閱讀默溫 W. S. Merwin在诗海的作品!!! | |||
默温W·S·默溫（1927 - ?）
早在大學讀書期間就開始其詩人生涯，處女詩集《門神的面具》被奧頓選入耶魯青年詩人叢書。1956年至1957年任麻省大學駐校作傢。此後旅居英、法、葡萄牙和馬約卡群島數年，並以卓越的才能翻譯了法語、西班牙語古典詩人和超現實主義詩人的作品，這對他自己詩風的轉變也起了很大的影響。1968年回國後即匯入美國新超現實主義運動，而且比其他詩人更得超現實主義真髓。他努力創作更接近於想象的活力的詩，迫使詩“不斷地回到它的裸露狀態，在那裏觸摸尚未實現的一切”。他所追求的，“仿佛一個回聲，但並不重複任何聲音”。這使他的風格甚為獨特。他的詩表面鬆散，采用開放形式，也帶有某種自白的成分，但卻內含神秘，甚至近乎於預言。因此也有論者認為他把存在主義帶入了美國詩壇。
默溫最好的詩是從《移動的靶子》（1963）和《扛梯子的人》（1970）開始（這兩部詩集曾分別獲全美圖書奬和普利策奬）。當許多同時代的詩人停頓和萎縮下來的時候，他仍保持着詩的活力。
Merwin made a name for himself as an anti-war poet during the 1960's. Later, he would evolve toward mythological themes and develop a unique prosody characterized by indirect narration and the absence of punctuation. In the 80's and 90's, Merwin's interest in Buddhist philosophy and deep ecology also influenced his writing. He continues to write prolifically, though he also dedicates significant time to the restoration of rainforests in Hawaii, the state where he lives.
Merwin has received many honors, including a Pulitzer Prize and a Tanning Prize, one of the highest honors bestowed by the Academy of American Poets.
Merwin grew up in Union City, New Jersey and Scranton, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Princeton University in 1948. His father was a Presbyterian minister. 'I started writing hymns for my father as soon as I could write at all', Merwin has said. While at Princeton, he studied writing with John Berryman and R. P. Blackmur, to whom his fifth book, The Moving Target (1963), was later dedicated. Merwin spent a postgraduate year at Princeton studying Romance languages, an interest that would lead, eventually, to his much-admired work as a translator of Latin, Spanish, and French poetry.
Merwin travelled in France, Spain, and England. He settled in Majorca in 1950 as a tutor to Robert Graves's son. Graves, with his interest in mythology, would become a primary influence on young Merwin. Moving to London in 1951, Merwin made his living as a translator for several years. In America, his first book of poems won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Award for 1952, _select_ed by W. H. Auden, who remarked in his introduction on the young poet's technical virtuosity. That volume, A Mask for Janus, is immensely formal, neoclassical in style. For the next decade Merwin would regularly publish collections of intensely wrought, brightly imagistic poems that recalled the poetry of Wallace Stevens as well as Robert Graves and other influences. After his graduation from Princeton, Merwin has never been associated with a writing program or university. He has lived all over the world, and he now lives in Haiku, Hawaii.
At a Union City (NJ) council meeting in early March 2006, historian Kathie Pontus formally requested that the city of Union City honor Merwin, who was scheduled to be in New Jersey to accept the National Book Award for his latest poetry collection (ISBN 1-55659-218-3) called Migration. Pontus asked the board that a street naming be held on April 22, 2006 for Merwin, who when contacted for the event, stated that he was "nostalgic about Union City, and moved that it remembered him, and would love to return home to receive this honor."
Work
In 1952 Merwin's first book of poetry, A Mask for Janus, was published in the Yale Younger Poets Series. W. H. Auden _select_ed the work for that distinction. Later, in 1971 Auden and Merwin would exchange harsh words in the pages of The New York Review of Books. Merwin had published a feature, On Being Awarded the Pulitzer Prize in the June 3, 1971 issue of The New York Review of Books that announced his objection to the Vietnam War and that he was donating his prize money. Auden responded in a letter entitled Saying No that appeared in the July 1, 1971 issue stating that the Pulitzer Prize jury was not a political body with any ties to the American foreign policy.
From 1956 to 1957 Merwin was also playwright-in-residence at the Poet's Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts; he became poetry editor at The Nation in 1962. Besides being a prolific poet (he has published over fifteen volumes of his works) he is also a respected translator of Spanish, French, Italian and Latin poetry, including Dante's Purgatorio.
Merwin is probably best known for his poetry about the Vietnam War, and can be included among the canon of Vietnam War-era poets which includes such luminaries as Robert Bly, Adrienne Rich, Denise Levertov, Robert Lowell, Allen Ginsberg and Yusef Komunyakaa. In 1998, Merwin wrote Folding Cliffs: A Narrative, an ambitious novel-in-verse about Hawaiian history and legend.
Merwin's early subjects were frequently tied to mythological or legendary themes, while many of the poems featured animals, which were treated as emblems in the manner of William Blake. A volume called The Drunk in the Furnace (1960) marked a change for Merwin, in that he began to write in a much more autobiographical way. The title-poem is about Orpheus, seen as an old drunk. 'Where he gets his spirits / it's a mystery', Merwin writes; 'But the stuff keeps him musical'. Another powerful poem of this period is 'Odysseus', which reworks the traditional theme in a way that plays off poems by Stevens and Graves on the same topic.
In the 1960s Merwin began to experiment boldly with metrical irregularity. His poems became much less tidy and controlled. He played with the forms of indirect narration typical of this period, a self-conscious experimentation explained in an essay called 'On Open Form' (1969). The Lice (1967) and The Carrier of Ladders (1970) (which won a Pulitzer Prize) remain his most influential volumes. These poems often used legendary subjects (as in 'The Hydra' or 'The Judgment of Paris') to explore highly personal themes.
In Merwin's later volumes, such as The Compass Flower (1977), Opening the Hand (1983), and The Rain in the Trees (1988), one sees him transforming earlier themes in fresh ways, developing an almost Zen-like indirection. His latest poems are densely imagistic, dream-like, and full of praise for the natural world. He has lived in Hawaii since the 1970s, and one sees the influence of this tropical landscape everywhere in the recent poems, though the landscape remains emblematic and personal. Migration won the 2005 National Book Award for poetry.
Bibliography
Poetry
The First Four Books of Poems, 1975, 2000
A Mask for Janus, 1952- Awarded the Yale Younger Poets Prize, 1952
The Dancing Bears, 1954
Green with Beasts, 1956
The Drunk in the Furnace, 1960
The Second Four Books of Poems, 1993
The Moving Target, 1963
The Lice, 1967
The Carrier of Ladders, 1970- Awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, 1971
Writings to an Unfinished Accompnaiment, 1973
The Compass Flower, 1977
Finding the Islands, 1982
Opening the Hand, 1983
The Rain in the Trees, 1988
_Select_ed Poems, 1988
Travels, 1993
The Vixen, 1996
Flower & Hand, 1997
The Folding Cliffs: A Narrative, 1998
The River Sound, 1999
The Pupil, 2001
Migration: New & _Select_ed Poems, 2005
Present Company, 2005
Prose
The Miner's Pale Children, 1970
Houses and Travellers, 1977
Regions of Memory
Unframed Originals: Recollections, 1982
The Lost Uplands: Stories of Southwest France, 1992
The Mays of Ventadorn, 2002
The Ends of the Earth, 2004
Translation
The Poem of the Cid, 1959
The Satires of Persius, 1960
Spanish Ballads, 1961
Lazarillo de Tormes, 1962
The Song of Roland, 1963
_Select_ed Translations, 1948 - 1968, 1968
Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair, Poems by Pablo Neruda, 1969
Products of the Perfected Civilization, _Select_ed Writings of Chamfort, 1969
Voices, Poems of Antonio Porchia, 1969, 1988, 2003
Transparence of the World, Poems by Jean Follain, 1969, 2003
Asian Figures, 1973
Osip Mandelstam: _Select_ed Poems (with Clarence Brown), 1974
Euripedes' Iphigeneia at Aulis (with George E. Dimock, Jr.), 1978
_Select_ed Translations, 1968-1978, 1979
Four French Plays, 1985
From the Spanish Morning, 1985
Vertical Poetry, Poems by Roberto Juarroz, 1988
Sun at Midnight, Poems by Musō Soseki (with Soiku Shigematsu), 1989
Pieces of Shadow: _Select_ed Poems of Jaime Sabines, 1996
East Window: The Asian Translations, 1998
Purgatorio from The Divine Comedy of Dante, 2000
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 2005
Summer Doorways: A Memoir, 2005