清代 List of Authors
Jiang ChunlinZhu YizunPan YongyinChen Tingjing
Tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtshoPu HeZheng XieJin Nong
Yun ShoupingWang ShishenZhang DashouNing Diaoyuan
Wu QiLi FangyingYu YuenaziYu Yue
Song LuoLv RanCao XueqinNa Lanxingde
Lv FuQian QianyiWu WeiyeGu Yanwu
Gu ZhenguanChen WeisongWang ShizhenCha Shenhang
Yuan MeiHuang JingrenGong ZizhenHuang Zunxian
Qiu JinHe WenhuanFeng BanWang Fuzhi
Sun TaoGuo LinYang KuishengMo Sitong
Bi YuanWang JiShang QiuHuang Shi
Huang YizhouZhang TingyuYi MingWang Bingtao
Bai JunlinLi QingfuChen FangshengSun Xingyan
Zhu BaluZhang XuechengGu YingtaiGao E
Pu SonglingWu JingziLi RuzhenXing Shijushi
Shang Qiu
清代  (1804 AD1881 AD)

Read works of Shang Qiu at 历史大观
Read works of Shang Qiu at 小说之家
  Zibo gan, Wat Qing, Yixian County. Qing-known scholars. Early thanks to Wen-Taiwan, Yu Zhengxie as a teacher; Broadcom group classics, astronomy, calendar, mathematics, etc. Natural has a deep attainments. With no intention of examination do not want an official to serve the Father, apprentices and writing for the music, devoted his life to historical research, publications are abundant. Supplement to the Han Zheng has written 9 Kangcheng Yi, Liu Xi "Mencius Note", Liu Zhen, "Dong Guan Han Ji", Huangfu Mi "imperial century", Qiao Zhou, "Ancient History" and "Fuzi", "Ancient and Modern Note, "and so on. The "Book of Filial Piety," "The Analects of Confucius note", then try to collect complete. Jin Jing in particular the history of that "Book of Jin" many are trivial, smell different things, then by collecting books, turnover is wrong, in a book 23 species (the "Book of Jin," 9, "and Jin" 9, "chronological" 5). In view of the Northern Wei Cui Hong Suozhuan "16 States" as early as the time lost in the Northern Song Dynasty, is taken from the Ming Ho boring "Wei Series" in your original "16 States" as a libretto, the book brings together scattered groups of the historical data , written as "16 countries make up the Spring and Autumn Series" Volume 100, Supplement to "Chronology" Volume 1 "Compilation school record set," Volume 10. In addition, series of "Jin Chao notes" and other 19 kinds, "Tai Hong in mind," "Ye in the mind", "Lin Yi Ji" and other geographical monographs 3, "Jin Biography Mysteries," Yuan Hong "Celebrity Biography "Guo awarded" World Language ", Pei Qi," Yu Lin, "" mountain of public notice, "remarks set 5. Tongzhi six years (1867), were cited as Xiaolian Founder, speech not to. To work in their lives.
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Comments (1)

hepingdao wrote (2008-08-08 16:17:12):

  承志堂随想
  朱来平
  
  承志堂,在世界文化遗产地宏村。当年,是一座富丽堂皇的私家宅院;而今,成了一个有名的旅游景点。
  
  它的主人,是一个不辞辛苦奔走四方潜心经商的徽州商人,是一个精明能干经营有道取财有方的晚清盐商。他,就是黟县宏村人汪定贵。
  
  生于清道光年间的汪定贵,十多岁时就默默无闻地离开了缺田少地的家乡,随族人外出做店堂学生,开始了商贾生涯。或许当时不谙世事的他,内心的想法很简单:经商赚钱以解决生计问题。经商初期,他吃苦受辱,孤苦伶仃,生活艰辛至极。逆境并没有使汪定贵消沉。在当时那动荡不安的时局下,在沉浮不定的商海中,汪定贵凭着聪颖的天资和多年来积累的行商经验,经过自己不懈的拼打磨炼,迅速崛起成为商场上的行家里手,成了一名富甲一方、赫赫有名的徽商。他的富庶,究竟到了什么地步?后人无须多想,因为他的私宅——承志堂就是最好的注释,最有力的解答。
  
  行商四方拥有了万贯家财的汪定贵,却遇到了一个令他感到有点麻烦的事情,那就是这大量的钱财怎么处置。“富贵不还乡,如衣锦夜行”,自己富贵了,不返归故里以光宗耀祖,实为不孝子孙,更是人生憾事。当然,汪定贵也是这么认为的。于是他终于决定在家乡宏村大兴土木,为自己也是为后代建造一座豪华气派近乎宫廷的大型院落,并名之曰“承志堂”。宅院的名称,就显示出其尊贵气象。《说文解字》注:“堂,殿也。”在古代宫殿是王者的专利。整幢建筑,其规模之宏伟气魄,布局之精巧合理,工艺之精湛高超,让人观后无不称叹。有人赞它为“民间故宫”,有人赞它是“一流的住宅建筑”。是的,可以这样说:承志堂这幢民宅建筑的工艺水平、文化内涵和文物价值,确实都达到了古徽州民居建筑的一个高峰。无论怎么赞誉和评价,都不为过。
  
  当游客对精美绝伦的承志堂赞叹不已时,当乡人为富丽华贵的承志堂感到自豪骄傲时,我却不以为然。或许很少有人甚至不会有人能从如此精美绝伦、富丽华贵的承志堂里读出其主人汪定贵的悲哀来。我甚至从这里读出了近代徽商的悲哀。其实,承志堂华美的外衣,正掩饰了诸如汪定贵这样的徽商的可悲心理。在一定意义上,承志堂以其特殊的方式在向人们昭示:独领商界风骚数百年的徽商即将退出历史舞台。
  
  你看,承志堂是什么?它既不是宗族祠堂,也不是私塾、书院,而是一座民宅园林院落。汪定贵并不是象古代徽商当中的许多人一样,在外致富后,把大量的财富用以造福家乡,投入到社会公益事业中,或置族田义田,救济本族或家乡穷人;或资助各种建设,在修城、筑路、架桥、兴建书院等方面作出贡献。他不惜巨金建造承志堂,根本谈不上回报社会,惠及乡里,就连族人也只有羡慕的份。这纯粹是自我炫耀,向人展示自己的财大气粗,要别人对他刮目相看而已。尽管在各类志书谱牒有许多关于徽商乐善好施的记载,但类似汪定贵者也为数不少。比如歙县的檀干园、果园、西园,休宁的荆园、季园,黟县西递的桃李园,它们的主人就和汪定贵一样,花巨资建造私家园林院落。他们都是成功的商人,但遗憾的是他们缺乏回报社会的热情。
  
  汪定贵建造承志堂,可谓极尽奢侈之能事。其所用的金粉就达百两之多,花去白银60万两,仅木雕一项,就请了20多位能工巧匠,整整干了4年才完工。难以想象,生活在承志堂里的汪氏后人们,面对如此优裕的物质环境,还能够象汪定贵当年那样忍辱负重、筚路蓝缕去奔波创业。这恐怕很难了,古人云:“由俭入奢易,由奢入俭难。” 承志堂奢侈浮靡的生活环境,凝固了汪定贵和他子孙后代的闯荡拼搏的勇气和斗志。
  
  观承志堂,尤其让人难以接受的是那“排山阁”和“吞云轩”。阁轩名字似乎气势不凡,飘逸着文化气息。然而,这有着文雅美名的阁轩是做什么用呢?谁会想到这里竟是专门用来搓麻将和吸大烟的场所。汪定贵经商致富之后,不想再有什么更大的作为,开始贪图享乐,逍遥人生。“排山阁”和“吞云轩”正是他为满足自己享乐欲而设计的绝好场所。古人早说过:“逸豫可以亡身”,汪定贵会是个例外吗?
  
  由此,我想到了一个问题:学术界在分析探究徽商衰落的原因时,持有各种不同观点,或曰因为近代战争,或曰由于封建制度解体,或曰因为外国商品的大量输入,或兼而有之。然而,“盛衰之理,虽曰天命,岂非人事哉?”承志堂的主人,以及许多和他一样的徽商巨富,他们在事业有成之后,不是把资本投入商业以继续扩大经营规模,而是大兴土木。他们的生活开始奢侈无度,追求安逸,贪图享乐。他们创业之初的那种艰苦拼搏、奋发图强的精神,随着物质生活的日益富庶而渐渐泯灭了。加之近代中国的风云变幻,徽商没有想方设法去拯救自身,力图重振雄风,而是在承志堂这样的安乐窝里逍遥度日。徽商之衰,不足为怪!
  
  (《文化桃源》第11期)