，更名旻寧。
* 道光十八年閏四月，黃爵滋奏請“將內地吸食鴉片者俱罪死”。十一月命林則徐為欽差大臣，赴廣東查禁鴉片。
* 道光十九年四月廿二日，虎門銷煙開始。
* 道光二十年五月二十九日，英艦封鎖廣州珠江口，鴉片戰爭正式開始。英艦北上，六月攻陷浙江定海，七月抵達天津附近，其後返回廣東。九月林則徐被革職。琦善與英方全權代表義律商議和約，十二月義律單方面公佈《穿鼻草約》。
* 道光二十一年正月，英軍占領香港。道光帝不承認《穿鼻草約》，二月琦善被革職，押京審理。
* 道光二十二年七月，英軍兵臨南京，清廷同意議和，《南京條約》立。
* 道光二十三年八月，《中英五口通商章程》立。
* 道光二十六年正月，正式解除對天主教的禁令。
* 道光三十年正月，道光帝在圓明園去世。
後妃
* 孝穆成皇后，鈕祜祿氏，戶部尚書、一等子布顔達賚女。宣宗為皇子，嘉慶元年，仁宗册後為嫡福晉。十三年正月戊午，薨。宣宗即位，追册謚曰孝穆皇后。初葬王佐村，移寶華峪，以地宮浸水，再移竜泉峪，後即於此起慕陵焉。鹹豐初，上謚。光緒間加謚，曰孝穆溫厚莊肅端誠恪惠寬欽孚天裕聖成皇后。
* 孝慎成皇后，佟佳氏，三等承恩公舒明阿女。宣宗為皇子，嫡福晉薨，仁宗册後繼嫡福晉。宣宗即位，立為皇后。道光十三年四月己巳，崩，謚曰孝慎皇后，葬竜泉峪。鹹豐初，上謚。光緒間加謚，曰孝慎敏肅哲順和懿誠惠敦恪熙天詒聖成皇后。女一，殤。
* 孝全成皇后，鈕祜祿氏，二等侍衛、一等男頤齡女。後事宣宗，册全嬪。纍進全貴妃。道光十一年六月己醜，文宗生。十三年，進皇貴妃，攝六宮事。十四年，立為皇后。二十年正月壬寅，崩，年三十三。宣宗親定謚曰孝全皇后，葬竜泉峪。鹹豐初，上謚。光緒間加謚，曰孝全慈敬寬仁端愨安惠誠敏符天篤聖成皇后。子一，文宗。女二：一殤，一下嫁德穆楚剋紮布。
* 孝靜成皇后（康慈太妃、康慈太後），博爾濟吉特氏，刑部員外郎花良阿女。後事宣宗為靜貴人。纍進靜皇貴妃。孝全皇后崩，文宗方十歲，妃撫育有恩。文宗即位，尊為皇考康慈皇貴太妃，居壽康宮。鹹豐五年七月，太妃病篤，尊為康慈皇太後。越九日庚午，崩，年四十四。子三：奕綱、奕繼、奕訢。女一，下嫁景壽。
* 莊順皇貴妃，烏雅氏。事宣宗，為常在。進琳貴人，纍進琳貴妃。文宗尊為皇考琳貴太妃。穆宗尊為皇祖琳皇貴太妃。同治五年，薨，命王公百官持服一日，謚曰莊順皇貴妃，葬慕東陵園寢。德宗朝，疊命增祭品，崇規製，上親詣行禮。封三代，皆一品。子三，奕譞、奕詥、奕譓。女一，下嫁德徽。
* 彤貴妃，舒穆魯氏。事宣宗，為彤貴人。纍進彤貴妃。復降貴人。文宗尊為皇考彤嬪。穆宗纍尊為皇祖彤貴妃。女三，一下嫁紮拉豐阿，二殤。
* 和妃，那拉氏。初以官女子，事宣宗潛邸。嘉慶十三年，子奕緯生。仁宗特命為側室福晉。道光初，封和嬪。進和妃。
* 祥妃，鈕祜祿氏。事宣宗，為貴人。進嬪，復降。文宗尊為皇考祥妃。穆宗追尊為皇祖祥妃。子一，奕誴。女二，一殤，一下嫁恩崇。
* 常妃，赫捨裏氏。由貴人晉封常妃。
* 其他後妃：佳貴妃，郭佳氏；成貴妃，鈕祜祿氏：皆事宣宗，為貴人，進嬪，復降。歷鹹豐、同治二朝進封；順嬪，失其氏，以常在進封。恆嬪，蔡佳氏；豫妃，尚佳氏；貴人李氏，那氏：以答應進封。
子女
道光共生有9子10女。
* 奕緯，長子，隱志郡王，母和妃那拉氏；
* 奕綱，次子，順和郡王，母孝靜成皇后博爾濟吉特氏；
* 奕繼，三子，慧質郡王，母孝靜成皇后博爾濟吉特氏；
* 奕詝，四子，鹹豐帝，母孝全成皇后鈕祜祿氏；
* 奕誴，五子，過繼給惇恪親王綿愷，為惇勤親王，母祥妃鈕祜祿氏；
* 奕訢，六子，恭忠親王，母孝靜成皇后博爾濟吉特氏；
* 奕譞，七子，醇賢親王，母莊順皇貴妃烏雅氏；
* 奕詥，八子，鐘端郡王，母莊順皇貴妃烏雅氏；
* 奕譓，九子，孚敬郡王，母莊順皇貴妃烏雅氏。
* 端憫固倫公主，長女，生母為孝慎成皇后佟佳氏；
* 次女（1825），道光五年正月十三生，當年七月十四殤，生母為祥妃鈕祜祿氏（時為祥嬪）；
* 端順固倫公主，三女，生母為孝全成皇后鈕祜祿氏；
* 壽安固倫公主，四女，生母為孝全成皇后鈕祜祿氏；
* 壽臧和碩公主，五女，生母為祥妃鈕祜祿氏；
* 壽恩固倫公主，六女，生母為孝靜成皇后博爾濟吉特氏；
* 七女（1840～1844），道光二十年七月初二生，道光二十四年十二月二十殤，生母為彤貴妃舒穆魯氏；
* 壽禧和碩公主，八女，生母為彤貴妃舒穆魯氏；
* 壽莊固倫公主，九女，生母為莊順皇貴妃烏雅氏；
* 十女（1844～1845），道光二十四年三月十七生，道光二十五年正月二十殤，生母為彤貴妃舒穆魯氏。
逸事
道光帝在繼位之前，其騎射武功在嘉慶帝諸子裏相當聞名，亦習得一手好槍法。嘉慶年間，天理教林清起義時，一度攻入紫禁城內部，道光帝這時表現出了大將之風，手執槍械斃數敵，並坐鎮有方，使得攻入宮中的教徒潰散被敗。道光帝因此被封為智親王，所執的禦槍也被封為“威烈”。
在道光皇帝所撰《養正書屋全集》的〈賜香雪梨恭記〉這篇文章裏，證實道光皇帝在即位之前曾經吸食過鴉片。該文記雲：“新韶多暇，獨坐小齋，復值新雪初晴，園林風日佳麗，日惟研朱讀史，外無所事，倦則命僕炊煙管吸之再三，頓覺心神清朗，耳目怡然。昔人謂之酒有全德，我今稱煙曰‘如意’嘻！”可見道光皇帝對鴉片煙的好處甚至壞處都有所體驗，日後他為了鴉片的毒害而與英國開戰，這段吸食鴉片的經驗應該與道光皇帝的决定有些關係。
Early yearsHe was born in the Forbidden City, Beijing, and was given the name Mianning (綿寧), changed into Minning (旻寧; Manchu: ᠮᡳᠨ ᠨᡳᠩ Min ning) when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from Mian (綿) to Min (旻) so as to avoid the relatively common Mian character. This novelty was introduced by his grandfather the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the long-standing practice of naming taboo.
He was the second son of Yongyan (永琰), who became the Jiaqing Emperor in 1796. His mother, the principal wife of Yongyan, was Lady Hitara of the (Manchu) Hitara clan, who became empress when Jiaqing ascended the throne in 1796. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后).
Mianning was well liked by his grandfather the Qianlong Emperor and frequently accompanied the elderly emperor on hunting trips. On one such trip at the age of nine he successfully hunted a deer which greatly amused Qianlong. In 1813, while a prince, Mianning also played a vital role in repelling and killing White Lotus invaders who stormed the Forbidden City. This action earned Mianning important merits in securing his claim for the throne.
Reign as emperor and the opium tradeIn September 1820, at the age of 38, Mianning inherited the throne after his father the Jiaqing Emperor suddenly died of unknown causes. Now known as the Daoguang Emperor, he inherited a declining empire with Western imperialists encroaching upon the borders of China. During his reign, China experienced major problems with opium, which was imported into China by British merchants. Opium had started to trickle into China during the reign of his great grandfather Emperor Yongzheng but was limited to approximately 200 chests annually. By the time of Emperor Qianlong's reign, this amount had increased to 1000 chests, 4000 chests by Jiaqing's era and more than 30,000 chests during Daoguang's reign. He issued many edicts against opium in the 1820s and 1830s, which were carried out by Commissioner Lin Zexu. Lin Zexu's effort to halt the spread of opium in China led directly to the First Opium War. With the development of the Opium War, Lin was made a scapegoat and the Daoguang emperor removed Lin's authority and banished him to Yili. Meanwhile in the Himalayas, the Sikh Empire attempted an occupation of Tibet but where defeated in the Sino-Sikh war (1841–1842). But on the coasts, technologically and militarily inferior to the European powers, China lost the war and surrendered Hong Kong by way of the Treaty of Nanking in August 1842.
Court intrigues and incidentsIn 1831 Daoguang killed his own 23 year old son after striking him. In 1831 an attempt was made to usurp the throne and oust Daoguang by someone else. In 1850 this happened again, though it did not succeed.
Anti-ChristianityIn 1811 a clause sentencing Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism had been added to the statute called "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術) in the Great Qing Code. Protestants hoped that the Chinese government would discriminate between Protestantism and Catholicism, since the law mentioned the latter by name, but after Protestant missionaries gave Christian books to Chinese in 1835 and 1836, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives" in Canton who had supplied them with books. The foreign missionaries were strangled or expelled by the Chinese.
FamilyFather: Emperor Jiaqing (嘉庆帝).
Mother: Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后).
ConsortsEmpress Xiaomucheng (孝穆成皇后) (?–1808) of the Niohuru clan.
Empress Xiaoshencheng (孝慎成皇后) (?–1833) of the Tunggiya clan.
Empress Xiaoquancheng (孝全成皇后) (1808–1840) of the Niohuru clan.
Empress Xiaojingcheng (孝静成皇后) (1812–1855) of the Borjigit clan.
Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun (庄顺皇贵妃) (?–1867) of the Uya clan, she was the natural birth mother of the First Prince Chun.
Noble Consort Tóng (彤贵妃) (?–1877) of the Sumuru clan.
Noble Consort Jia (佳贵妃) (?–1890) of the Gogiya clan.
Noble Consort Cheng (成贵妃) (?–1888) of the Niohuru clan.
Consort He (和妃) (?–1836) of the Nara clan.
Consort Xiang (祥妃) (?–1861) of the Niohuru clan.
Consort Chang (常妃) (?–1860) of the Heseri clan. She died during the burning of the Yuan Ming Yuan summer palace.
Imperial Concubine Zhen (珍嫔) (?) of the Heseri clan. She was not interred in the Muling mausoleum for imperial concubines.
Imperial Concubine Tian (恬嫔) (?-1845) of the Fuca clan.
Imperial Concubine Yu (豫嫔) (1816–1898) of the Shanggiya clan.
Imperial Concubine Shun (順嬪) (?-1868) of the Shiqi clan.
Imperial Concubine Heng (恆嬪) (?-1876) of the Càigiya clan.
Worthy Lady Ping (平贵人)(?-1823) née Zhao.
Worthy lady Ting (定贵人)(?-1842) née Sun.
Worthy Lady Li (李贵人)(?-1872).
Worthy Lady Na (那贵人)(?-1865).
Children
Sons1.First son: Prince Yiwei (奕緯) (16 May 1808 – 23 May 1831), son of Consort He of the Nara clan.
2.Second son: Yikang (奕綱) (22 November 1826 – 5 March 1827), son of Empress Xiaojingcheng
3.Third son: Yichi (奕繼) (2 December 1829 – 22 January 1830), son of Empress Xiaojingcheng
4.Fourth son: Yichu (1831–1861), future Xianfeng Emperor, son of Empress Xiaoquancheng
5.Fifth son: (奕誴) Yicong (23 July 1831 – 18 February 1889), the second Prince Tun, great-grandfather of Prince Yuyan and son of Imperial Consort Xiang (祥妃) of the Niohuru clan.
6.Sixth son: (奕訢) Yixin (11 January 1833 – 29 May 1898), the Prince Gong. Son of Empress Xiaojingcheng.
7.Seventh son: Yixuan, the First (16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891) Prince Chun. Father of Zaitian the Guangxu Emperor.
8.Eight son: Yiho (奕詥) (21 February 1844 – 17 December 1868), son of the Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
9.Ninth son: Yihui(奕譓) (1845–1877) son of the Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
Daughters1.First daughter: State Princess Duanmin (端悯固伦公主) (1813–1819), daughter of Empress Xiaoshencheng.
2.Second daughter: (1825), daughter of Consort Xiang.
3.Third daughter: State Princess Duanshun (端顺固伦公主) (1825–1835), daughter of Empress Xiaoquancheng.
4.Fourth daughter: State Princess Shou-An (寿安固伦公主) (1826–1860), daughter of Empress Xiaoquancheng.
5.Fifth daughter: Princess of the second rank Shou-Zang (寿臧和硕公主) (1829–1856), daughter of Consort Xiang.
6.Sixth daughter: State Princess Shou-En (寿恩固伦公主) (1830–1859), daughter of Empress Xiaojingcheng.
7.Seventh daughter: (1840–1844), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
8.Eight daughter: Princess of the second rank Shou-Xi (寿禧和硕公主) (1841–1866), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
9.Ninth daughter: State Princess Shou-Zhuang (寿庄固伦公主) (1842–1884), daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
10.Tenth daughter: (1844–1845), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
Death and legacyDaoguang died on 25 February 1850, at the Old Summer Palace (圓明園), 8 km/5 miles northwest of the walls of Beijing. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son. Daoguang failed to understand the intention or determination of the Europeans, or the basic economics of a war on drugs. Although the Europeans were outnumbered, outgunned and were thousands of miles away from home, they could bring far superior firepower to bear at any point of contact along Chinese coast. The Manchu court was highly dependent on the continued flow of tax/levy payment from southern China via the Grand Canal, which was easily cut off by the British expeditionary force at ZhenJiang. He had a poor understanding of the British and the industrial revolution that Britain had undergone, preferring to turn a blind eye to the rest of the world. It was said that Daoguang did not even know where Britain was located in the world. His thirty-year reign introduced the initial onslaught by western imperialism and foreign invasions that would plague China, in one form or another, for the next one hundred years.
He was interred in the Muling (慕陵 – meaning "Tomb of longing", or "Tomb of admiration") mausoleum, which is part of the Western Qing Tombs (清西陵), 120 kilometers/75 miles southwest of Beijing.
SourcesThe history of China, Volume 2 by Demetrius Charles the Kavanagh Boulger. Publisher: W. Thacker & co., 1898
The Last Emperors "A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions", Evelyn S. Rawski. ISBN 0-520-22837-5
Daily life in the Forbidden City, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen. ISBN 0-670-81164-5.
Draft history of the Qing dynasty. 《清史稿》
References This article incorporates text from China in the light of history, by Ernst Faber, a publication from 1897 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from China in the light of history, by Ernst Faber, a publication from 1897 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from The Chinese recorder, Volume 27, a publication from 1896 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China, by Robert Samuel Maclay, a publication from 1861 now in the public domain in the United States.
1.^ Ernst Faber (1897). China in the light of history. American Presbyterian mission press. p. 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=WvpWAAAAMAAJ&q=the+emperor+tao+kwang%27s+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=snippet&q=%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20%201831%20age%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
2.^ The Chinese recorder, Volume 27. American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1896. p. 242. http://books.google.com/books?id=lNAWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA242&dq=the+emperor+tao+kwang's+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=onepage&q=the%20emperor%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20in%201831%20at%20the%20age%20of%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
3.^ Ernst Faber (1897). China in the light of history. American Presbyterian mission press. p. 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=S2hCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18&dq=the+emperor+tao+kwang's+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=onepage&q=the%20emperor%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20in%201831%20at%20the%20age%20of%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
4.^ a b Robert Samuel Maclay (1861). Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China. Carlton & Porter. p. 336–337. http://books.google.com/books?id=BZAPAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 6 Jul 2011.
5.^ Draft history of the Qing dynasty. 《清史稿》卷二百十四．列傳一．后妃傳.
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