加洛林王朝 人物列錶
杜洛杜斯 杜洛 dos(加洛林王朝)丕平 Pepin III(加洛林王朝)查理大帝 Charlemagne(加洛林王朝)
路易一世 Louis the Pious(加洛林王朝)
杜洛杜斯 杜洛 dos
加洛林王朝 

詩詞《羅蘭之歌 Roland Song》   

閱讀杜洛杜斯 杜洛 dos在诗海的作品!!!
罗兰
  羅蘭之歌,法國11世紀末史詩
  
  《羅蘭之歌》是法國中世紀英雄史詩“武功歌”的代表作品。中世紀在民間口頭流傳的“武功歌”很多,行吟詩人彈奏着簡單的樂器,在熱鬧的集市上賣唱,有時也到封建郡主的邸宅中去賣唱。到11世紀末葉,這類歌謠纔逐漸用文字記錄下來。
  
  《羅蘭之歌》流傳着許多抄本,其中以牛津大學收藏的抄本最為完善。全詩長4,002行,分291節,是用當時民間語言羅曼語寫成。詩的結構大致可分為3個部分:第1部分寫加奈隆投敵叛賣,是序幕;第2部分寫騎士羅蘭率領的兩萬騎兵遇上敵人伏擊,全軍覆沒,是全詩的高潮;第3部分寫對叛徒加奈隆的懲罰,是尾聲。這首史詩以描寫查理大帝的勝利開始。查理大帝率大軍在西班牙轉戰7年,無往而不勝。衹有信奉伊斯蘭教的馬席勒國王尚未被徵服,他面臨查理大帝的大軍壓境,一面遣使求和,一面陰謀襲擊敵軍。查理大帝召集衆將商議,他的外甥羅蘭騎士主戰。另一騎士加奈隆受了敵人的賄賂,主張議和。羅蘭建議派加奈隆去敵營探聽虛實。這是一個有生命危險的使命。加奈隆懷恨羅蘭,陰謀報復。到了敵營,加奈隆叛變。他與敵人合謀,設重兵在山𠔌中伏擊羅蘭率領的兩萬騎兵。羅蘭倉卒應戰,終於全軍覆沒,自已也戰死沙場。查理大帝聞訊回兵支援羅蘭,已無法輓回敗局。查理大帝回到法國,嚴懲叛徒加奈隆,處以四馬分屍的極刑。
  《羅蘭之歌》具有很大的傳說成分。作品在很大程度上反映了人民的觀點和願望。查理大帝是貫穿全詩的中心人物。歷史上查理大帝當政年代在768至814年之間。他經過了長期的徵戰,建立了龐大的帝國。在後世人民的心目中,這是封建王國統一和強盛時期,人民可以得到生息繁榮的機會。因此詩歌中的查理大帝是人民理想的君主形象。羅蘭忠君愛國,為了保衛疆土與人民的生命財産,不惜戰鬥到流盡最後一滴血,他是理想的封建騎士的形象。整首《羅蘭之歌》反映了人民對上升中的封建集權勢力的期待,要求法蘭西王國既無外侮,又無內亂,建成一個使人民能安居樂業的封建等級製的君主專製國傢。
  與中世紀的一般文學作品一樣,《羅蘭之歌》也具有濃厚的宗教色彩。這是由於當時教會是文化的唯一掌握者,人民的文化修養離不開教會的影響,一切武功歌(包括《羅蘭之歌》在內)的最早手抄本也是修道院中的僧侶完成的,他們在傳抄的過程中不斷地給作品加上宗教色彩,並認為這樣加工是他們的神聖職責。
  《羅蘭之歌》 - 版本的考證
  
  《羅蘭之歌》原稿
  法國歐洲中世紀歷史學家約瑟夫•貝蒂埃(1864—1938)說:“提到《羅蘭之歌》,就像提到平達的《特爾斐皮西亞頌歌》或亞裏士多德的《詩論》,即使有了第一千零一版,也會再發行第一千零二版,自有文人才子讀了覺得,若不是第一版,也是第九百九十版更為可取。”
  
  羅蘭的傳奇在吟遊詩人口中吟唱了一百多年。在十一世紀出現了最初的抄本。現存主要的有法蘭西、英格蘭、意大利、尼德蘭、日耳曼、威爾士、斯堪的納維亞等文字寫成的八種版本。歷代評論傢一致認為牛津收藏的一種抄本,其價格超過其他各版的總和。牛津抄本用盎格魯-諾曼語寫成,共4002行,包括學者根據其他抄本校訂後補上的四行。每行句子十個音節,每一節內句數不等,同一節內每句句尾用半諧音一韻到底。根據安德萊•布爾日的研究,成書年代約在一〇八七年到一〇九五年之間。各個抄本原來都沒有名稱,在十九世紀後先後付梓,毫無例外都用《羅蘭之歌》這個書名。
  
  牛津抄本在一八三七年由法朗西斯剋•米歇爾(1830或1833—1905)第一次出版。後經歷代專傢勘誤匡正,漸趨完善。漢譯本多是根據牛津版校訂本譯成的。
  《羅蘭之歌》 - 作者的考證
  
  《羅蘭之歌》
  《羅蘭之歌》創作年代不確,故事內容與史實頗不一致,所以作者的身份也很難弄清楚。牛津抄本的最後一句是:“杜洛杜斯敘述的故事到此為止。”一般認為杜洛杜斯不是《羅蘭之歌》的編撰者,便是抄錄者。至於誰是杜洛杜斯歷來沒有一個肯定的、具有說服力的、為大傢所接受的說法。在那個時期的法國歷史上,可以與杜洛杜斯這個名字沾邊的有古竜勃的杜洛杜斯、安韋爾默的杜洛杜斯、費康的杜洛杜斯。由於《羅蘭之歌》最初流傳於法國北方諾曼底地區,費康的杜洛杜斯被認為最有可能是那位杜洛杜斯。他是徵服者威廉的侄子,起先在費康的三聖寺當修士,隨同威廉國王參加過一〇六六年的黑斯廷斯戰役,後來又在彼得博羅當本堂神甫,所以也稱彼得博羅的杜洛杜斯。不管是哪個杜洛杜斯,從他在《羅蘭之歌》中留下的印記來看,顯然是一位受過良好拉丁教育的僧侶,既潛心教義,也崇尚武道。查理曼的英武神威,奧裏維的睿智明理,羅蘭的勇敢慷慨,都是他崇尚景仰的品質。
  
  《羅蘭之歌》 - 作品背景
  查理一世(742—814),或稱查理大帝、查理曼,是法蘭剋國王矮子丕平(三世)的兒子。從七六八年繼承王位,後來通過徵略逐漸成為倫巴德人、托斯卡納人、薩剋森人的國王。八〇〇年受羅馬教皇利奧三世加冕,當上西方皇帝,統治疆域包括除不列顛和斯堪的納維亞以外的全部歐洲,是羅馬帝國後的又一大帝國。查理曼是中世紀一位雄纔大略的君主,主張與羅馬教廷合作,促進教會改革,奠定基督教統一的基礎。
   
  在帝國擴張的過程中,以查理皇帝為代表的基督教國傢與阿拉伯伊斯蘭國傢不時發生戰爭。七七八年,查理曼攻下西班牙潘普洛納,撒拉遜(中世紀西方人對阿拉伯人、伊斯蘭教徒的稱呼。)人要求講和,獻上幾名人質。查理曼隨後南下進攻薩拉戈薩。薩拉戈薩深溝高壘,固守不降。查理曼圍困了兩個多月,毫無進展,又聽到後方薩剋森人叛亂,帶了軍隊和人質撤退。其實這是查理曼遠征中的一次挫折,在他生前法國紀年史緘口不談這件事。
  
  衹是到了八二九年,《皇傢紀事》提到查理曼那次在七七八年帶領他的大隊人馬抵達比利牛斯山,為了抄近路藉道位於海拔一千五百公尺的竜塞沃。八月十五日,經過山石崢嶸的峽𠔌時遭到伏擊。山區的加斯科涅武裝人員從山坡直衝而下,朝着他們猛撲過去。法蘭剋人長途跋涉,又帶了笨重的戰利品,行動非常遲鈍,衹有招架之功。加斯科涅人掠奪了大量財物後呼嘯而去。查理曼也不知道他們的身份和行蹤,沒有也不可能報復。他們或許就是一股盜匪,其中可能有作為內綫的法蘭剋人,但是肯定沒有撒拉遜人。顯然這是一次沒有政治目的的搶劫行為,因為在這事以後加斯科涅人沒有反叛事件,阿基坦人繼續效忠查理,薩剋森人的叛亂也不見蔓延。查理曼在這次襲擊中死了幾位重要人物,其中有禦廚總監艾吉哈爾德、宮廷伯爵安塞姆、布列塔尼邊區總督羅蘭。
  
  從九世紀開始流傳查理大帝和他的勇將羅蘭的事跡。口頭文學不斷隨着時代的變遷而變化。那時候封建社會的發展與等級制度的確立,基督教與伊斯蘭教在地中海一帶爭奪加劇,民間傳說摻入了當時的政治社會內容和宗教神秘色彩。羅蘭的故事逐漸變成基督教與伊斯蘭教大規模長期聖戰中的一個重要篇章。後世人確實常用神奇的語言,把一則平凡的軼事,渲染成了一篇輝煌的傳奇。
  《羅蘭之歌》 - 作品影響
  
  《羅蘭之歌》
  說《羅蘭之歌》是開捲之作,並不是說在此以前法國文學史上沒有出現過作品。在九至十一世紀之間有《聖女歐拉麗的頌歌》、《耶穌受難》、《聖勒日》、《聖阿萊剋西》等,從題目便可看出這是一些表彰基督教聖徒的道德聖行的作品,語言貧乏,牽強附會,雖然寫的是韻文,但是通篇說教,談不上文學價值。
  
  在牛津抄本産生之時,法國通俗語言有了很大發展,其結構、形式和詞彙已經能夠承受長篇敘事的分量。在《羅蘭之歌》中可以看到大量並列句,簡單的形象和隱喻,人物的心理和意圖描寫,還有民歌中常見的復疊和誇張。隨着各地區文化的傳播,宗教鬥爭激發的宗教熱忱,這部敘述七七八年竜塞沃悲劇的紀功歌,更多反映的卻是十一、十二世紀的時代精神和特徵。今天讀到的《羅蘭之歌》包含了三個層次的衝突:
  1、兩個世界、兩種文明、兩種宗教的衝突。基督教代表善、正義和天意,而伊斯蘭教代表惡、不義和邪道。
  2、領主與藩臣的衝突。領主供養和保護藩臣,藩臣嚮領主效忠,以死相保。一名藩臣可以同時效忠幾名領主;也可既是一名領主的藩臣,又是另外藩臣的領主。
  
  3、藩臣與藩臣之間的衝突。好藩臣忠誠、英勇、磊落;壞藩臣不忠、怯懦、陰險。這些道德行為的準則當時是明確的,對待上帝誠惶誠恐的基督徒心靈中容不得半點懷疑。
  
  《羅蘭之歌》是歐洲中世紀的一部偉大史詩,渾厚質樸。有人贊譽說它有荷馬寬闊流動的優美,但丁豪放有力的筆緻。這畢竟是一千多年以前的作品,有中世紀的種種特點。若用歷史觀點閱讀,今天的讀者依然會認為這是一部卓越不凡的大作。
  
  關於兩教聖戰的歷史,基督教有基督教的寫法,伊斯蘭教有伊斯蘭教的寫法,水火不相容。《羅蘭之歌》屬於基督教的寫法。當西方國傢接受了基督信仰以後,一切其他信仰在他們眼中都是異端邪說,一切抱其他信仰的人都是異教徒,裏面不僅是阿拉伯人,還包括斯拉夫人、匈牙利人、韃靼人等。聖戰中要勇往直前,把異教徒趕盡殺絶是基督徒的天職,殺敵可以作為補贖,信仰上帝的人戰無不勝,為教而殉死者靈魂升入天堂。當作者懷着一片虔誠刻意描寫這些價值觀的同時,也暴露了基督教狂熱、偏執和殘忍的一面。
  
  《羅蘭之歌》
  法國史學家保爾•彭古爾有一部著作,書名很有意思:《紀功歌是不是種族主義作品?》。以《羅蘭之歌》來說,似乎還不能算,但是從中也可看出一切以宗教劃綫,區分敵我的是宗教,還不是種族和膚色。撒拉遜人一旦改宗,皈依了基督教,就擁有基督徒的一切權利。
  
  其實,作者對伊斯蘭教口誅筆伐,卻對它的教義和儀式表現了相當的無知。完全以基督教的模式來想象:順服唯一的神安拉的伊斯蘭教同樣有三位一體:穆罕默德、泰瓦幹、阿卜林;從不供奉神像的撒拉遜人同樣在地室進行偶像崇拜;政教合一的教權政體同樣也有十二員大將,以此與查理曼的十二太保相對應;軍隊中同樣的武裝、同樣的戰鬥方陣;甚至撒拉遜王在狠狠詛咒查理曼時,同樣用“douceFrance”(douce有“可愛”、“氣候溫和”的意思,考慮其含義,本書中譯為“富饒的法蘭西”,顯然這詞衹用在褒義上)。
  
  自古以來,各個民族的發展决不是平衡的,同一個民族的演變也不是直綫狀的。可是衹是到了近代,人才慢慢明白了這個事實,發現世界是多極的,立體的,不該囿於自己精神與行動上的束縛,處處以自我為中心,用扁平的目光看事物。實際上大千世界萬象紛紜,同中有異,異中有同,這恐怕是事物發展中的永恆存在。


  Roland (Italian: Orlando or Rolando, Frankish: Hruodland, Dutch: Roeland, Spanish: Roldán or Rolando, Basque: Errolan, Portuguese: Roldão or Rolando, Catalan: Rotllan or Rotllà) is a character in medieval and Renaissance literature, the chief paladin of Charlemagne and a central figure in the Matter of France. It is thought that the title character of the 12th century Song of Roland, which recounts his final stand against the Muslims during the Battle of Roncevaux Pass, is based on a real person who died in that battle (under different circumstances; Roncevaux was fought against Christian Basques), but the authors of most later chansons de geste and the Renaissance epics Orlando innamorato and Orlando furioso made little attempt to establish historical accuracy.
  
  There exists only one historical mention of a French Roland, found in the section of Vita Karoli Magni on Roncevaux Pass, written by Charlemagne's courtier and biographer Einhard. Here is the relevant passage, in the 9th of 33 chapters (plus a lengthy postscript):
  
  While he was vigorously pursuing the Saxon war, almost without a break, and after he had placed garrisons at __select__ed points along the border, [Charles] marched into Spain [in 778] with as large a force as he could mount. His army passed through the Pyrenees and [Charles] received the surrender of all the towns and fortified places he encountered. He was returning [to Francia] with his army safe and intact, but high in the Pyrenees on that return trip he briefly experienced the Basques. That place is so thoroughly covered with thick forest that it is the perfect spot for an ambush. [Charles's] army was forced by the narrow terrain to proceed in a long line and [it was at that spot], high on the mountain, that the Basques set their ambush. [...] The Basques had the advantage in this skirmish because of the lightness of their weapons and the nature of the terrain, whereas the Franks were disadvantaged by the heaviness of their arms and the unevenness of the land. Eggihard, the overseer of the king's table, Anselm, the count of the palace, and Roland, the lord of the Breton March, along with many others died in that skirmish. But this deed could not be avenged at that time, because the enemy had so dispersed after the attack that there was no indication as to where they could be found.
  
  Dutton, Paul Edward, ed. and trans. Charlemagne's Courtier: The Complete Einhard, pp. 21-22. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 1998.)
  The original Latin text refers to "Hruodlandus Brittannici limitis praefectus". The battle took place on 15 August, AD 778.
  
  Roland was the first official appointed to direct Frankish policy in Breton affairs, as local Franks under the Merovingian dynasty did not pursue any specific relationship beforehand, more passive-aggressive than anything. What is now divided between Normandy and Brittany, their frontier castle districts (e.g. Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine) south of Mont Saint-Michel, was the source of present-day Gallo language and culture that emerged in the likeness of those such as Roland. Roland's successor in Brittania Nova was Guy of the Breton March, who like Roland, was unable to exert French expansion over Brittany and merely sustained a Breton presence in the Carolingian-era Holy Roman Empire.
  
  Legend
  
  Roland, Bremen 53°4′33.15″N 8°48′26.30″E / 53.075875, 8.8073056Roland was a popular legendary figure in medieval Europe. Over the next several centuries, Roland became a "pop icon" in medieval minstrel culture. According to many legends, he was a nephew of Charlemagne (whether or not this was true we do not know), turned his life into an epic tale of the noble Christian killed by Islamic forces, which forms part of the medieval Matter of France. Roland's tale is retold in the eleventh century poem The Song of Roland, where he is equipped with the Olifant (a signalling horn) and an unbreakable sword, enchanted by various Christian relics, named Durendal. The first story written about him was Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo. After his death, the epic was continued as Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto (See below for his later history in Italian verse). In the Divine Comedy Dante sees Roland's spirit in the Heaven of Mars together with others who fought for the faith.
  
  In Germany, Roland gradually became a symbol of the independence of the growing cities from the local nobility. In the late Middle Ages many cities sported the display of a defiant Roland statue on their marketplace. The Roland in Wedel was erected in 1450 as symbol of market justice, and the Roland statue in front of the town hall of Bremen (1404) is listed together with the town hall on the List of World Heritage Site from the UNESCO since 2004.
  
  In Catalonia Roland (or Rotllà, as it is rendered in Catalan) became a legendary giant. Numerous places in Catalonia (both North and South) have a name related to Rotllà. In step with the trace left by the character in the whole Pyrenean area, Basque Errolan turns up in numerous legends and place-names associated with a mighty giant, usually a heathen, capable of launching huge stones. Interestingly, Basque word erraldoi ('giant') stems from Errolan.
  
  More recently Roland's tale has been exploited by historians exploring the development of the early-modern Christian understanding of Islamic culture. In 1972 P. M. Holt used Roland's words to begins an essay about Henry Stubbe: Paien ont tort e crestiien ont dreit - 'Pagans are wrong and Christians are right.'
  
  Orlando
  
  Illustratation to Orlando Furioso: Orlando saving OlimpiaOrlando is the Italian equivalent of the French Roland (but also the variation Rolando does exist). The name Orlando/Roland goes back to a Germanic origin, and is said to mean "One who is famous throughout the land". It is also said to be derived from hroth, meaning glory and nantha, meaning audacity.
  
  Italian Renaissance romance
  He appeared as a central character in a sequence of verse romances from the fifteenth century onwards, including Morgante by Luigi Pulci, Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo, and Orlando furioso by Ludovico Ariosto. The Orlandino of Pietro Aretino then waxed satirical about the 'cult of personality' of Orlando the hero.
  
  The Orlando narrative inspired several composers, amongst whom were Claudio Monteverdi, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Antonio Vivaldi and George Frideric Handel, who composed an Italian opera with Orlando in the title role, see: Orlando.
  
  Later work
  Orlando: A Biography was written in 1928 by Virginia Woolf, and could at first sight be seen as adding yet some more episodes to the adventures of the (by now imaginary) Orlando character, but Woolf's story takes a completely different turn, and is set in a time different from that of the Renaissance Orlandos.
  
  In the Michael Moorcock work, Roland is one of the incarnations of the Eternal Champion and meets Elric of Melniboné in the novel Stormbringer.
  
  In the 2008 film 'Jumper', the main character (who has the ability to teleport instantly to any location on Earth) is pursued by hunters known as Paladins, who are lead by the headhunter Roland, played by Samuel L. Jackson,
    

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