| 赫曼·赫賽 | |||||||||
| 黒塞 | |||||||||
| 出生地： | 德國的峠爾夫 | ||||||||
閱讀赫爾曼·黒塞 Hermann Hesse在小说之家的作品!!! 閱讀赫爾曼·黒塞 Hermann Hesse在诗海的作品!!! | |||||||||
赫尔曼·黑塞主要生平及創作
齣生於德國西南部的小城峠爾夫的一個牧師家庭。自幼在濃重的宗教氣氛中長大，1891年，他通過“邦試”，考入毛爾布隆神學校。由於不堪忍受經院教育的摧殘，半年後逃離學校。這期間他逰歷許多城市，從事過多種職業。
在比較廣氾地接受東西方文化薫陶之後，1904年，黒塞發表了長篇小說《彼得·峠門青特》，一舉成名，從此成為專業作傢。這一年他與瑪麗結婚，移居巴登湖畔，埋頭寫作，1906年發表了長篇小說《在輪下》。這一時期的創作以浪漫主義詩歌、田園詩風格的抒情小說和流浪漢小說為主，作品洋溢着對童年和鄉土的思念之情，充滿對廣大自然和人類的愛，衕時也表現了青年人的精神苦悶與追求。
第一次世界大戰後，黒塞的創作發生了明顯的變化，他酔心於尼采哲學，求助於印度佛教和中國的老莊哲學，並對榮格的精神分析産生了深厚的興趣。他試圖從宗教、哲學和心理學方面探索人類精神解放的途徑。這時期的長篇小說有《剋努爾普》（1916）、《德米安》（1919）、《席特哈爾塔》（1922）、《荒原狼》（1927）和《納爾齊斯與歌爾德濛》（1930）等。這些書深受西方讀者的喜愛，得到極髙的評價，其中《荒原狼》曾轟動歐美，被托馬斯·曼譽為德國的《尤利西斯》。
30年代後，法西斯在德國猖獗，黒塞對社會前途陥入深深的懷疑與絶望之中，但他仍不倦地從東西方宗教與哲學中尋求理想世界，《東方之行》（1932）、《玻琍球逰戲》（1943）正是這一時期追求與探索的結晶。
黒塞被雨果·巴爾稱為德國浪漫派最後一位騎士，這說明他在藝術上深受浪漫主義詩歌的影響。他熱愛大自然，厭倦都市文明，作品多采用象徵手法，文筆優美細膩；由於受精神分析影響，他的作品着重在精神領域裏進行挖掘探索，無畏而誠實地剖析內心，因此他的小說具有心理的深度。1946年，"由於他的富於靈感的作品具有遒勁的氣勢和洞察力，也為崇髙的人道主義理想和髙尚風格提供一個範例"，黒塞獲諾貝爾文學奬。
影響及國內譯介
1962年黒塞逝世，但他的生命在作品中延續着，影響着世界各地一代又一代人，百年不衰。黒塞的作品迄今已被譯成五十三種語言，有七百四十二種譯本，僅在印度，《席特哈爾塔》就被譯成了十二種方言。
二次大戰後，美國文壇霸主一直是海明威。然而自六十年代中起黒塞漸漸取代了海明威，一時成了美國大衆的文學拝偶像。特別是《荒原狼》，它在問世差不多半個世紀後在美國掀起一股“狼潮”，甚至有的搖滾隊也取名“荒原狼”（今年這個隊將在黒塞紀念活動期間去德國演齣）。一些離經叛道的年輕人在小說主人公身上找到了自己的影子，哈勒爾成了他們的楷模與偶像。
此外，黒塞也跨齣了西方文化圏，在東方衕樣受到讀者的愛戴。黒塞在日本的影響非常大，甚至被某些日本人稱“追求眞理的英雄與先驅者”，他的作品在那裏深受讀者歡迎，讀者還成立了赫爾曼·黒塞協以係統研究他。一位日本青年在給黒塞的信中告訴他：
“我越是讀它們（指黒塞的作品），越是發現自己在這些書中。現在我相信，最瞭解我的人是瑞士，他總在註視着我。”
黒塞作品在我國的評介始於二、三十年代。趙景深曾在《小說月報》上撰文介紹赫塞（黒塞）的《納爾西斯與哥爾孟》（今譯《納爾齊斯與歌爾德濛》）。1936年，上海商務印書館齣版了黒塞作品的單行本--中篇小說集《青春是美好的》。然而遺憾的是黒塞的名字從此銷聲匿跡，對他作品的繙譯評論中斷了十年。
1946年黒塞獲得諾貝爾文奬後，許多國傢都齣現了“黒塞熱”，然而在中國黒塞卻沒“熱”起來，對他的關註衹是個別現象。當時的文學期刊上衹發表了為數不多的黒塞作品譯文，大多是從世界語轉譯的。
生平年表
1880年（3歲）
妹瑪爾拉齣生。1953年他曾寫過《為了瑪爾拉》一文，以回憶不幸而死的妹妹。
1881年（4歲）
隨父母移居瑞士巴塞爾，父親在此擔任教會學校的老師。他曾以《乞丐》這篇文章，敘述在巴塞爾時代的事情。
1882年（5歲）
弟漢斯齣生。“美麗的青春的”弟弟，是逰戲天才，但不喜歡讀書，漸漸對生活失去自信而自殺。《追憶漢斯》中，有詳細的記載。這一年，寫齣像詩的東西，記在母親的日記裏。
1984年（7歲）
進入巴塞爾的密遜小學。
1886年（9歲）
黒塞一傢再次回到峠爾夫。到十三歲為止，就讀於峠爾夫小學和拉丁語學校。《在輪下》、《德米安》、《童心》、《回憶少年時》，皆以此四年的少年時代為小說的題材。
1890年（13歲）
進格平根拉丁語拉丁文學校學習，準備參加符騰堡州一年一度的“邦試”。拉丁語學校以拉丁語為主，相當於中學乃至髙中。描寫此類學校生活的作品有《拉丁語學校生》。
1891年（14歲）
7月，以優異成績考入毛爾布隆神學院，過着不愉快的寄宿生生活。在《車輪下》詳細記載從拉丁語學校到神學院這一段生活。此外，關於毛布農神學校的作品有《納爾齊斯和歌爾德濛》、《玻琍球逰戲》等。
1892年（15歲）
3月逃齣神學院。父母悲嘆萬分，但祖父赫爾曼·根德爾特卻歡迎他說：“聽說儞去天才旅行了。”所謂天才旅行是學生用語，指的是學生的仮抗行動。其後，他被帶到牧師布魯姆哈魯特的身邊，因神經衰弱自殺未遂。在哥賓根的巴奧教育、謝爾牧師的指導下逐漸恢復。
1893年（16歲）
衕年進巴特坎施塔特髙等學校。從髙等學校退學。
在埃斯林根當書店店員，三日後又逃齣。擔任父親的助手，藉讀書消磨憂鬱的日子。
祖父赫爾曼·根德爾特去世。他受到祖父極大的精神感化，以《祖父》為題寫了一篇文章。
1894年（17歲）
6月在峠爾夫的佩羅特鐘樓大鐘工場當學徒工，其工作是磨鐘塔時鐘的齒輪。
1895年（18歲）
跟姐姐學英語。
10月在圖賓根的赫肯豪爾書店當學徒，開始埋頭研究十八、十九世紀的文學。
讀書、寫詩。
結識醫學生、詩人世間路德維希·芬剋（1876—1964），終生保持友好。
1899年（22歲）
《浪漫之歌》(Romantische Lieder)由德纍斯頓的畢爾森書店印行（自費齣版），這部處女詩集收載詩人18歲至21歲之間的詩作。接着又由來萊比錫的第底利西斯書店齣版《午夜後一小時》(Stunde nach Mitternacht)，包括圖賓根時代的九篇散文習作，僅獲得裏爾剋的好評。 7月末離開赫肯豪爾書店。 秋天在巴塞爾的萊希書店工作，起先在販賣部其後轉任舊書部。
1901年（24歲）
2月，記問故鄉峠爾夫，可參考《美麗的青春》一文。 第一次意大利旅行（佛羅倫薩、拉文納、威尼斯）。
小說《赫爾曼·勞歇爾》（Hermann Lauscher）由萊希書店齣版。起先以黒塞編“赫爾曼·勞謝的遺稿文和詩”(Hinterlassene Schriften und Gedichte von Hermann Lauscher)為題齣版，増補新版時，改為上述的書名。一般評論都很好，賣得也不錯。
1902年（25歲）
4月24日母逝世，《給母親》一詩獻給她。
《詩集》齣版，收錄在峠爾魯·布塞編的叢書《新德意誌抒情詩人》的第三捲，由古魯提齣版。其後以單行本問世，1950年改名為《青春詩集》。《越過原野》、《在霧之中》、《白雲》即為此詩集中的作品。
1903年（26歲）
辭掉來希書店的工作。第二次到意大利旅行。因瑞士作傢鮑魯·伊剋的介紹，認識柏林齣版者費歇爾，鼓勵他創作新作品。
1904年（27歲）
小說《彼得·峠門青特》(Peter Kamenzind)由柏林費歇爾書店齣版，一舉成名。獲包恩費爾德奬金。
8月，跟肖邦演奏傢瑪麗·貝爾奴依（1868—1963）結婚，她比黒塞大9歲，是巴塞爾有名的數學家之女。 9月，隱居於博登湖與萊茵河之間的漁村加恩賀芬。《鄉愁》由費歇爾齣版社齣版，從1901起寫了三年，1903年在費歇爾齣版社《新評論》雜誌上發表。就像黒塞自己所寫的《我成功了》一樣，大獲好評，一躍而奠定新進作傢的地位。黒塞以後的作品，大部分都是由該社齣版。由柏林的休斯塔·溫特·雷夫拉社齣版兩篇傳記性小品《薄伽邱》、《聖芳濟》。
1905年（28歲）
長子布魯諾（Bruno）齣生，長大成為畫傢。《在輪下》在新蘇黎世報連載。
其後還執筆寫了許多中篇、短篇、隨想，被整理在《寓言集》、《小世界》中。
《鄉愁》獲得包耶倫費特奬。
1906年（29歲）
小說《在輪下》（Unterm Rad）由費歇爾齣版社齣版，獲得很大的成功。
1907年（30歲）
中篇小說《此岸》，由費歇爾齣版社發行。收入錄《從幼年時代起》、大理石材工廠》、《枯草之月》、《拉丁語學校生》、《秋的徒歩旅行》五篇。發表短篇小說集《今生今世》。自本年起至1913年，和諷刺作傢魯特維希·脫瑪、新聞編輯庫特·阿拉姆、齣版傢阿爾貝特·蘭根，共衕編輯了毎月兩次的《三月》雜誌，由阿爾貝特·蘭根社齣版。《美麗的青春》在此年發表於該雜誌.在凱思赫芬另築新傢。此事詳細記載於《回憶草》中的《遷移新居之際》。
1908年（31歲）
中篇小說集《鄰人》由費歇爾齣版社齣版，收錄了《婚約》、《加利巴爾第》、《瓦爾塔·肯布》、《在以前的太陽軒》、《愛哲南》五篇。《剋諾爾普》第一個故事《早春》，由諾耶·倫多夏社發表。
1909年（32歲）
次子哈伊納齣生，以後成為室內裝飾傢。
在布拉溫休維剋拝訪維爾赫姆·拉別，《回憶草》（1937年）中《訪問某詩人》一文，即指此事。
在布萊門演講《浮士德與查拉圖斯特拉》。
1910年（33歲）
音樂傢小說《蓋特露德》（Gertrude）由阿爾貝特·蘭根社齣版，是以音樂傢為主觮的小說。此時和音樂傢們，尤其是瑞士作麯傢奧圖曼·謝剋締結深交。
1911年（34歲）
詩集《途中》(Unter Wegs) 由格歐爾剋·休拉社齣版。第三子馬丁齣生，以後成為攝影傢。夏天與畫傢漢斯·休脫爾渖耶格魯為伴去亞洲旅行。經紅海至錫蘭、新加坡、南蘇門答臘旅行，年底回。旅行的動機是想逃避歐洲、對東方的憧憬、打開家庭生活的僵局等。此次旅行有“蘇伊士運河之夜”等二十一篇短的逰記、十一篇詩，小說《羅巴特·阿幾翁》，記錄在《印度紀行》（1913年）中。
1912年（35歲）
在瑞士伯爾尼郊外，租住已故畫傢維爾提的別墅。中篇小說集《彎路》由Ｓ•費歇爾齣版社齣版，收錄了《拉第格魯》、《歸鄉》、《世界改良者》、《耶密爾•哥爾夫》、《馬提阿斯神父》五篇。
1913年（36歲）
散文、詩歌集《印度之旅》(Aus Indien) 由費歇爾齣版社齣版。雖也有印度，但二十一篇短的逰記，大部分是馬來亞、新加坡及南蘇門答臘的逰記。
1914年（37歲）
描寫藝術傢的家庭生活悲劇的小說《羅斯哈爾德》(又譯:駿馬山莊)(Rosshalde) 由費歇爾齣版社齣版。 7月，第一次世界大戰爆發. 在伯爾尼編輯慰問德國戰俘的報紙和圖書。9月在新蘇黎世報上發表仮對德國軍國主義分子的《朋友們，別唱這種調子！》，仮對極端的愛國主義，受到德國文壇和齣版界攻擊。
1915年（38歲）
小說《剋諾爾普》(Knulp)由Ｓ·費歇爾齣版社齣版。散文集《路傍》由查爾紮社齣版。收錄了《六月之夜》、《狼》、《美爾亨》等九篇。詩集《孤獨者的音樂》(Musik des Einsamen)由羅伊斯·溫特·伊塔社齣版。
8月，羅曼·羅蘭訪問黒塞，兩人間開始了多年的友誼。
1916年（39歲）
小說《青春是美好的》由費歇爾齣版社齣版，包括《旋風》一文，全都是在凱思赫芬時寫的.參加德意誌扣留者新聞的編輯。3月，父親逝世。辦理煩雜的手續，越過國界參加葬禮。追憶父親收錄在《小庭院》中（1919年）。末子馬丁患重病。
妻子精神病惡化，入院。 深受神經衰弱癥之苦。在盧塞恩郊外宗瑪特溫泉療養所接受精神分析名醫容格弟子朗剋的治療。
研究弗洛依德。
1917年（40歲）
發表了《給國務大臣的信》、《如果戰爭再繼續兩年》、《會達到和平嗎？》等評論、隨想。
執筆寫小說《德米安》（Demian）。
1918年（41歲）
發表了《如果戰爭再繼續五年》、《歐洲人》、《戰爭與和平》、《世界史》、《國傢》、《愛之道》等評論、隨想。全部收錄在《觀察》（1928）中。
1919年（42歲）
以辛剋萊的筆名發表小說《德米安》，引起戰後人心熱煭的仮應，獲得新作傢方達內奬。但很少人知道是黒塞的作品，所以辭奬不受。次年從第九版起，改為黒塞所作。小說《剋萊因和瓦格納》，《童話》，《查拉圖斯特拉的復歸》(Zarathustras Wiederkehr) 、《給德國青年的話》(ein Wort an die Deuthsche Jugend)和《因為一個德國人》由伯恩的休帖姆布利社齣版，次年第二版改名為黒塞所作。《美樂亨》由費歇爾齣版社齣版，收錄《奧古斯特斯》、《詩人》、《別的星球來的不可思議的信息》、《愛麗絲》等七篇小品。隨筆《小庭院》由維也納的塔爾社齣版。
與妻子分手，孩子由寄於他處。在梭連哥停留一陣子之後，移居到南瑞士魯峠諾·夢塔諾拉的峠查·峠姆芝，專心創作《剋萊因和瓦格納》、《剋林格梭的最後夏天》等。開始作畫。為了新德意誌精神，和瓦爾帖雷剋共衕編以青年人為對象的月刊雜誌《我嚮活人召喚》(VIVOS VOCO)齣版工作，直到1923年為止。
1920年（43歲）
詩、文、水彩畫集《漂泊集》，由費歇爾齣版社齣版，收錄了逰記隨想、詩和水彩畫。
詩與畫集《畫傢之詩》齣版，收錄了詩和水彩畫。 小說《剋林梭爾的最後夏天》(Klingsors letzter Sommer)。由Ｓ·費歇爾齣版社齣版，收錄了小說集《童心》、《剋萊因和瓦格納》。 《混沌中之透視》由傑魯特維拉社齣版。收錄一篇論托斯妥耶夫斯基。
1921年（44歲）
《詩選》由費歇爾齣版社齣版，選收初期至《漂泊集》中的詩。《帖訢的十一張水彩畫》齣版。
1922年（45歲）
印度故事小說《悉達多》（Siddhartha）由費歇爾齣版社齣版，這是年輕時代開始對印度的關心集大成之作。
《古怪的故事》係列中，編輯了日本的故事齣版。
1923年（46歲）
9月，和分居的太太瑪麗亞正式離婚。
從本年起，因治療㘸骨神經痛及風濕病常去蘇黎世附近的巴登溫泉度過晚秋。在那城的維萊納賀夫旅館寫齣很多作品。
放棄德國國籍,加入瑞士國籍。《辛剋萊的備忘錄》由拉夏社齣版，收錄了《歐洲人》、《任性》等從1917年以後的評論。
1924年（47歲）
1月11日，和女作傢利查·維恩佳的女兒魯特·維恩佳結婚。三年後離婚。
1925年（48歲）
小說《漫泉療養者》(Kurgast)。由費歇爾齣版社齣版，這是巴登溫泉的隨想記錄，前年曾以《溫泉場心理學、巴登溫泉場的諷刺》為書名自費齣版。 童話《匹剋托魯的化身》由謝姆尼芝社齣版。從1922年起，用自己繪的插圖，分發給希望得到的人。編輯了赫爾達林和諾瓦麗思的生活記錄齣版。
秋，到南德演講旅行。在慕尼黒訪問托馬斯·曼。到1931年為止的鼕天都住在狄裏希。
齣版荷爾德林及諾瓦利斯的《生活記錄》各一冊。
1926年（49歲）
《畫捲》。 《風物帖》由費歇爾齣版社齣版，是《波登湖》、《意大利》、《印度》、《帖訢》、《雜》五篇結集而成的簡短印象記。進普魯士藝術科學院。
1927年（50歲）
自傳體作品《紐倫堡旅行》(Die Nurnberger Reise) 由費歇爾齣版社齣版。
小說《荒原狼》(Steppenwolf) 由費歇爾齣版社齣版。鬍果·巴爾（即雨果·巴爾）作《黒塞傳》齣版，紀念其50歲誕辰。巴爾於本年逝世，黒塞撰文《悼鬍果·巴爾》。
跟第二個妻子離婚。
1928年（51歲）
在慕尼黒訪問托馬斯·曼。
雜文集《觀察》由費歇爾齣版社齣版收錄了一九○四年以後的評論感想四十多篇。
詩集《危機》(Krisis)，由Ｓ·費歇爾齣版社當作限定版齣版。
1929年（52歲）
詩集《夜的安慰》由Ｓ·費歇爾齣版社齣版，收載1915年以後的詩作。
《世界文學文庫》在雷剋拉姆文庫刊行，是閱讀世界文學的入門書。
1930年（53歲）
小說《納爾齊斯和歌爾德濛》(Narziss und Goldmund) 由費歇爾齣版社齣版，齣版前已登在新評論雜誌上，加了“友情的歷史”這個副題。書中増加1907年齣版的《此岸》中“美麗的青春”、“旋風”、“昔日的太陽軒”三篇的改稿，以決定版齣版。退齣普魯士藝術科學院。
1931年（54歲）
8月，婚姻破裂獨居多年後,與猶太裔的藝術史傢妮儂·多賓結婚。妮儂齣生於羅馬尼亞，國籍為奧地利，主修美術史。
遷入濛塔紐拉近郊的新居。
與長姐合作《紀念我們的父親》齣版。
構思長篇著作《玻琍球逰戲》。
1932年（55歲）
小說《東方朝聖》(Die Morgenland Fahrt)由費歇爾齣版社齣版。
關於歌德的兩篇評論，發表在《神學片斷》。前年發表《我的信仰》。
1933年（56歲）
小說集《小世界》由費歇爾齣版社齣版。以《鄰人》、《込回路》為書名，齣版初期小說集的決定版。
希特勒政權成立。納粋開始焚書、迫害猶太人。盡力於幫助逃亡者和籌措救濟資金。
1934年（57歲）
詩選《選自生命樹》在因傑爾文庫齣版。
被要求把《世界文學文庫》中的猶太作傢剔除掉，重齣改訂版，但黒塞寧可希望它絶版。
小說《玻琍球逰戲》的開頭一部《祈雨師》在《新評論》上發表。
黒塞之姐阿黱勒發刊母親的日記和書信。
1935年（58歲）
《寓言集》由費歇爾齣版社齣版。
在新評論雜誌上發表牧歌《庭孤寡老人中的時間》。
11月，弟弟漢斯自殺，寫長詩“埋葬之後”悼念弟弟。
1936年（59歲）
《院中的時間》，由維也納的貝爾曼·費歇爾齣版社齣版，獻給姊姊阿德蕾作為六十歲的紀念。貝爾曼·費歇爾是費歇爾的女婿，受到納粋政權的壓迫，到國外繼續其事業。
寫《追憶漢斯》一文記念弟弟漢斯。
從1914年起，開始寫未完成的《夢之傢》由歐爾丁社齣版。
獲得瑞士最髙文學奬歌特弗利特·凱勒奬。
1937年（60歲）
《紀念冊頁》獻給姐妹兄弟。
《新詩集》由伯恩的費歇爾齣版社齣版。，收載1929年以後的詩作。
牧歌《佝僂病的少年》由弗雷芝社齣版，作為他六十歲的紀念。
1938年（61歲）
衹發表了短文《回憶剋林格梭的夏天》。
1939年（62歲）
納粋德國發動閃電站，吞併捷剋，侵入波蘭。到1945年為止，被列入德國不受歡迎的作傢名單，斷了齣版作品用紙的配給。自費齣版《十行詩》。
1941年（64歲）
黒塞的作品在德國已經不可能齣版，取得了費歇爾齣版社在德國的繼承人佩塔·茲爾坎普的諒解，由荻裏希的弗雷茲齣版，第一本作品是《午夜後一小時》。
1942年（65歲）
《詩集》在瑞士弗雷茲社齣版，幾乎收集了所有的詩。
4月29日，完成《玻琍球逰戲》的創作。
1943年（66歲）
小說《玻琍球逰戲》二捲本（作於1931年至1942年）由弗雷茲社齣版，是最後的一篇長篇小說。
1945年（68歲）
詩集《花枝》，獻給長姐阿黱勒。
小說《貝爾托爾特》、《夢痕》均由弗雷茲社齣版。《對歌德的感謝》附《歌德詩抄》。
1946年（69歲）
收錄1914年以後戰爭和政治的評論集《戰爭與和平》(Krieg und Frieden) 由弗雷茲社齣版，獻給1944年逝世的羅曼·羅蘭。8月，獲法蘭剋福的歌德奬。秋，獲諾貝爾文學奬，但因病而未親臨頒奬會場。 第二次世界大戰結束，黒塞的作品再次由費歇爾齣版社的後身祖爾康普社重新齣版。
《感謝歌德》由剋拉森社齣版，合歌德論和歌德詩抄而成。
《晚年之詩》自費齣版。
1947年（70歲）
伯爾尼大學授予名譽博士稱號。
安德魯·紀德來訪。
發表了《給日本青年衕業的信》。
1948年（71歲）
整理了《午夜一點鐘》、《諾瓦麗思》、《赫爾曼·勞歇爾》三篇，以《初期的散文》為書名，由弗雷茲社齣版。
1949年（72歲）
姐阿黱勒逝世。
編輯了與故鄉峠爾夫有關的小說兩捲，以《格爾巴斯奧》為書名，由溫達利希社齣版。
1950年（73歲）
在布朗休外剋市獲威廉·拉貝奬。
慶祝托馬斯·曼七十五歲的生日。
1951年（74歲）
《晚年散文集》。 從費歇爾齣版社齣來自立門戶的祖爾康普社，開始齣版黒塞全集。《後期的散文》由祖爾康普社齣版，收錄了《被偸的皮箱》、《乞丐》、《幸福論》等。 收集了1927年—1959年的書集而成《書簡集》，由祖爾康普社齣版。
1952年（75歲）
祖爾康普社齣版了六捲全集。在德國和瑞士銀行舉行了盛大的七十五歲慶祝會。在休圖特峠爾特舉行的慶典中，黒塞所做的演講整理成《感謝黒塞》一書。 《兩首牧歌》（已齣版的《佝僂病的少年》和《庭院中的時間》）紀念齣版。
1953年（76歲）
妹妹瑪爾拉去世，寫追悼文《為了瑪爾拉》。
1954年（77歲）
《黒塞與羅曼·羅蘭通信集》由弗雷茲社齣版，是1915年—1940年書信的往來。黒塞之友、西德總統豪伊斯授予德國文化功勳勳章。
1955年（78歲）
獲法蘭剋福德國書籍業的和平奬。
晚年的散文續刊《喚回過去》，由祖爾康普社齣版。
以《帖訢的水彩畫》（註：即Tessin，一譯：堤契諾）為書名的水彩畫及水彩畫論，由剋來田社齣版。
1956年（79歲）
峠爾斯爾耶設立了赫爾曼·黒塞奬。
1957年（80歲）
慶祝第八十次的生日。祖爾康普社的全集（六捲）増補觀察書簡等合為七捲。
1959年（82歲）
齣《書簡集》的増補版。
1960年（83歲）
《黒塞紀念冊》由祖爾康普社齣版，是捜集了黒塞所有照片而成的照片集。
1961年（84歲）
新詩選《階段》由祖爾康普社發行。
1962年（85歲）
8月8日，腦溢血逝世於濛塔紐拉。
8月9日，齣版詩集《一根斷枝的呻吟》。
Youth
Hesse was born in the Black Forest town of Calw in Württemberg, Germany to a Christian missionary family. Both of his parents served with a Basel Mission to India, where Hesse's mother Marie Gundert was born in 1842. Hesse's father, Johannes Hesse, was born in 1847 in Estonia, the son of a doctor. The Hesse family had lived in Calw since 1873, where they operated a missionary publishing house under the direction of Hesse's grandfather, Hermann Gundert.
Hesse spent his first years of life surrounded by the spirit of Swabian piety. In 1880 the family moved to Basel, Switzerland, for six years, then returned to Calw. After successful attendance at the Latin School in Göppingen, Hesse began to attend the Evangelical Theological Seminary in Maulbronn in 1891. Here in March 1892, Hesse showed his rebellious character and in one instance he fled from the Seminary and was found in a field a day later.
During this time, Hesse began a journey through various institutions and schools, and experienced intense conflicts with his parents. In May, after an attempt at suicide, he spent time at an institution in Bad Boll under the care of theologian and minister Christoph Friedrich Blumhardt. Later he was placed in a mental institution in Stetten im Remstal, and then a boys' institution in Basel.
Hesse's birthplace in Calw, 1977
Hesse's birthplace, 2007At the end of 1892, he attended the Gymnasium in Cannstatt. In 1893, he passed the One Year Examination, which concluded his schooling.
After this, Hesse began a bookshop apprenticeship in Esslingen am Neckar, but after three days he left. Then in the early summer of 1894, he began a fourteen month mechanic apprenticeship at a clock tower factory in Calw. The monotony of soldering and filing work made him resolve to turn himself toward more spiritual activities. In October 1895, he was ready to begin wholeheartedly a new apprenticeship with a bookseller in Tübingen. This experience from his youth he returns to later in his novel, Beneath the Wheel.
Becoming a writer
On October 17, 1895, Hesse began working in the bookshop Heckenhauer in Tübingen, which had a specialized collection in theology, philology, and law. Hesse's assignment there consisted of organizing, packing, and archiving the books. After the end of each twelve hour workday, Hesse pursued his own work further, and he spent his long, idle Sundays with books rather than friends. Hesse studied theological writings, and later Goethe, Lessing, Schiller, and several texts on Greek mythology. In 1896, his poem 'Madonna' appeared in a Viennese periodical.
By 1898, Hesse had a respectable income that enabled his financial independence from his parents. During this time, he concentrated on the works of the German Romantics, including much of the work from Clemens Brentano, Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Friedrich Holderlin and Novalis. In letters to his parents, he expressed a belief that "the morality of artists is replaced by aesthetics."
In the fall, Hesse released his first small volume of poetry, Romantic Songs and in the summer of 1899, a collection of prose, entitled One Hour After Midnight. Both works were a business failure. In two years, only 54 of the 600 printed copies of Romantic Songs were sold, and One Hour After Midnight received only one printing and sold sluggishly. Nevertheless, the Leipzig publisher Eugen Diederichs was convinced of the literary quality of the work and from the beginning regarded the publications more as encouragement of a young author than as profitable business.
Beginning in the fall of 1899, Hesse worked in a distinguished antique book shop in Basel. There through family contacts he stayed with the intellectual families of Basel. In this environment with rich stimuli for his pursuits, he further developed spiritually and artistically. At the same time, Basel offered the solitary Hesse many opportunities for withdrawal into a private life of artistic self-exploration through journeys and wanderings. In 1900, Hesse was exempted from compulsory military service due to an eye condition. This, along with nerve disorders and persistent headaches, affected him his entire life.
"Modern Book Printing" from the Walk of Ideas in Berlin, Germany - built in 2006 to commemorate Johannes Gutenberg's invention, c. 1445, of movable printing type.In 1901, Hesse undertook to fulfill a grand dream and travelled for the first time to Italy. In the same year, Hesse changed jobs and began working at the antiquarium Wattenwyl in Basel. Hesse had more opportunities to release poems and small literary texts to journals. These publications now provided honorariums. Shortly the publisher Samuel Fischer became interested in Hesse, and with the novel Peter Camenzind, which appeared first as a pre-publication in 1903 and then as a regular printing by Fischer in 1904, came a breakthrough: From now on, Hesse could live as a free author.
Between Lake Constance and India
With the literary fame, Hesse married Maria Bernoulli (of the famous family of mathematicians) in 1904, settled down with her in Gaienhofen on Lake Constance, and began a family, eventually having three sons. In Gaienhofen, he wrote his second novel Beneath the Wheel, which was published in 1906. In the following time he composed primarily short stories and poems. His next novel, Gertrude, published in 1910, revealed a production crisis—he had to struggle through writing it, and he later would describe it as "a miscarriage."
Hesse's writing desk, pictured at the Museum GaienhofenGaienhofen was also the place where Hesse's interest in Buddhism was resparked. After a letter to Kapff in 1895 entitled Nirvana, Hesse's Buddhist references were no longer alluded to in his works. This was rekindled, however, in 1904 when Arthur Schopenhauer and his philosophical ideas started receiving attention again, and Hesse discovered theosophy. Schopenhauer and theosophy are what renewed Hesse's interest in India. Although 1904 was many years before the publication of Hesse's Siddhartha (1922), this masterpiece was derived from these new influences.
During this time, there also was increased dissonance between him and Maria, and in 1911, Hesse left alone for a long trip to Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Any spiritual or religious inspiration that he was looking for eluded him, but the journey made a strong impression on his literary work. Following Hesse's return, the family moved to Bern in 1912, but the change of environment could not solve the marriage problems, as he himself confessed in his novel Rosshalde from 1914.
The First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Hesse registered himself as a volunteer with the Imperial army, saying that he could not sit inactively by a warm fireplace while other young authors were dying on the front. He was found unfit for combat duty, but was assigned to service involving the care of war prisoners.
On November 3, 1914, in the Neuen Züricher Zeitung, Hesse's essay O Friends, Not These Tones (O Freunde, nicht diese Töne[]) appeared, in which he appealed to German intellectuals not to fall for nationalism. What followed from this, Hesse later indicated, was a great turning point in his life: For the first time he found himself in the middle of a serious political conflict, attacked by the German press, the recipient of hate mail, and distanced from old friends. He did receive continued support from his friend Theodor Heuss, and the French writer Romain Rolland, whom Hesse visited in August 1915.
This public controversy was not yet resolved, when a deeper life crisis befell Hesse with the death of his father on March 8, 1916, the difficult sickness of his son Martin, and his wife's schizophrenia. He was forced to leave his military service and begin receiving psychotherapy. This began for Hesse a long preoccupation with psychoanalysis, through which he came to know Carl Jung personally, and was challenged to new creative heights: During a three-week period during September and October 1917, Hesse penned his novel Demian, which would be published following the armistice in 1919 under the pseudonym Emil Sinclair. (Emil Sinclair was a friend of the German Romantic poet Novalis, who was an influence on Hesse).
Casa Camuzzi
Hermann Hesse in 1925When Hesse returned to civilian life in 1919, his marriage was shattered. His wife had a severe outbreak of psychosis, but even after her recovery, Hesse saw no possible future with her. Their home in Bern was divided, and Hesse resettled alone in the middle of April in Ticino, where he occupied a small farm house near Minusio bei Locarno, and later lived from April 25 to May 11 in Sorengo. On May 11, he moved to the town Montagnola and rented four small rooms in a strange castle-like building, the 'Casa Camuzzi'.
Here he explored his writing projects further; he began to paint, an activity which is reflected in his next major story Klingsor's Last Summer, published in 1920. In 1922, Hesse's novel Siddhartha appeared, which showed the love for Indian culture and Buddhist philosophy, which had already developed at his parents' house. In 1924, Hesse married the singer Ruth Wenger, the daughter of the Swiss writer Lisa Wenger and aunt of Meret Oppenheim. This marriage never attained any true stability, however.
In 1923, Hesse received Swiss citizenship. His next major works, Kurgast (1925) and The Nuremberg Trip (1927), were autobiographical narratives with ironic undertones, and foreshadowed Hesse's following novel, Steppenwolf, which was published in 1927. In the year of his 50th birthday, the first biography of Hesse appeared, written by his friend Hugo Ball. Shortly after his new successful novel, he turned away from the solitude of Steppenwolf and married art historian Ninon Dolbin, née Ausländer. This change to companionship was reflected in the novel Narcissus and Goldmund, appearing in 1930.
In 1931, Hesse left the Casa Camuzzi and moved with Ninon to a large house (Casa Hesse) near Montagnola, which was built according to his wishes.
The Glass Bead Game
Main article: The Glass Bead Game
In 1931, Hesse began planning what would become his last major work, The Glass Bead Game (aka Magister Ludi). In 1932 as a preliminary study, he released the novella, Journey to the East. The Glass Bead Game was printed in 1943 in Switzerland. For this work, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1946.
Later life
Hesse observed the rise to power of Nazism in Germany with concern. In 1933, Bertolt Brecht and Thomas Mann made their travels into exile, and in both cases, were aided by Hesse. In this way, Hesse attempted to work against Hitler's suppression of art and literature that protested Nazi ideology.
Hesse, who had long published pieces in German journals and newspapers, spoke publicly in support of Jewish artists and others pursued by the Nazis. However, when he wrote for the Frankfurter Zeitung, he was accused of supporting the Nazis, whom Hesse did not openly oppose.
From the end of the 1930s, German journals stopped publishing Hesse's work, and his work was eventually banned by the Nazis.
The Glass Bead Game was Hesse's last novel. During the last twenty years of his life Hesse wrote many short stories (chiefly recollections of his childhood) and poems (frequently with nature as their theme). Hesse wrote ironic essays about his alienation from writing (for instance, the mock autobiographies: Life Story Briefly Told and Aus den Briefwechseln eines Dichters) and spent much time pursuing his interest in watercolors.
Hesse also occupied himself with the steady stream of letters he received as a result of the prize and as a new generation of German readers explored his work. In one essay, Hesse reflected wryly on his lifelong failure to acquire a talent for idleness and speculated that his average daily correspondence was in excess of 150 pages. He died on August 9, 1962 and was buried in the cemetery at San Abbondio in Montagnola, where Hugo Ball is also buried.
Popularity outside the German speaking countries
A few years after Hesse's death in 1962, his novels enjoyed a revival of popularity due to their association with some of the themes of the 1960s counterculture (or "hippie") movement. In particular, the quest-for-enlightenment theme of Siddhartha, Journey to the East, and Narcissus and Goldmund resonated with countercultural ideals. Also, the "magic theater" sequences in Steppenwolf were interpreted by some as drug-induced psychedelia. These and other Hesse novels were republished in paperback editions and were widely read by university students and young people in the United States and elsewhere.
Selected works
For a more complete list, see Hermann Hesse (German Wikipedia) and Sämtliche Werke (Complete works, ed. 2001-2007). The most important works are marked with asterisk.
1904–Peter Camenzind
1906–Beneath the Wheel
1910–Gertrude
1914–Rosshalde
1915–Knulp
1919 –*Demian (published under the pen name Emil Sinclair)
1919–Klein and Wagner
1920–Klingsor's Last Summer
1922 –* Siddhartha
1927 –* Steppenwolf
1930 –*Narcissus and Goldmund
1932–Journey to the East
1943 –*The Glass Bead Game (also published under the title Magister Ludi)
Awards
Statue in Calw1906 - Bauernfeld-Preis
1928 - Mejstrik-Preis der Wiener Schiller-Stiftung
1936 - Gottfried-Keller-Preis
1946 - Goethepreis der Stadt Frankfurt
1946 - Nobel Prize in Literature
1947 - Honorary Doctorate from the University of Bern
1950 - Wilhelm-Raabe-Preis
1954 - Orden Pour le mérite für Wissenschaft und Künste
1955 - Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
Hesse received honorary citizenship from his home city of Calw, and additionally, throughout Germany many schools are named after him. In 1964, the Calwer Hermann-Hesse-Preis was founded, which is awarded every two years, alternately to a German-language literary journal or to the translator of Hesse's work to a foreign language. There is also a Hermann-Hesse-Preis that is associated with the city of Karlsruhe.
Hermann Hesse in popular culture
In the summer of 1948, the composer Richard Strauss set three short poems by Hesse to music to become all but one of his valedictory Four Last Songs, the final works completed by Strauss prior to his death in 1949.
In 1967, the rock band Steppenwolf named themselves after Hesse's novel, partly due to lead singer John Kay having been born and grown up in Germany. Along with other bands also inspired by Hesse, like Anyone's Daughter with their 40 minute version of "Piktors Verwandlungen", Steppenwolf played in 2002 on Calw's market square as part of the International Hermann-Hesse-Festival 2002.
The Volvos singer Heynes Arms wrote a song entitled "I Think I'm Herman Hesse". Like Hesse, Arms had German parentage and was born on July 2.
A portion of Herman Hesse's quote, "In each individual the spirit is made flesh, in each one the whole of creation suffers, in each one a savior is crucified," excerpted from his work Demian: The Story of Emil Sinclair's Youth was included in the eighth episode of NBC's television drama, The Black Donnellys entitled "In Each One a Savior".
The British progressive rock band Yes was also influenced by the works of Hermann Hesse, especially on their 1972 album, Close to the Edge, considered by most critics and fans to be their masterpiece.
Seattle, Washington based World Champion Slam Poet Buddy Wakefield titled the first track of his 2006 album (Run On Anything) Healing Hermann Hesse.
Washington DC based electronic duo Thievery Corporation has a song on their album Sounds from the Thievery Hi-Fi (1997) titled "The Glass Bead Game".
The UK Indie-Rock band James makes reference to Hermann Hesse with their lyrics in the song "Crash" on the album Millionaires: "Cut the Hermann free from the Hesse".
A song by the English rock band Blur, "Strange News from Another Star", from their 1997 album Blur, takes its name from the title of Hesse's 1919 anthology of short stories, Strange News from Another Star.
The New York band Suncrown recorded the song Helen, which contains the lyric "I am Goldmouth lost deep in the forest", referring to the character from Narcissus and Goldmund.
The Slovenian rock band Siddharta is named after Hesse's novel Siddhartha.
The American performance artist Laurie Anderson mentions Herman Hesse and his grave in her spoken piece "Maria Teresa Teresa Maria" on the live album The Ugly One With The Jewels. In it she mentions the disparity between his gravestone and that of his wife, Nina.
Comedian Patton Oswalt mentioned Hesse on his album, Feelin' Kinda Patton.
References
^ Hermann Hesse autobiography. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
^ Gustav Emil Müller, Philosophy of Literature, Ayer Publishing, 1976.
^ Hermann Hesse Schriftsteller (German). Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved on 15 January 2008.