| Name and Alias： | 孝达 | ||
| Township： | 河北南皮 | ||
Read works of Zhang Zhidong at 百家争鸣 | |||
张之洞Zhang Zhidong
Zhang's work and rest that are different, every two p.m. to sleep, get up ten p.m. office. Supreme court Gu Qing Xu Zhixiang Zhang Yan Can He held the post of "improper Hing home, orders no time." Later, Governor Lee Han-Zhang Zou Yue said: "The reputation of the Zeyue Suye in the public, ignored the relentless hard work. Ruined by improper home Zeyue Xing, Order no time. Neither villain, no foot deep on these sections."
Zhang - Life
Zhang Zhidong
Eighteen year old lifts, Nian Liu year old Scholars. Tongzhi third overall two years, successive editing the Imperial Academy, instructors, Shi Du, Shi Jiang Bachelor degree and the rank of Cabinet, once the school master clear, late into the main representative of Westernization. He focused on education, on the Qing Dynasty has a great influence education. He was governor of Shanxi, Guangdong and Guangxi Governor, Viceroy, Governor, two rivers (many acting, never real award), military secretary and other staff. Tongzhi Scholars, the official Imperial Academy Shijiang degree, 内阁大学士, military official, the late leader of Westernization.
Sino-French War in 1884 when Zhang Zhidong, governor of Shanxi was promoted by the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, retired veteran Fengzi only use it, defeated the French border in Guangxi. And surface inspection division based in Guangdong, Li Guang Ya School, weapons and equipment Wenshi simultaneously.
1889-1907 appointed Viceroy. In Britain, Germany support, as the emerging leader of Westernization. During the Governor of Hubei Province, efforts to support national industry, has run Hanyang Iron Works, Hubei Arsenal, Ma On Shan Mine, Hubei Textile Office, Hubei Bureau of re-reeling light industry enterprises, and organized the Lo Han Railway. He presided over the construction of Wuchang, Hankou North Long Beach and Long Beach, Lake ruled out after the flooding, and defined the early 20th century and today's Wuhan City Wuhan cities of similar size of cities, while supporting national entrepreneurs to make arrangements for municipal water and electricity and other modern construction, Since modern times, she laid the foundation for prosperity.
Petitioned the Qing government in 1893 established self-School.
Two Rivers in 1894 by the Acting Governor. Resistance and the memorial has been proposed, requires modifications Chen law, force in addition long-standing abuse.
Published in 1898, "Encouraging Learning", that "old school as the body, the new school for the use of" to maintain the feudal ethics Tsunatsune against the Hundred Days Reform.
Argue that suppression of the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, and Liu Kun-yi, Li and other South East South East governors to implement mutual insurance.
Liu Kun-yi associated with the title of 1901 memorial that "Yucai up schools" approach four, imitation development of the Japanese educational system, "Educational System" (ie, re-issued in 1903, as amended, the "outs setting charter schools"), first used in modern times for the national education system. Liu Kun-yi Jiang, following the two acting Governor, in February 1903 memorial "Sanjiang Normal School was founded off", to be "first to do a Master Fan Xuetang, that the Academic Programme of the global", and is responsible for the appointment of Sun Quan Miao preparation for the modern Nanjing University of the beginning.
1903 re-emphasized that the first Normal School.
Scholar award in 1907, September 4 military aircraft and Yuan Minister granted the same day, keep a close watch of the Faculty.
Died in 1909, Shi Wen Xiang.
Zhang - Personal effect
Zhang Zhidong
Qing Zhang is the important leaders of Westernization, and his adherence to the "School for the body, Western learning for use" principle of Westernization, advocates of "school governance body and mind should things Western" ("Encouraging Learning.'ll Pass"). He tried in the maintenance of feudal despotism, based on "law of the real prosperity of the foreign policy education" ("is of order cases") to enhance national power, to consolidate the Qing dynasty. He stressed that "conservation", "guarantee" in the Faction leaders can better protect national interests and the government set up the College and various Industrial School, a great impact on the Qing education. However, he firmly maintained the feudal rule of the feudal ethics, "denounced the chaos of civil rights policy" ("Encouraging Learning Sequence"), a new trend of modern democracy, the opposition faction characters.
Chanting Diaogu aspects of the performance of border province in the late poetry and more feelings, mixed with a number of domestic and foreign aggression ﹑ You Kusakabe of You Heart of national strength. In his poems against frivolous on both the fiber Tiao, also objected's long eccentricity, since the words "ordinary language Hebei Joy wants to know" ("Mourning Six"), arguing that "ping is not join the evil way" ("light carriage Xuan language. Read ancient Collected Works".) He criticized the Huang Ting's poem "multi-cha teeth, spit words without flat", and praise poetry of Su Shi, "Dang Tan without carving" ("Yi Shu Yu. Mount Circuit Court"), said "the magic school in Jiangxi bear Yin, Qing Song Qi is the elegant music. "(" sorrow hanging over Wuhu retting Yi, "the four) so he was poetry and poetic voices on the popular" with the light body "different trend, mainly dry Kerry inherited more than poetry thread, which combines the Tang and Song, mining Ouyang Xiu Su Shi ﹑ ﹑ Song Zhu Jia Wang large ones out of the Chinese style of poetry, distinguished from one faction. His poetry, although a study of ancient traces, but not intentionally flaunt the ancients, not too caught the wind. By his own identity, the Heart of speaking, to wit as a foundation in knowledge, with ease, regardless of scenery narrative and poetry, words and are too abstract for the sake of effective warning, with the Code is to avoid piling up for the sake of precise and appropriate, develop a style of heavy thick Kuanbo. Poems such as "title Tung research firewood prefect too Huachong snow map", "Chinese New Year on the 2nd Independent Tour Chain Temple Ye Gu Temple", "九日 Chain Temple Pilu Pavilion climb", "bring home Jiang Yu Ting", "Peng Gang direct public elegy", nearly the body such as the "nine Pavilion", "sad pregnant," "outlook Po po mte assistant minister to stay with" and so on, can the performance of this feature.
Zhang addition to poetry, there are a large memorial text. Parallel also have some success. Author of "Complete Works of Zhang Wenxiang" 229 volumes, of which poetry books include classical poetry Volume 4 ﹑ ﹑ Parallel Volume 2, Volume 2.
Zhang - Educational Reform
Zhang Zhidong's Educational Reform is "practical" for the soul of the "old body of a new use" theory. In his "Encouraging Learning" in the claim to "change imperial" to promote modern education in order to "compliance" to reform the "old school" type of ownership levels to "Canton real learning" to encourage multi-level "study tour" to promote the modernization of Chinese education.
Zhang's Family Education and learning mainly involves two aspects of character, character education, including the German education, feelings of education, the ideal of education, quality education, character education, education and other areas of style, reflecting the traditional Chinese moral education level; knowledge pragmatic education covers education, comprehensive education, learning, education and other travel content, is to show the characteristics of advancing with the times. Zhang Family Education Transformation of Modern China embodies the fundamental meaning of education, family education today is still on a certain reference.
Zhang - Historical Contribution
Zhang life mainly does three things: First, do the new education, II, Office of Industrial, three, training new troops.
Zhang's main two industrial, one is supervising Lu Han Railway (Marco Polo Bridge - Wuhan, the famous Beijing-Hankou railway, anyone remember when the Northern Expedition Beijing-Hankou railway strike), the other one is to build inland Wuhan at that time, China's largest heavy industry base.
Lo Han railway construction to the opportunity of Zhang in order to "figure self, resisting foreign aggression; pull patent rights, keep school" in his 18 years in power, the Hing Kong Holdings, the provision of education, training new troops, to be commercial war, to persuade farmers Sang, the new city, vigorously promote the "new deal."
During Zhang in Wuhan, the main guns to set up plant in Hubei, Hanyang Iron Works, and cloth, yarn, silk, linen four official Bureau of the three major modern textile industry.
In addition to these three major modern industries, Zhang also set up in Wuhan has nearly 10 small and medium sized modern industry, as a satellite group of the three major industries. At the same time, he has the full implementation of urban construction, transportation construction, culture, education building and a series of "new deal" to promote the modernization of Wuhan vibrant school of the situation there; particular, chaired by Zhang Zhidong, April 1897 commence construction in 1906 was opened to traffic in the Lo Han Railway, the country also plays a major role in the modernization artery.
In the short span of 10 years, the Zhang in Wuhan to set up the size of the modern industry, a total investment of more than 1700 million of silver two total number of employees reaches up to 16,000 people. This set up large-scale modern industry in the late Qing Dynasty during the Westernization Movement, the trend is clearly showing a come from behind. So in a sense can be said for the old China, Zhang's first generation of modern industry entrepreneurs.
Zhang - Chronicle
1837 (dynasty, seventeen years) was born in Guizhou, meaning the government. One that was born in the county of your building (now the Guiyang City). Qiong Zhu is the parent state (now in Sichuan Qionglai) the magistrate daughter.
1840 (dynasty twenty years) year-old mother Zhu death. Opium War broke out.
1841 (dynasty, twenty one year) year-old, into the private school attendance. 1848 (Daoguang twenty years) eleven years old, studied with Hu.
1850 (dynasty, thirty years) thirteen years old. Examination, into the county school. Hong Jin Tian led uprising in July. Taiping Zhang Yingyong resistant parent.
1852 (Xianfeng years) fifteen years old. Back to the country of origin should be Shuntian Zhili Provincial Examination, Chinese first lifts.
1853 (Xianfeng three years) the age of sixteen. April Taiping captured Jiangning, Qing Ji Fu martial law declared. 8 Xingyi Guizhou government moonrise have arrived.
1854 (Xianfeng four years) seventeen. Father and brother in Xingyi City and has participated in the battle against the peasant rebels. Married Ms. Shi.
1855 (Xianfeng five years) eighteen years of age. Paternity father in Guizhou army. Autumn, the parent make it north to Beijing.
1856 (Xianfeng six years) the age of nineteen. April went to the Board of Rites try and obtain the official school instructors felt Luo. Father died in August the army.
1857 (Xianfeng years) twenty. Mourning in the membership. The following year to continue mourning.
1859 (Xianfeng nine) Twenty-year-old. March will go to be tested, because Zuxiong Zhang million for the same judge, and routinely evaded. At home (Zhili South) do Qingping militia.
1860 (Xianfeng years) twenty-three years old. July eldest son, Zhang Quan students. British and French troops trapped in September in Beijing, Emperor Xianfeng fled Rehe. Zhang Zhidong, a sense of anger on current affairs, as "water" poetry. Autumn and winter to Jinan, Shandong governor Wen Yu into the shogunate.
1861 (Xianfeng eleven years) twenty-four. April back to the South, and went to Renqiu, man as a tutor.
1862 (first year of Tongzhi) twenty-five years old. February-ins. April should try, get the job. Henan deputy militia into the hair after Chang Hee Shogunate, in suppression of Nian. August into the Henan Provincial Governor Zhang million shogunate.
1863 (Tongzhi years) twenty-six years old. March into the capital. April will test students in tribute. May successful candidates, out of a first-class; Mountain-style response, a third of a column (third overall), thanks to Scholars, the Imperial Academy award level editing.
1865 (Tongzhi four years) twenty-eight years old. May casual examination hall, out first class first. Ms. Shi died in June.
1866 (Tongzhi five years) twenty-nine. Imperial College Entrance Examination in May, thirty-second column name.
1867 (Xianfeng six) three years old. July charge Zhejiang Vice examiners. Simply put Hubei September school governance.
1868 (Tongzhi years) Thirty-year-old. School administration in office in Hubei.
1869 (Tongzhi years) Thirty-year-old. Create attentive College in Wuchang.
1870 (Tongzhi nine) Thirty-year-old. February marry Ms. Tang. Compilation "Jianghan Bing Ling set." Relinquish his term of office expires in November to Beijing in Beijing, and Fan Zuyin, Wang Yirong, Wu Dacheng, Chen Zhen Yan make such a clean name.
1871 (Tongzhi years) Thirty-year-old. Imperial Academy instructors Shuji Shi charge.
1872 (Tongzhi eleven years), aged five. October plus Shi Du title. November codification "strategy of pacification of Guangdong bandits", "Jiaopingnianfei strategy."
1873 (Tongzhi years) Thirty-year-old. Sichuan Provincial Examination in July charging deputy examiner, and simply put the Sichuan school governance.
1874 (Tongzhi thirteen years), aged seven. Imperial Sichuan rectify long-standing malpractice and create respect by the College.
1875 (Guangxu first year) Thirty-year-old. Chih emperor died in February, contained tian throne for Emperor Guangxu. The "light carriage Xuan language", "Q & A Bibliography."
1876 (Guangxu years) Thirty-year-old. Imperial Sichuan will continue to rectify long-standing abuse. Relinquish his term of office expires in December back to Beijing. Revision of charge Wenyuan Pavilion. Married Mrs. Wang. 1877 (Guangxu three years), four years old. Sufficient instructors Shuji Shi.
1878 (dynasty years) Aged one year old. To clean to be partisan on behalf of the luteal Fang Shu draft, Chen Shizheng gains and losses.
1879 (Guangxu five years) Forty-year-old. Mrs. Wang died in March. Imperial College Division business meeting. May memorial, Yee Wong inheritance system. June Memorials Togo magistrate Sunding Yang, Sichuan, "falsely accused people are the reverse." August Shuqing "respect should not be disheartened by suppression." September complement Square in the spring grant allowed the left. October Zhuansijingju Seba.
1880 (dynasty years) Forty-year-old. January memorial. Introduction "Sino-Russian Treaty," "Ten is not promised" and refurbishment of weapons and equipment is advocated, with Russia draw up a new, sovereign government Chonghou to sell "should be the crime." June transferred Hanlin Academy Shi Du, Xuan Jin Left Right Bastard Spring Square. August charge at about Confidential Memorandum officer. Continue to "Sino-Russian Treaty" memorial thing. September petitioned to strengthen coastal defense, turn left and left-Spring Square Bastard.
1881 (dynasty years) Forty-year-old. January petitioned the Conference will be castrated and Chen Baochen Officer. March complement the Imperial Academy Shi Du degree. June charge Haman Palace president. July pull cabinet BA, Shi Lang and Rites title. Shanxi governor granted December meeting.
1882 (dynasty years) aged five years old. 1 went to Beijing in Shanxi any moonrise. Shanxi leather ban all corrupt rules. May urged the working out of the mountains Yan King Cr. 59 Recommendation of the foreign Wuguan Li. Sydney sent petitioned Guangdong, in southern France to meet the aggressive activities. July Zouming "Governing Shanxi eight things." Let Qingyuan Bureau, Bureau of lesson plans.
1883 (Guangxu nine) Forty-year-old. Shanxi Militia organizing, adjusting Lixian Yi, Wu Kai and other tubes with a drill. May Let Foreign Affairs Bureau, Bureau of mulberry cotton, iron, silk Board.
1884 (dynasty years) Forty-year-old. January will be played with the Northern Minister Jin iron replaced by Tianjin sea. Founder Order German College. Method 3 months in the North rather go to war. Majesty see to Beijing in May, the Acting Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. June arrived in Guangzhou, the provincial capital organized defense and defense of King William Chaozhou. August Law Mawei Navy provoke a war, Fujian Zhang assistance to firearms Xiangyin Navy. Compensation granted on the 23rd Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, on the 27th Qing government declared war on France. September petitioned Tang Jingsong rate of division into Vietnam, together with Liu Yongfu against the law. November played eight business school to go to King Shan Wang Xiaoqi rate.
1885 (eleven years Guangxu) Forty-year-old. January due to improper security XU Ting, played down a proposed board of civil office. February due to "raise the military, regardless of economic distinction of" one level. March Feng Zi Zhen Nanguan defeated the French in wood, set in Paris, France armistice treaty, Zhang memorial against the withdrawal, scheduled Edict ordered to withdraw the border truce, contrary to the extension will be heavily punished. April victimized again Zoucheng withdrawal. June Edict of Guangxi customs victory, Zhang allocated active active military raise rates, the flowers Ling. July raised foreign operations widely Shengjun practice, the creation of Guang'an navy. l0 month petitioned the Navy for the Northern sub-national, Southeast Asia, Min Yang, Yue Yang four sticks.
1886 (dynasty years) Forty-year-old. Liu Yongfu January transfer back to Guangdong. March calendar sent to South Pacific islands of weeks to arrange for overseas issues. April bookstore located in Guang Ya. May the church claims the loss consular law, strict rejection. June round of test-made shallow soldiers, sent Fengzi materials Hakka and go do Qiongzhou destroy Lebanon uprising. In October the creation of bullet factory.
1887 (Guangxu thirteen years) five years old. February Guangxu Emperor Chikamasa. June created Guangya School, set for Foreign Affairs Department. August Founder surface inspection division.
1888 (Guangxu fourteen years) Fifty-one years old. May petitioned protection of laborers living in America.
1889 (Guangxu fifteen years) the fifty-year-old. January Please Yamen border to prevent the French in Vietnam and connected wires. February Please slow build-chun of the railroad, reconstruction of abdominal provincial distributors. April planning to set up gun factory. Plant built in May to mint coins. August tune up Viceroy, played the established textile factory. September Edict Lu Han Railway construction plan approval. Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Zhuan November relinquish his services. December arrived in Hubei.
1890 (Guangxu sixteen years) Fifty-year-old. January dispatch personnel to visit Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou mountain counties and the exploration of coal, iron ore provinces. Roger Li, the Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Zhang agreed with the iron works, weaving factory Transposition Hubei. February petitioned Transposition gun factory in Hubei Province, located Bureau of Mines (later renamed the Iron Council). April build guns factory in Hanyang Dabie Mountains, outside the city to build Weaving Bureau in Wuchang. May create the College of Hunan and Hubei. September to locate the iron works on the Dabie Mountains. November spoke to business people of Hunan and Hubei coal mining since the purchase of the machine.
1891 (Guangxu seventeen years) Fifty-year-old. The construction of weaving factory opening in February. June dialect based business school, located in Hubei Maps Administration. Ironworks start construction in September.
1892 (Guangxu eighteen years) fifty-five. January to Peking Westernization books. February steel plant in Belgium sent craftsmen to learn. May the U.S. cotton seed so that people try to grow hair.
1893 (Guangxu nineteen years) Fifty-year-old in January Hanyang Iron Works concluded as certain plants. May supreme court Zhang Qing Xu Zhixiang Shen He, "Koo-negative ex post", by Li Han-Zhang so do check with outs, will Xu played dismissed. June Macheng lesson plans so that local officials severely punished. October Ironworks completed. November set up self-reliance school.
1894 (Guangxu two decades) Fifty-seven years old. February steel plant furnace. August Qing government declared war on Japan, played the troops went to Tianjin pending disposal. November presided over military affairs, Liu Kun-yi north, two from the Zhang Jiang, the acting Governor, Hubei iron weaving still the manager of the Bureau.
1895 (Qing Dynasty, year) Fifty-year-old. March disposable power play cut the harm Taiwan. Taiwan to raise rates in April armed secret. June to raise self-military training, expansion of Hubei Guns plant. August meeting established Bureau of Commerce. December Zou Ming Chong practice self-Jun, Chen played organized Zhejiang Railway.
1896 (Guangxu years) fifty-nine. January started spinning reserve was established at the state school investment (now Nantong). April Iron Works contracting. May set the official money Bureau. Creating Military Academy in August.
1897 (Qing Dynasty, year-old) six years old. Lo Han will play the Belgian railway borrow money. July yarn into Bureau. August election practice against foreign soldiers in the military operation the Green Camp. October planning to set up the Agricultural School.
1898 (Qing Dynasty, four years) Sixty-one years old. January petitioned the establishment of Han Railway Corporation. April the creation of Hankou business offices, manufacturing Ma Board, Author of "Encouraging Learning." May Guangxu Emperor Majesty Electric encyclical see Zhang in Beijing, the middle make it turn back the office. June under the Emperor Guangxu, "stipulates that the country is" imperial, announced political reform. July meeting duly petitioned the New Imperial Chapter. September Empress coup, political reform failed. October School Students Study Tour to Japan.
1899 (Qing Dynasty, five years) Sixty-year-old. February Revised Wuchang South Embankment. April founded "business newspaper." Dec. based farm bureau.
1900 (Qing Dynasty, six years) Sixty-year-old. May the Boxer movement reached its climax. June Electro Yamen "destroy speed troop movements," Boxer, Off Road, make note of Jianghan States Consul in Hankow, "any force protection," Liu Kun-yi and in Shanghai in conjunction with the Protocol on the Consul, "Southeast mutual insurance." Power Allied Forces invaded on Aug. 15 in Beijing, Cixi, dynasty, fled West, 21, cracked self-Jun Zhang authorities in Hankou, then killed Tang Caichang et al. October Empress, arrived in Xi'an Guangxu.
1901 (Qing Dynasty, seven years) Sixty-year-old. January Empress released "Reform Chao." February set with Russia and the Northeast Power played victims of the treaty. April Qing set up at the "New Deal" in the supervision of the District Office, Zhang remote supervision for the participants are government ministers. 6 to 7 months and Liu Kun-yi will be played "Reform Three sparse." July set in overall charge of Academic Affairs Office of Hubei province school affairs. November for "Southeast mutual insurance" reward plus Taizishaobao. Empress, Guangxu also in Beijing.
1902 (Qing Dynasty, eight years) sixty years old. May change to the College of Hunan and Hubei Hunan and Hubei Hall, self-improvement school for the ordinary school text, Military Academy High School for the military, General military school designed to create Hubei Normal School. July and fully supervise the business secretary. September copper Bureau established. Liu Kun-yi died in October, two rivers Acting Governor Zhang Zhidong. November arrived in Two Rivers Fragrance Jiangning access services. December WEI Guang Tao Jiang tune up two Governor Zhang Zhidong back Huguang the office.
1903 (Qing Dynasty, nine) Sixty-year-old. February played Sanjiang Normal School established. March will be played the work with the imperial Yuan, Chen moved Kiangnan played in the Mainland. July and Science Minister Zhang Baixi management, in consultation with Academic Rongqing, Ao be charter schools. December petitioned re-scheduled charter schools. Pi petition training, Mianzou "Man-Han Conflict in chemical control."
1904 (Guangxu three decades) Sixty-year-old. July Hubei Province, Hankow railway preparation ransom, built two lakes Quangyechang. September changed plant in Hubei arsenal of guns, lesson plans proposed statement should be applied.
1905 (Guangxu) sixty years old. April Han Railway completed. Han Railway supervision for granted in July. August Redemption Road, about as Han Railway. September and will play Li Ting Examination Yuan to promote the school. November Han River located in the Wuchang Railway. Chen played in December to change the standing army of Hubei.
1906 (Guangxu three years) Sixty-year-old. Hubei Printing Office opened in June. July approved the Hankou business run water company.
1907 (dynasty, thirty-three years) seven years old. January set the gendarmerie. June of any co-scholar. July scholar award, of any remaining Viceroy. Ren Court charging scholar, petitioned chemical control Manchu will disappear. Compensation granted military minister. September handwritten stop the school made stone statue of the camp. To Beijing, taken it for granted management of the Faculty of affairs.
1908 (dynasty, thirty-four years) Seventy-one years old. July and sufficient supervision of the railway minister. Nov. 14 death of Emperor Guangxu, 15 Empress Dowager Cixi died. December Pu Yi Deng who set Symphony for the Prince Regent, Prince Zhang CPIC Canadian Tour title.
1909 (dynasty, thirty-five years) Seventy-year-old. January set to be killed Feng Yuan, Zhang stop. March Rende Zong Records compilation CD Ministry official. Sick leave in July. Yours respectfully petitioned in September. Died Oct. 4, 6, Wen Xiang Shi chase, Jin gift CPIC. The following year bury South.
Chang Chih-tung - death
Zhang old house in the rice Xie Jie, Xicheng District, Beijing northbound. Door in the rice Byway, outside a screen wall, mounting stone, character door wall. Pro Shichahai ago after the sea. Linhai flown alongside three story house, in front of the Hua Ting 2, surrounded with a gallery, the floor 7, is a high profile construction, and Taiwan for the bricks of the puzzle. East Building Miankuo 5, 2 layers. West Wing Miankuo 6, 2 layers.
Zhang grave in September 1966, Nian Liu was away with the Lunar. There are two ways after the disposal of the remains, said:
Red Guards would not decomposed bodies Chang couple hanging in the trees. Future generations can not remove it, any body hanging on a tree more than a month, to be eaten by dogs.
Zhang's wife's body was carried away after the Red Guards, on the graves of the tens of days after exposure to the east, remains missing. Later, the cemetery near the village of South Guan Cun Zhang Zhixin timid women should request the village, and an old man surnamed Wang, smelling odor exposure had dragged the two skeletons of large pit graves, corpses and the West secretly Zhang side of the body of a wife buried together with soil.
To June 2007, the bones were rediscovered. At present, Zhang and his wife remains were placed in the South County martyrs cemetery, and so further scientific appraisal, the memorial re-buried.
Zhang - offspring
Zhang has 13 sons.
Son: Zhang rights. A granddaughter: Zhang Yan compliance, Zhang compliance collar.
Son: Zhang Renhe Li (ranked XIII). A granddaughter: Hou-Can, Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University Professor. Son: Jin-Liang Hou; Hou Li, the Beijing Waterworks Group engineers; Hou-Mei, a computer engineer, in the United States for many years.
Great-grandchildren: tensioned Crane, now in Taiwan.
Chang Chih-tung - and the Western Legal
In the late morning before the official start of amendment of law, Chang Chih-tung to advocate "the choice can make up my Western Que those used in the West can play my affairs were taken from disease," he think it is "has its benefits without the harmful. " Qing Dynasty, in May, he was the Governor Liu Kun-yi Jiang, jointly with the two on the three "Chu River will be playing off political reform", proposed the "Prison-shirt", "end people", improved the legal system's recommendations and with the Yuan Shen held together with the security, as Amendments to the Law Minister Wu Ting-fang.
Changes in the law
Twenty-seven years in the dynasty by Zhang played the "rectification France twelve fold" in the nine on penal reform comments, they made reference to Western methods, proposed a "re all the cards", "to fines", "Education process ", reforming the prison and other specific improvement methods. Later, he clearly stated: "In view of the loss of former things, breaking migration absurd theory. To adopt Western methods to supplement the shortage of France."
Zhang also attaches great importance to the West in Law "Public Law", which is in the process of Westernization to do with the Western countries often encountered when dealing with the subject. In this regard, he made two recommendations:
First, Canzhuo foreign law, to develop "Trade Law", dealing with foreigners in China as the legal basis of the case;
Second, the training personnel familiar with foreign law to meet this need. Later, Zhang also suggested to employ national bar, and the gathering national mining law, railroad law, commercial law, criminal law, etc., concise compilation of the Chinese mining law, road law, commercial law, criminal law negotiations, said the four laws is to develop this " The first Hennessy capital "," anti-black sheep to be. "
Significance
After all, China has its own unique historical tradition and cultural background, can not copy the western law, but the West can learn the skills and experience of legislation, the introduction of some of the emerging field of legal content, and species of natural law from its theoretical model, stressing that "Heaven one "and" Li "and the combination method is a departure from the man himself, said the ethics law, in the current re-radiate vitality. Confucianism to law and morality, law and society, law and politics are closely integrated way of thinking, and modern principles of comprehensive treatment coincide with some of it for our legal system has some real significance.
Zhang - Evaluation
Zhang is the Empress support up to counter the forces of Hunan and the Huai an important figure, but also a clean leader, and the suppression of the revolution, called the "three Qing Tu," one, so many enemies, after the death of praise or criticism from different, even less destroy more than reputation.
The occasion of the death, Tianjin, "Ta Kung Pao," commented: watch his life, "Zhang Xiang-guo no purpose, no politics, drift, to Qiurong of the main pro-people." Liang claimed that "the people Zhang flashy". But his administration Huguang years, the people quite good reputation. Moreover, he laid the foundation in Hubei, the objective to create the conditions for the Revolution broke out. Sun Yat-sen once said, "Zhang made the revolution is not great revolutionaries."
Translated by Google