日本 明治時代  (1886年二月20日～1912年四月13日)

Ishikawa Takuboku

石川一

白萍

 詩詞： 《短歌（選二）》    閱讀石川啄木 Takuboku Ishikawa在诗海的作品!!!

歌人、詩人、評論傢。早期受明星派浪漫主義詩風的影響，繼之又曾致力於自然主義小說的寫作。以“大逆事件”為轉折點，啄木趨嚮社會主義思想。 1905年發表第一部詩集《憧憬》，被譽為少年詩人。歌集《一握砂》(1910)和《可悲的玩具》(1912)，詩集《叫子和口哨》(1913)以及評論《時代閉塞的現狀》(1910)是他的代表著作。啄木的歌集開創了日本短歌的新時代。在內容上他使短歌這一古老的文學形式與日本人民的現實生活相聯繫，衝破了傳統的狹隘題材。他用現代口語來寫短歌，在形式上也有創新，打破了三十一個音一行的傳統形式，創造出二十一個音三行的獨特格式。啄木一生坎坷，1912年，年僅26歲，即在貧病交加中與世長辭。

石川啄木（1886年2月20日－1912年4月13日），日本明治時代詩人、小說傢與評論傢，石川啄木是他的筆名，本名為石川一，別號白萍。

生平

石川啄木出生於日本岩手縣南岩手郡日戶村（現盛岡市日戶），出身貧苦；曾任小學教師、新聞記者。早期詩歌帶有浪漫主義色彩；後寫小說，創作由浪漫主義轉為自然主義；1911年因明治政府迫害進步人士，思想開始轉變，逐漸傾嚮批判現實主義。1912年因肺結核於東京市小石川區（現文京區）病逝，得年26歲。

著作

他的主要作品有詩歌集《憧憬》、《叫子與口哨》、《可悲的玩具》和《一握之砂》；著有小說《病院的床》和《鳥影》等。並有評論《時代閉塞之現狀》，對自然主義提出批判。他對日本的古典民族詩歌進行了革新，打破短歌一行詩的陳規，新創了一種散文式的短歌形式，為日本詩歌的發展作出了重要貢獻。

1910年8月，日本與韓國合併，他寫下“地圖上，墨跡塗染朝鮮國，聽着秋風。”（地圖の上朝鮮國にくろぐろと墨を塗りつつ秋風を聽く）。

紀念

• 位於北海道函館市大森濱有石川啄木銅像
• 岩手縣盛岡市設有石川啄木紀念館，展示石川啄木相關文物與生平介紹
• 岩手縣盛岡市的盛岡車站東側外墻有石川啄木以平假名所書的“もりおか”（盛岡）。
• 多個地方設有石川啄木的歌謠作品紀念碑

作品

• 《一握之砂》

石川啄木生前公開正式出版的唯一的短歌集，共收短歌五五一首，為一九○八年至一九一○之間的作品，分為〈愛我之歌〉、〈煙〉、〈秋風送爽〉、〈難忘的人〉、〈脫下手套時〉五個部分。這是石川啄木的一部重要的抒情詩集。寫下了自己的生活回憶、懷念自己的故鄉、少年時代的往事，背井離鄉、顛沛流離生活，以及生命晚期受肺病與家庭困苦的磨難。詩集中並有風格的轉變，可說是石川啄木的詩歌藝術的縮影。

• 《悲傷的玩具》

共收啄木一九一○年十一月末起，到二十六歲死前所寫的一九四首短歌。於啄木死後當年六月出版。啄木曾形容，和歌已成為他“悲傷的玩具”，面臨傢中婆媳不和而妻子離傢、幼子夭折、言論不自由、文學事業上又不得志，使他思想上産生了極大的苦悶，雖然生命極苦，也有過尋死的念頭與放浪的逃避，但他始終堅信自己的理想，在他所熟悉的和歌中，尋找藝術的價值。

參見條目

• 日本文學
• 國際啄木學會

 

Takuboku Ishikawa (石川 啄木, Ishikawa Takuboku, February 20, 1886 – April 13, 1912) was a Japanese poet. He died of tuberculosis. Well known as both a tanka and "modern-style" (新體詩, shintaishi) or "free-style" (自由詩, jiyūshi) poet, he began as a member of the Myōjō group of naturalist poets but later joined the "socialistic" group of Japanese poets and renounced naturalism.

Major works

His major works were two volumes of tanka poems plus his diaries:

• Ichiaku no Suna (一握の砂) (A Handful of Sand) 1910
• Kanashiki gangu (Sad Toys) published posthumously in 1912

Diaries

Ishikawa wrote some of his diaries in the Latin script transliteration of Japanese so that his wife could not read them.

In popular culture

A fictionalised Ishikawa appears in the anime Woodpecker Detective's Office.

Ishikawa is summoned as a Pseudo-Servant in the body of Makidera Kaede in the Fate/Grand Order X Himuro's World crossover episode.

Timeline

• 1886 - Born at Joko Temple, Hinoto-mura (presently named Hinoto, Tamayama-mura), Minami-Iwate-gun, Iwate Prefecture, to Ittei, the father, who was the priest of the temple, and Katsu, his mother.
• 1887 - Moved to Shibutami-mura (presently named Shibutami, Tamayama-mura)
• 1891 - Attended Shibutami Elementary School (4 years)
• 1895 - Attended Morioka Upper Elementary School (2 years)
• 1898 - Attended Morioka Middle School
• 1899 - Published a literary booklet “Choji-kai”, printed by hand using a method called hectograph
• 1900 - Formed a self-study group, “Union Club”, to learn English. First and second issues of “Choji Magazine” were published. Fell in love with Setsuko Horiai, a student at Morioka Girls’ Middle School.
• 1901 - Published the third issue of “Mikazuki” (crescent moon), a magazine for circulating, and the first issue of “Nigitama”. His tankas appeared on Iwate Nippo (news paper) under the pen name of “Suiko”, the first public appearance of his works.
• 1902 - His tankas appeared in “Myōjō”, a literary magazine, under the pen name of “Hakuhin”. Dropped out of Morioka Middle School because of his aspiration for literature. Went to Tokyo and made the acquaintances of Tekkan and Akiko Yosano.
• 1903 - Went home to Shibutami. Serial articles “Ideas of Wagner” appeared in Iwate Nippo. Poem ”Shucho” (sorrowful melodies) appeared in “Myōjō”. The pen name of “Takuboku” was used for the first time. In November, he joined the circle of poets “Shinshisha”.
• 1904 - Serial articles “Senun Yoroku” (personal memorandum of war time) appeared in Iwate Nippo. This was right after the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War.
• 1905 - The first collection of poems “Akogare” (admiration) was published by Odajima Shobo. Married Setsuko Horiai. Published the literary magazine “Sho-Tenchi” (small world).
• 1906 - Became a substitute teacher at Shibutami Upper Elementary School. Wrote the novel “Kumo wa Tensai dearu” (the clouds are geniuses), which was never published during his lifetime. His novel “Soretsu” (funeral procession) appeared in the literary magazine “Myōjō” (December issue of 1906).
• 1907 - Became a substitute teacher at Hakodate Yayoi Elementary School, and a freelance reporter at Hakodate Nichinichi Shinbun (newspaper). There at the Hakodate Yayoi Elementary School, he met Chieko Tachibana, and he was instantly awestruck by her beauty. Although Takuboku only encountered Chieko in person twice, she left a lasting impression on him, and 22 of the tanka written in "Wasuregataki-Hitobito" in "Ichiaku-no-Suna" were written about Chieko Tachibana. Later despite efforts to visit Chieko in her home in Sapporo, to pursue courtship, he had learned from her father that she had recently married. Because of the great fire in Hakodate, he lost both jobs and left Hakodate. Employed at places like Hokumon Shinpo or Otaru Nippo (publishers of news paper)
• 1908 - Employed at Kushiro Shinbun (news paper), wrote “Benifude-dayori”. Moved to Hongo, Tokyo in spring.
• 1909 - Employed at Asahi Shimbun as a proof reader. Issued literary magazine “Subaru” as a publisher.
• 1910 - First collection of tankas “Ichiaku-no-Suna” (a fistful of sand) was published by Shinonome-do Shoten.
• 1911 - Moved to Koishikawa because of health reasons.
• 1912 - In March, his mother Katsu died. He himself died of tuberculosis on April 13, being looked after by his friend Bokusui Wakayama and his wife Setsuko, at the age of 26. After his death, his second collection of tankas “Kanashiki Gangu” (grieving toys) was published by Shinonome-do Shoten.
• 1926 - In August, his grave was erected by both Miyazaki Ikuu, his brother-in-law, who was also a poet, and Okada Kenzo, the chief of Hakodate Library.
• 1988 - The main-belt asteroid 4672 Takuboku (1988 HB) is named in his honor.

References

• Ishikawa Takuboku, On Knowing Oneself Too Well, translated by Tamae K. Prindle, Syllabic Press, © 2010. ISBN 978-0-615-34562-8
• Ishikawa Takuboku, Romaji Diary and Sad Toys, translated by Sanford Goldstein and Seishi Shinoda. Rutland, Charles E. Tuttle Co. 1985.
• Ishikawa Takuboku, Takuboku: Poems to Eat, translated by Carl Sesar, Tokyo. Kodansha International, 1966.
• Ueda, Makoto, Modern Japanese Poets and the Nature of Literature, Stanford University Press © 1983 ISBN 0-8047-1166-6 [Ishikawa Takuboku is one of the eight poets profiled in the book, with forty two pages devoted to him. There are nine "free-style" poems and thirty one tanka included in the commentary.]

Further reading

Donald Keene, The First Modern Japanese: The Life of Ishikawa Takuboku. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.