南北朝 List of Authors
Xie LingyunXie TiaoBao ZhaoXie Huilian
He XunXie XieYu XinLiu Kai
Shen YaoBao LinghuiKong ZhiguiJiang Yan
Fan YunYin KengZhi JiangLiu Jingshu
Tan DaoluanGuo JichanLiu QianzhiPei Songzhi
Wang ShaozhiLiu DaohuiFan YeXiao Zixian
Wei ShouCui HongCang RongxuXiao Ziyun
He FachengYang XuanzhiZong LinShi Huijiao
DharmaTan MomiduoShi SengyouYe She
Jiang LiangyesheChu ChengTao HongjingGu Saixie
Xie HeYi MingBao JianShan Qianzhi
Wu JunDeng DemingLiu ChengzhiDong Yangmoyi
Zheng JizhiFu ZhaoYan YunYuan Shu
Gao ChengWang LinFa ChangHuiguang
LenamotiTanlinDharmapala
Yu Xin
南北朝  北朝(513 AD581 AD)

Poetry《mumeplant japanese》   《Songs of the wines》   《Wang Zhaojun》   《Zhaojun speech accept the emperor's order》   《出自蓟北门行》   《Customer Results Youngster Field trip》   《Taoist step function word,empty word 10 uni-》   《Taoist step function word,empty word 10 twain》   《Taoist step function word,empty word 10 three》   《Taoist step function word,empty word 10 four》   More poems...

Read works of Yu Xin at 诗海
  Generally speaking, Yu's literary creation, with his diplomatic mission to Western Wei Dynasty at the age of 42 as the boundary, can be divided into two periods. Early in the beam, works mostly Palace nature, Yan wandering light, rich beauty of the Collected Works. Northern detention after a large number of Poetry to express their emotions miss native homeland, and the life experience of the sentimental, style into a vigorous, desolate. So, Fu said: "The old is more into the article Yu, The Poetry Review document meaning." ("Play six quatrains")
  Yu Liang made the most destroyed in the war, retained very little, and basically sing the making. The "Jiang Feng and Pan", "Feng and Shan Chi," and so on, to paint a portrait of the sentence more. After one in the "Customs of Lotus surprise Bird Bath, the bridge film poly-line fish. Hanshan gas sunset, rain clouds go over," observe, describe very carefully, and Xiao Gang's poems are very similar. Palace breath with six poems, "dance seductive woman," probably for the Southern:
  North Korea to account before the mirror, looking with smiling self. Dai straight points thick eyebrows, forehead light yellow fine safety. Fallen Man suspected only go to spring Road is not yet complex. Junior only joy, drinking it was residue!
  Poems written beauty of youth and take pity on young girls, though bear with a sad mood, but still lively while angry.
  Fu Yu early, there are a "Spring fu" and "Fu on the candle," "vagrant Fu" and 7, some are incomplete. Fu Palace of these are areas of literature, the content of no more than her beauty or Acacia leave are short, the language of China Yan, pay attention to the beauty of syllables. The "Chun Fu," the most specific form of. Cipian write the beauty of spring and the spring of women's travel scene, very beautiful color. The beginning and end of multi-fu poem with Seven, strong sound effects. Such as the end of the paragraph:
  Kawazu Qushui to three days, multiple solutions for the evening by the river god. Tree flow cup off, Sha Tau Ferry people. Engrave thin narrow sleeves, wear beads posts scarf. For Baizhang mountain slope on the three Mo also home Asr not drunk. Mirror hanging the water and win the pool, the house than spend the Hong Yi.
  And "Dance seductive woman" as is singing the joy of life in the short time of nostalgia. This combination of Poetry Poetry is difficult to distinguish even the tendency is inherited for future generations, such as Tang Wang Bo, LUO, and later, Liu Xi-yi, etc. have similar work. Overall, the early years of the Poetry Yu, in language skill have made some achievements, but life is much too narrow to reflect the lack of a grand passion.
  Yu later creation, though that "inanimate", but what kind of style of the early years, and not abandoned. His poems sing with the Northern dignitaries, is still elegant, and more erotic elements. Another "Screen Painting," 25, also known for exquisite. Painting rare poetry before, so this group of poets in the opening theme, there is noteworthy. The characteristics of poetry, is good at using the landscape poetry techniques to bring the contents of the screen combined with the imagination, not from the screen, but also the natural wealth are alive. This inspired generations often painted with poetry to expand the appreciation of the culture content.
  However, Yu later works, most attention is with a style very different from the homeland of Expressing Emotion and nostalgia for. Yu's character is neither a bold decision Yi, they are not good at self-liberation, subjugation of sorrow, are living the melancholy, moral self-reproach, always correct around the heart, but can not find any way out, often just beyond comfort Solutions of Strong Solutions of masturbation, the result was sink deeper and deeper. So-called "fan will love disputes, Italy Miscellaneous to unprovoked" (Chen Zuo Ming to "take Shu Tang Poetry choose"), makes the poem's mood seemed extremely heavy. "Chanting to be" 27, is representative of this type of poetry.
  The study of non-ZU beans, not to seek recovery or defeat. Introduction classes are not scheduled far, should be thousands of miles Hou. Si Yan Liao off water, Qin Wang Longtou. Promoting strong family were employed, the value of remaining protons. Wisdom to do self-pity, and air coming from the wound in the autumn. ("The proposed Chanting" ter)
  Yu is a gifted writer, he was placed on the fate of the wrong position, and must take this "dislocation" of the pain. This is the poem's meaning.
  Shake off the fall as gas, desolate over a complaint, cry dry lake bamboo, weeping bad Qi Liang City. Days of death by angry war, Japanese soldiers worry Organisation value. Hong Ying straight towards base, long starry night fall camp. Songs of Chu Rao hate music, southerly and more dead sound. Front of a glass of wine. Who is behind the name of? ("The proposed Chanting" of 11)
  The first mourn the demise of beams, extremely painful and have no alternative but to all causes, "Heaven."
  Puzzling 10 000 Hou, in the night suddenly unhappy. Pieces all over the house, books full bed. Although the words dream of butterflies, set from the non-philosopher. Setting moon as ever on the new fall like the old autumn. Lucy sobbing Lianzhu, the firefly floating pieces of fire flow. Lotte I realized that life, when can we not worry? ("The proposed Chanting" of 18)
  Despite this knowledge, his first feeling, but in the country no good, want to learn Zhuangzi's help one can not do it, why not just sorrow. "Moonlight" and "new fall" 2, write daily boredom and despair, seemingly simple, but refined extraordinary. "Lucy sobbing" paint a portrait of a joint lyric is exquisite exception.
  "Chanting to be" 27, most of the feelings of true and deep, refined and expressive language works. Southern literary rhetorical skills, especially in Sound, allusion, and other means of parallelism, where is widely used, and a new rise. Yu Xin poem, there are many Wuyan quatrains, both the number and skills, are significantly higher than contemporary poets.
  Guan Yu Yuan Road, Jinling messenger sparse. Independence under the 1000 line of tears, opened Jun Miles book. ("Send Lin")
  Wan Li Road, Guan Yang, Jian Yiren not return. Only the river geese flying south in autumn to. ("Re-do Week Book of History")
  Shi Ying Wang waterfront, mountain cloud and a half around the peak. Back a mountain restaurant, known liquor suspended concentration. ("Mountain Studio")
  Southern writers from the folk songs of the quatrains of the body, mainly to develop a more refined and Implication. The first two poems, as above desolate mood, open and profound artistic conception, before the very few people reach. The third song is beautiful and interesting to make fun of. Yu can be said that the development of the five must have a significant contribution.
  Yu Xin Fu, there are great changes. The most famous works, "with Yu." Fu before the order is an independently Chengzhang of parallel prose, explain the reason for Fu, covering all the papers to the effect, language, fine Korea, Italy Xu Desolation, is a masterpiece in itself.
  Nightfall way away, world! General one to the tree-ridden; warrior is not yet, the cold bleak. Jing Bi askance column by Citylink and see bullying; set cross-order the book, and holding a bead instead of fixed disk. Chung-yee gentlemen, into the crown of the Southern Prisoners; Ji Sun pedestrian, left the hall River. Shen Bao Xu of Dayton, the broken up by the first; Cai Wei, Tears of the public do, in addition to blood. Stool shift Liu, off the expected non-jade; Hua Ting dicey, not at the river bridge could be heard!
  This section has been detained in the Western Wei to express their grief. Beginning of the two, will be a lifetime experience, into a sigh, sad and dreary incomparable. Following Diego with allusions to a series of stories of the history of the characters, compare their experiences and feelings play a positive effect in the lyrical depth the role of product thickness.
  "Yu Xin order," the text, with four, six main, which is gradually formed a kind of parallel prose format. Become stereotyped into the Tang Dynasty, so that future generations have to Parallel called "46 text". The strengths of this style is a strong sense of rhythm, but well written, easy to be dull. Yu's words, be good at scheduling changes, sentence and flexible, but also make good use of function words collusion between sentences and sentences, showing a strong structural capacity. Like "Sun Ce to the world for the third, the public only one trip; item nationality of children with Koto, one CD-8000. Splitting mountains and rivers are thus, exploited the world. Is there anything of millions justice division, and once volume A, scythe cutting grass cut, such as vegetated Yan! "dual use among casual sentence, vertical and horizontal freely.
  "Yu Xin" in the body, with its experience as a Clue, Li Liang from the prosperity and Syria after the Decline and Fall, with the epic nature. Posts grand system, hydra-headed, emotional depth, narrative, argumentative, lyrical combination of one, rarely seen in ancient fu in their cases. The author deeply dependents Huai Liang dynasty, but out of practice on the beam on behalf of the political chaos of the imperial clan kings Ji Ke Liang Yuandi and selfish, very harsh criticism. Syria Gangneung was broken, the people were looting the pain, particularly painful and moving:
  Water poisoning Qin Jing, Zhao xingshan high mountains. Miles Wuli, pavilion, pavilion short. With hunger stung Yan, secret by fireflies. Qin in the water black, green mud off. Pan on the ice when the collapse, the wind scattered power flying. Aware of this thousands of miles, Zi, Mian a disorder. Snow dark, such as sand, ice-like cross-shore. Every visit of the Lu Luo, see the home of Wang Can. News Gansu water cover all working weep, to sigh off the mountains. Jun complex situation in the cross river, eyes on the green wave, rock far more than their husbands and the mountain over and over looking child.
  "Yu Xin" text and order, use a lot of allusions. Good of the old code, is a recognized specialty Yu. This not only shows his erudition and ingenuity. Each contains a brief allusion to the sentence, provide a wealth of historical association, thus creating a very heavy paper style. But this has made it difficult to understand the article becomes difficult, and inevitably there are stiff areas. Is that the pros and cons of the two, see, no one to talk about enforcement. "Small garden fu" and "dead tree fu" and "sad fu" and "Zhu Zhang Fu" and so on, is Yu Xin's lyrical prose. The "dead tree Fu" to symbolism, to write different types of trees due to human reason, can not maintain its natural life, especially as caused by the pet disaster, focusing on expressing the turmoil of the times is difficult since all writers in the nobility of sorrow, considerable philosophical meaning, feeling it is. However, the wording in the folder into a large number of symbolic allusions, especially hard to read. "Small Garden Fu" is biased towards describing scenery, desire to describe the embrace of the Hermitage, so the text is more clear dawn, the most outstanding in the various articles. Like "dew drop between Tong, Liu under the wind", "birds and more free time to spend with the four seasons", "an inch of two inches of fish, three pole two poles of bamboo," so King sentence, are delicate and natural writing style, show of talent.
  Yu can be said to be a master of the Northern and Southern literature. He bright qualifications, Southern literature in the beam that has accumulated the heyday of high literary quality, but also to the north, with its painful life experiences enriched the content creation, and how many to accept certain elements of the Northern culture, thus created their own unique look. His prose, Pian Fu Bao Zhao can simultaneously represent the Northern and Southern Dynasties Parallel, Parallel Rhapsody's highest achievement; his poetry, the poetry of the initial integration of the north and south, have a major impact on the Tang Dynasty. Pu-Ming Zhang, "Han Yu Six hundred three famous set of sub-mountain set" Inscription says:
  Comment on Yu Shi Shi "Yan-chi," Du Fu is also called its "fresh", "inanimate." The sixth person, Poets of the difficult and, sub-mountain preparedness. Jade Terrace King House, and not easy to a few. ... ... Linghu the formalism, slander as "obscene release", "light risk", "Cifu sinner." Futang people articles, to Xu, Yu recent poor form to write state, a model is out, and dare to destroy humiliated, the Scots will be taboo unsolicited, first vertical search ax Secular?
  "Linghu the formalism," and so on, that Tang Ling Hu De-fen, "Book Week" in the derogatory language against Yu. Tang Wei, a number of literary scholars on the whole are unreasonable criticism, the reason is very complex, in this matter. Zhang Pu is not here to "Qi Yan," a literary sin, but also pointed out that "Chinese paper to Xu, Yu recently," there is indeed insightful.
Translated by Google

    

Comments (1)

hepingdao wrote (2007-12-05 00:45:14):

  文/ 剑胆琴心
  
  
  庾信:让毛泽东欣赏的诗人
  
  记得一位名家曾经说过:一篇文章假如在留传了50年之后,还能引起读者的阅读兴趣,触动着读者的神经和灵魂,不管它将给你带来的是酸、甜、苦、辣,抑或是别样的感受,那它也还称得上是一篇比较好的文章。大浪奔涌,披沙拣金。在中华文化的历史长河中,庾信的许多文章是足当此评的。他的《哀江南赋》、《枯树赋》、《小园赋》、《伤心赋》、《拟咏怀诗二十七首》等等,古往今来,受到了多少代人的交口称赞。
  
  譬如《枯树赋》,“昔年种柳,依依汉南;今看摇落,凄怆江潭;树犹如此,人何以堪?”,庾信缘情入典,借《续晋阳秋》和《世说新语》所记两则晋人殷仲文、桓温对树兴叹故事,演绎敷衍,借阐说树的荣枯,抒写自己的人生悲痛和羁旅之思。唐张鷟《朝野佥载》记载了这样一则轶事:“庾信从南朝初至北方,文士多轻之。信将《枯树赋》以示之,于后无敢言者。”其实庾信成名很早,盛名可谓远播大江两岸,“文人相轻”的秉性使之在羁留北朝后,还是受到了“文士多轻之”的境遇。“是骡子是马,牵出来遛遛”,只有在亲眼目睹其人其文后,北人才叹为观止,对庾信佩服得五体投地。据在毛泽东身边工作过的张玉凤回忆,毛泽东不仅 “熟读过”《枯树赋》,而且“全赋大部章节他都能背诵下来,即使是在病魔缠身的晚年仍能背出”。他“常常想起来就吟诵”该赋,“直到他不能讲话为止”。事实上,这也“是他诵读到最后的一首赋”。毛泽东曾说过,南北朝作家,妙笔生花者,远不止江淹一人,庾信就是一位。可见他对于庾信的才思词采,是十分欣赏的。
  
  
  乡关之思:庾信诗赋的思想主旨
  
  庾信生于梁天监十二年(513年),字子山,南阳新野(今属河南)人。其家“七世举秀才”,“五代有文集”,父亲庾肩吾就是当时大官之一,亦是著名的文学家。据《周书?庾信传》记载说:庾信“幼而俊迈,聪敏绝伦”,自幼随父亲庾肩吾出入于萧梁王朝宫廷,后来又与徐陵一起任萧纲的东宫学士,文章绮艳轻靡,成为南朝宫体文学的代表,“文章辞令,盛为邺下所称”,他们的文学风格,也被并称为“徐庾体”。侯景叛乱时,庾信逃往江陵,辅佐梁元帝,后出使西魏,值西魏灭梁,遂羁留北方。历仕西魏、北周,官至骠骑大将军、开府仪同三司,故世又称之为庾开府,如杜甫即以“清新庾开府,俊逸鲍参军”来称誉李白。庾信经侯景之乱,又历江陵之变,晚年所作,内容上起明显变化(因为战火焚毁的原因,我们现在能看到的也大部分为其晚年作品,这也是庾信诗赋的精华所在),如《哀江南赋》、《枯树赋》等,自伤遭遇,并对社会动乱有所反映,风格转为萧瑟苍凉,为后来杜甫等所推崇。这也正应了清朝赵翼的一句话,“国家不幸诗家幸,赋到沧桑句便工。”
  
  《周书?庾信传》还指出:“信虽位望通显,常有乡关之思。乃作《哀江南赋》以致其意云”。虽然近人鲁同群先生指出庾信入北后一段时期“从官非官,归田不甜”,诗赋似有“向北朝求官”之嫌。但我们一般还是认为惨遭家国之变的庾信,诗赋的思想主旨还是 “乡关之思”。如清代的王夫之就指出:“六代有心有血者,惟子山而已”。庾信作品中的乡关之思,首先表现为故国哀思,在他创作的那些泣血的文字中,我们还可以深刻地感受到他对故国盛衰兴亡变故的反思。梁代在梁武帝萧衍手中“五十年中,江表无事”,起初梁武帝也不失为一代圣君,有着英雄抱负,想展鸿鹄之志,但他过分地以为让人民休养生息就可以了,特别是他感于南北对峙,战争连年,生灵涂炭,将此原因归结于人心不古、贪欲太强,故而希冀通过西来佛法净化人的心灵,号召天下供奉佛教,寄托性灵。自己曾几度舍身入寺,让百官赎身。但他这样做,一方面荒废了军事,另一方面更加增重了百姓的负担,故遭侯景之乱后,风云突变,国势日弱。江陵之变,也反映出兄弟王胄间各自为政,相煎太急。一定意义上,梁武帝的想法是不切实际的,效果甚微的。庾信本人也很受伤,他出使西魏被扣留,不能回国,陈代梁后,虽然曾要求他返回,但是北周不放,只能羁留北地。他的父母、二子一女都在战乱中相继亡没。再说他虽然在北朝一定程度上受到了优待,但是终归是仕二主,内心始终隐隐作痛,在同僚中也抬不起头来。加之南人入北,水土不服等多方面原因,怎能不思念故土家园呢?就像司马迁所说:“人穷则反本”,又怎能不哀怨悲叹呢?故庾信在《哀江南赋》、《伤心赋》中都希冀与古人对话交流,获得共鸣,来释放自己压抑的情感,寻找知音。“婕妤有自伤之赋,扬雄有哀祭之文,王正长有北郭之悲,谢安石有东山之恨,岂期然矣。至若曹子建、王仲宣、傅长虞、应德琏、刘韬之母、任诞之亲,书翰伤切,文词哀痛,千悲万恨,何可胜言!龙门之桐,其枝已折;卷施之草,其心实伤。呜呼哀哉!”他认为班婕妤、扬雄、曹植等人的伤逝哀怨的诗赋创作,发自内心,不可胜言。
  
  庾信的乡关之思,还表现在思念故人,当他与南方人物进行音讯往来时,涕泗交流,悲不能抑。我们看他的《寄徐陵》:“故人倘思我,及此平生时。莫待山阳路,空闻吹笛悲。”,又如《寄王琳》:“玉关道路远,金陵信使疏。独下千行泪,开君万里书。”一句诗歌一行泪,一点一滴流到明。想起从前在南朝的风光无限,朋友往来,觥箸交错,酬答唱和,对比现在家国沦丧,自己滞留北地,举目无亲,内心还要深受失节的苦痛煎熬,人生无限事,在对比中历历在目,引起了诗人不能休止的伤感。羁旅状态的体认,家园朋友的回忆,贰臣身份的自惭焦灼等等涌上心头,让诗人谱写了一曲曲乡关思念悲歌。“给你我的喜与悲不止为那山与水/分不清梦与醒 忘不掉是你身影/穿过岁月春与秋尝尽世间爱与愁/何故此时别离与拥有”满文军的《望乡》虽好,但我想这远不能涵盖庾信对故园的满腹深情。
  
  
  拟物用事:庾信诗赋的表现艺术
  
  庾信诗赋的魅力,还得益于他所使用的“拟物用事”这一艺术表现手法。“托物言志”,是中国传统文化的优秀表现手法之一。而“拟物自喻”的诗赋创作手法,却是庾信对中国文化所做出的伟大贡献之一,也是值得后世承传的。简单说,把“人”当做“物”来写、或把“此物”当做“彼物”来写就叫做“拟物法”,这种手法描绘形象,表意丰满,想象丰富,感情强烈,意趣盎然。运用拟物手法来表现喜爱的事物,可以把它写得栩栩如生,使人倍感亲切;表现憎恨的事物,可以把它写得丑态毕露,给人以强烈的厌恶感。
  
  运用拟物来创作诗赋,首先缘于庾信对所描写的客观事物具有真情实感,是他内心真实感情的自然流露,在庾信笔下,他所表达的感情化入到物体之中,与物相合相融,并且还恰如其分地符合所描写的环境、气氛,因而收到了很好的效果。如我们提到的《枯树赋》,庾信写道:“若夫松子、古度、平仲、君迁,森梢百顷,槎枿千年。秦则大夫受职,汉则将军坐焉。莫不苔埋菌压,鸟剥虫穿。或低垂于霜露,或撼顿于风烟。东海有白木之庙,西河有枯桑之社,北陆以杨叶为关,南陵以梅根做冶。小山则丛桂留人,扶风则长松系马。岂独城临细柳之上,塞落桃林之下?”也就是说,古往今来,像松子、古度、平仲、君迁之类的树木,茂盛挺拔,曾经广布有百顷,而且伐后又生,循环往复,树龄往往至千年。有的树曾被秦始皇封为大夫,有的树曾跟东汉大将有关。可是不幸的是这些树不是被苔藓地菌遮蔽,就是被鸟雀虫豸剥啄。有的在霜露的侵蚀下低眉垂首,有的甚至被狂风暴雨刮倒在地。想起东海之滨曾种有白松的庙,西河边上依枯桑而成的神社,北方那以杨叶命名的关塞,南方那以梅根相称呼的冶炼场。淮南小山有“攀援桂枝兮聊淹留”的词句,刘琨也写下了“系马长松下”的诗句。树木何止被用于细柳营和桃林塞的城防呢?人生感发,兴起了庾信的创作动机,痛苦而难以释怀的感受就像那树一样悲惨哀伤。他接着写道:“若乃山河阻绝,飘零离别。拔本垂泪,伤根沥血。火入空心,膏流断节。横洞口而欹卧,顿山腰而半折,文斜者百围冰碎,理正者千寻瓦裂。载瘿衔瘤,藏穿抱穴。木魅闪睒,山精妖孽。况复风云不感,羁旅无归,未能采葛,还成食薇。沉沦穷巷,芜没荆扉。既伤摇落,弥嗟变衰。《淮南子》云:‘木叶落,长年悲。’斯之谓矣。”自己飘零北地,宛如那拔根失本的树一样,没有了生机活力,失去了生存的根本,还要遭受风雨雷电的袭击和虫豸妖孽的侵蚀,这是多么悲伤苍凉的痛楚呀。使读者体味文章的时候感受到作者对该事物的强烈的感情,从而引起共鸣。庾信可贵之处还表现在,他始终抓住进行比拟的人和物在性格、形态、动作等方面应该有相似或相近之点,从而把人写得像真正的物一般,做到了两事物彼此交融,浑然一体。其它如《小园赋》等亦似,《小园赋》中,他用草无忧、花长乐、鸟饮酒、鱼听琴这些违背自然属性的事,烘托自己违背初衷、屈体仕周的内心矛盾,真耐人寻味。
  
  “使事用典”也是庾信诗赋创作的主要艺术表现手法。庾信广闻博识,熟读《诗经》、《离骚》、《左传》、《孟子》、《论语》等等经典,在创作诗赋的时候,信手拈来,他有时候一典多用,有时候多典糅用,或为对仗而化用典故,抑或是曲用典故(故钱钟书先生曾用“左支右绌”来评鸷庾信的用典艺术)。随便举例子来说明吧,如《竹杖赋》中,庾信通过用东晋恒温与竹杖老人的对话这一典故,透露出自己内心悲不能胜的痛苦,并且显现出自己的痛苦是别人难能知晓的。《拟咏怀二十七首》第十首写:“李陵从此去,荆卿不复还。”用苏武李陵典和荆轲燕太子丹及高渐离典,隐括自己出使西魏,使命未尽而不能归还的悲苦心情。《拟连珠》之八说:“时增齐灶,或卧燕墙”,则是用孙膑庞涓典形容王僧辩用兵善于权变。《园庭》云:“倒屣迎悬榻,停琴听解嘲。”则糅合了两个意义上十分相似的典故,倒屣,说的是蔡邕迎接王粲的故事;悬榻,用陈蕃礼接汉高士徐孺子的故事,表达了相知往来的喜悦心情。庾信“尤善《春秋左氏传》”,在诗赋文中用《左传》典随处可见,举不胜举。陈寅恪先生在《读哀江南赋》中就指出:“兰成作赋,用古典以述今事。古事今情,虽不同物,若于异中求同,同中见异,融会异同,混合古今,别造一种同异俱冥,今古合流之幻觉,斯实文章之绝诣,而作者之能事也。”
  
  
  诗可以怨:庾信诗赋的悲剧精神
  
  刘士林先生曾经在《苦难美学》一书中指出:“中华文化,很大程度上是一种‘以悲为美’的文化,作品中所积淀和浸蕴的悲剧精神感染着一代又一代的人。”庾信继承了发源自《诗经》和屈骚这一优秀的悲剧精神传统,并且将之推向极致。
  
  孔子曾经告诫自己的弟子熟读《诗经》,他认为“不学诗,无以言”,还指出:“诗可以兴,可以观,可以群,可以怨”;而屈原则是身体力行,在遭受馋臣佞小诽谤,见疏于楚王,并遭放逐后,“发愤以抒情”;司马迁在为李陵辩而惨遭腐刑后,也是承继了《诗》骚传统,忍辱负重,“发愤以著书”……到庾信这里,文学创作中已经逐渐形成 “以悲为美”的写作情怀。庾信在侯景之乱和江陵之变后,遭受国家沦丧,家破人亡的惨痛,又被迫入仕北朝,这些身世遭际刺激和触动着他敏感的神经,一改前期那种绮艳轻靡的写作,愤而将满腔的忧伤和苦痛,倾泻入诗赋中,酿成了一曲曲凄凉哀婉的悲歌。
  
  在他的诗赋中经常用苏武李陵别、吴起去西河、荆轲易水寒,申包胥碎首、嵇康歌《广陵散》等典故,用枯树、落叶、残垣颓埂、秋风、暮雪、白骨、移柳等悲凉意象来表现,目的是将自己痛苦哀怨的内心情感表达出来,以寻求自我解脱和慰藉。如此“悲身世”、“念王室”、“述家风”、“陈世德”的举措,希望能有知音相识。庾信之《伤心赋》赋题本屈原之“目极千里伤心悲”;而《哀江南赋》则为“魂兮归来哀江南”作,其在《哀江南赋序》中明确地提出了自己的创作意旨,“不无危苦之辞,唯以悲哀为主。”这种明确的“以悲为美”的创作行动,实际上是对中国古代文论“诗可以怨”思想的承传和发展。在赋序的后面,他还强调:“呜呼!山岳崩颓,既履危亡之运;春秋迭代,必有去故之悲。天意人事,可以凄怆伤心者矣!况复舟楫路穷,星汉非乘槎可上;风飙道阻,蓬莱无可到之期。穷者欲达其言,劳者须歌其事。陆士衡闻而抚掌,是所甘心;张平子见而陋之,固其宜矣。”总结出有星移物换、王朝更迭就会有离散悲苦,如此天意人事,都是可以长歌浩哭的,也是一定非言歌而不能已的。用屈原和《列子》之典表达了自己明白希望之渺茫和不可达到,惟独寻求像陆机和张衡那样的高士知音,诉说着自己的心声。自庾信后,韩愈、欧阳修、李贽、曹雪芹等人继起,将这一“穷言劳歌”以悲为美的传统发扬光大,缘于个体生命感受的激活和倾诉,拓展了浩瀚而深重的中华文化长河。