八大山人（1626年－1705年），譜名統𨨗quàn，訓名耷，法名傳綮，字刃庵，號八大山人、彭祖、雪個、個山、個山驢、驢屋、人屋、道朗等，江西新建人，祖籍直隸鳳陽（今安徽），明朝宗室、輔國中尉、書畫傢，明末清初畫壇“四僧”之一 。

生平

寧獻王朱權九世孫，弋陽榮莊王朱奠壏七世孫。父親鎮國中尉朱謀????為啞巴，巧心善畫。明朝滅亡後，國毀傢亡，心情悲憤，剃發為僧；後改為當道士。妻子去世後，自號八大山人，並一直用到去世。其於畫作上署名時，常把“八大”和“山人”竪着連寫。前二字又似“哭”字，又似“笑”字，而後二字則類似“之”字，“哭之笑之”即哭笑不得之意。

風格特點

八大山人的山水和花鳥畫都具有強烈的個性化風格和高度的藝術成就，尤其是其簡筆寫意花鳥畫。他的書法亦與他的繪畫風格相似，極為簡練，風格獨特，常有出人意料的結構造型。

朱耷塑像

評價

現代美術傢範曾先生這樣評價他：“天不生仲尼，萬古如長夜。中國美術史苟無八大山人，絶對也會黯然失色。八大山人對中國畫的貢獻幾乎是不可計量的，而隨着歷史的推移，他的藝術將使千秋蒙庥，恩澤無以數計的後之來者。”

存世作品

繪畫作品：《孔雀竹石圖》、《孤禽圖》、《眠鴨圖》、《貓石雜卉圖》、《荷塘戲禽圖捲》、《河上花並題圖捲》、《魚鴨圖捲》、《蓮花魚樂圖捲》、《雜花圖捲》《楊柳浴禽圖軸》、《芙蓉蘆雁圖軸》、《大石遊魚圖軸》、《雙鷹圖軸》、《古梅圖軸》、《墨鬆圖軸》、《秋荷圖軸》、《芭蕉竹石圖軸》、《椿鹿圖軸》、《快雪時晴圖軸》、《幽溪泛舟圖軸》、《四幀絹本淺絳山水大屏》等。

書法作品：《臨蘭亭序軸》、《臨“臨河敘”四屏》等。

作品拍賣

朱耷的存世作品十分受藝術品投資市場的追捧，2010畫作《竹石鴛鴦》在西泠印社拍場拍出了1.187億的拍賣價，創下古代書畫南方市場的最高記錄。其他近年來在藝術品投資市場被拍賣的作品還有：《個山雜畫册》、《山青水碧鳥語花香》、《鷺石圖》、《瓶菊圖》等。

紀念館

江西省南昌市的青雲譜道院，曾為八大山人出傢修行地，現闢為八大山人紀念館，周邊為梅湖景區。

作品

山水畫

荷鳧圖

彩筆山水圖

柳條八哥圖

枯木來禽圖

註釋

1. ^ 清朝畫傢黃安平曾於康熙十三年（1674年）五月初七日為其繪像，八大山人在其繪像題跋中提到“甲寅蒲節後二日，遇老友黃安平為餘寫此，時年四十有九”由此推斷，八大山人當生於天啓六年（1626年）。
2. ^ 《江右》 第二集隱者之風_中國紀錄片網
3. ^ 民國《盱眙朱氏八支宗譜》·捲五：謀????之子，統𨨗，號彭祖，別號八大山人，封輔國中尉。……子一，議衝。
4. ^ 跳轉至：4.0 4.1 民國《盱眙朱氏八支宗譜》·捲四：覲鐰三子，宸????，號雲峯，封鎮國將軍。明成化二十年甲辰正月十六日午時生，明嘉靖五年丙戌六月十三日未時卒，歷年四十三。……子五，拱柹、拱楅、拱檜、拱㮢、拱■
5. ^ 民國《盱眙朱氏八支宗譜》·捲四：宸????三子，字汝楫，號竹隱，封輔國將軍。明正德八年癸酉正月十八日巳時生，明嘉靖三十年庚申十二月十八日亥時卒，享壽四十八。……著有《負初集》二捲行世。……子六，多煌、多炡、多燝、多炤、多■、多■
6. ^ 民國《盱眙朱氏八支宗譜》·捲五：拱檜次子，多炡，字貞吉，號瀑泉。封奉國將軍。明嘉靖二十年辛醜正月二十六日戌時生。公敏善詩歌，嘗變姓出遊，蹤跡遍吳楚，晚病羸不廢吟誦，人鹹稱之曰：清遠先生。在《江西通志》……子五，謀堚、謀趯、謀㘻、謀????、謀卦。
7. ^ 民國《盱眙朱氏八支宗譜》·捲五：多炡四子，謀????，號鹿洞。封鎮國中尉。明隆慶五年辛未九月廿七日醜時生。……子一，統????。
8. ^ 生僻字，上“林”下“金”
9. ^ 清·張潮，《虞初新志》（11）：“數年，妻子俱死。或謂之曰：“斬先人祀，非所以為人後也，子無畏乎？”個山驢遂慨然蓄發謀妻子，號“八大山人”。其言曰：“八大者，四方四隅，皆我為大，而無大於我也。””
10. ^ 清·張潮，《虞初新志》（11）：“未幾病顛，初則伏地嗚咽，已而仰天大笑。笑已，忽跿跔踴躍，叫號痛哭。或鼓腹高歌，或混舞於市。一日之間，顛態百出。市人惡其擾，醉之酒，則顛止。”
11. ^ 大事記- 西泠印社拍賣有限公司官方網站(西泠拍賣網）

參考文獻

• 張潮，《虞初新志》

Bada Shanren (Chinese: 朱耷; pinyin: zhū dā, born Zhu Da; c. 1626–1705), other department Bada Shanren (Chinese: 八大山人; pinyin: bā dà shān rén), was a Han Chinese painter of ink wash painting and a calligrapher. He was of royal descent, being a direct offspring of the Ming dynasty prince Zhu Quan who had a feudal establishment in Nanchang. His master lineage's accession was revoked following the last Ning Lineage King Zhu Chenhao's rebellion in 1521, but the rest of the lineage was allowed to retain status in Jiangxi. Art historians have named him as a brilliant painter of the period.

Life and work

Bada Shanren, a purported child prodigy born to a handicapped father, began painting and writing poetry in his early childhood. About the year 1644, when the Ming emperor committed suicide and the Manchu army from the north attacked Beijing, the young Han Chinese man sought refuge in a vihara. Because he was a Ming prince, the dynastic upheaval created a great amount of uncertainty for his position in society. As years passed and the Manchurian court became more firmly established, there was less and less insecurity among the Qing regime about remaining Ming loyalties and possible future rebellions. Due to these more stable circumstances, after 40 years, Bada Shanren deemed it acceptable to leave the monastery and to re-enter day-to-day life among society. In the aftermath of a nervous breakdown that could have been staged to avoid retribution for his family background, Zhu Da abandoned his monastic life and developed a career as a professional painter, adopting a series of descriptive pseudonyms, most notably Bada Shanren by which he is most often known today. He is said to have screamed and made weird sounds while painting. The stylized vertical writing of his pseudonym Bada Shanren (八大山人) looks like the characters for laugh (笑) and cry (哭), thus by signing his paintings he implied his confusion and feelings of grief for the fate of his country and home.

His paintings feature sharp brush strokes which are attributed to the sideways manner by which he held his brush. In the 1930s, Chinese painter Zhang Daqian produced several forgeries of Bada Shanren's works but they are easily spotted by the trained eye, because the modern copies were softer and rounder. Yale University scholar Fred Fangyu Wang was a major collector of Bada Shanren paintings from the 1960s until his death in 1997.

Gallery

• 

  Two Birds, Sen-oku Hakuko Kan, Kyoto, Japan

 
• 

  Metropolitan Museum, New York

 
• 

  National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan

 
• 

  Nelson Atkins Museum, Kansas city, USA

References

• Stokstad, Marilyn; Art History, 2011, 4th ed., ISBN 0-205-79094-1

External links

• Zhu Da and his Painting Gallery at China Online Museum
• Could Bada Shanren be the first caricaturist in China?