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Face was dark and corrupt politics, Zhao Southern Star "generously to tidy the world for any" reform. His political thought and practice of reform, at the time had played a positive role in the reform of our still reference today.
1, Zhen Ji Gang from the emperor before
The late Ming Dynasty, Emperor Yong cowardly lazy government, Ji Gang waste bad, corrupt political extreme darkness, the rule of the Ming Dynasty at stake. Wanli Emperor Zhu Yijun history famous lazy Emperor. Because the issue in the book can not stand Prince Shui Yee, coupled with the growing tired of such political affairs, Wanli Emperor long after the reign, "Yan Department palace", ignoring affairs of state, "Suburban Front bow, North Korea say the Greek Royal, closed chapter More Delay" , lazy government affairs. Shenzong lazy governance, political influence was very bad. Choose a word, the first, major affairs of state without a king decree can not be in time, delay delay, the feudal state machinery can not function properly, a few at a standstill. Second, Shenzong Minister on DPRK stopped attacking without cross-cutting, "listen to it from the outcome," "Scholars benefit aspect in the next," exacerbated the struggle between the portal. Third, the traditional feudal family relations and been destroyed, Ji Gang lax, corrupt officialdom, "bribery, Zhang", "custom big bad." Compared with the subsequent Tianqi Emperor Yong cowardly Lord, eunuch Wei Zhongxian autocratic royal government, "throw off restraint Wei Wei has been serving Italian," in the N group towards rampant, "learning disabilities gradually decline, the Mo Sheng." Therefore, the corruption of the late Ming politics, largely by Emperor Yong cowardly lazy government caused.
Zhao Nan Xing Abuse of the then situation and a more clear understanding. The rule of the Ming dynasty to save the crisis, he called for political reform. He believes that political reform is the key to change the supreme ruler ─ ─ emperor style, take the lead in compliance with the feudal Jigang. He pointed out that the "state" is the "emperor of the state," "but the emperor could be determined," "Emperor 1, the world is also great Ji Gang," Zhen Ji Gang therefore must "start from the emperor." He believes that change the style as long as the emperor, returned to the traditional feudal order of the track, Ji Gang remained vacant for the phenomenon can be reversed, peace and order is not difficult to achieve. Otherwise, even if the aspiring minister icy temperatures remedy will not receive any good results. In a memorial to the throne, he said: "Chen Deng though thyself wondering, as one of the emperor Fu enough cells to study the sky; Chendeng dry tongue kiss tempting though, as the emperor made sufficiently encouraged by the universal one; Chendeng though bow endeavor, move enough to reform the emperor as one universe. " In the letter, Zhao Southern Star showing the same thought: "There is something so unexpectedly, as my generation will be like when Bo Yu Ge Shi. Notwithstanding the song against Liang, hands are ineffective. However, a study in the Supreme transfer, peace can be Li see. not those 10 Duke He Nengwei also? "
Recognized in the late Ming and political causes of the dark and decadent, Zhao Southern Star then trying to reform, to remonstrate against the emperor, hoping its "one read Mengxing" change before the non-Dayton. He has to "cover the new state is determined Zhang Xiang Gong Shu Zhen Ji Gang," "cover the whole decadent Chenshi Yu Shu Gang" and other memorial to the throne, asked when the Korean Emperor, "about North Korea when the Emperor, a few see the Minister, diligence rationale million machines in order to When. "
Indeed, in the feudal society, political reform must be from the top leadership ─ ─ emperor began. Gangjumuzhang, only the emperor, first of all to change the style, take the lead in reform, can we truly ensure the smooth progress of reform, reform to succeed. Therefore, Zhao Zhen Ji Gang Southern Star start from the idea of the emperor is very far-sighted, after all treatment was maladministration of a recipe. If the Wanli Emperor, Tianqi Emperor to follow Zhao Southern Star, who rules Remonstrance (At that time, this advocate of many) to change the style, the pro-ground governance, the Ming dynasty ever "defeat break, no vibration to save" the trend is a temporary containment , the historical development will be a vastly different, Wanli Zhang Juzheng the early years of reform can be evidence. However, in an autocratic monarchy with highly developed society, unless special circumstances, as a country is the supreme master of the supreme emperor, minister of the emperor's abuses allegorical only the right, not a no Ruzhi He allegorical. The social conditions of the late Ming Dynasty is the case. Zhao and others in Southern Star's proposal was the emperor fell on deaf ears, simply listen to what it wants. This would enable Zhao Zhen Ji Gang from Southern Star claims can not be implemented before the emperor, it is difficult to see results.
Second, to evil use is
Officials rule of the feudal emperor to the people the tools, the implementation of national legislation, land tax and other non-tax levy such as through a large number of feudal officials not to implement and enforce. Therefore, the composition of the feudal imperial officials is an important factor, its right from wrong, Yin has a direct bearing on the feudal state of chaos. The feudal dynasties, long-term stability to the so-called multi-various measures to choose the officials, ousted Xie Ning, Masato reference.
Southern Star worked Zhao Department officials, court of censors, official in charge of the investigation, dismissal and so on, so he was able to use the idea is to stand for evil practice.
Was actually in the assessment, based on Southern Star claims Binggong Cheng Zhao eliminated. Cheng eliminated when he presided, declared: "things will benefit the nation, that is the right thing. People together in the moral, that is when and. To avoid the no suspect." The minister of the Xie Ning, he firmly punished with no mercy. Selected Works of Yuan Wailang back in office, he on the "Profile Control Lu Shu conscience", the critic, when the left hand have to censor Wu, deputy have left Censor Zhan Yang shelter, less Zhan Shi Huang Hongxian, Jishizhong Tang Yao Chin, censor Cai Department of weeks , Sun more Yin, etc. "are not those of the public." Wanli 20 year (1583), he chaired the Board of Civil Long Sun Book of plans, "are the first dismiss the pro-Decadence Wang Yu and three (Sun) Long nephew, Selected Works of Lu Yin Chang Yuan Wailang he Reattachment Government and scholar Zhao Gao Di are inevitable. " Revelation three years (1623), he left all the main Beijing police censor Zuo, Yi Gu Shi Qi Decadence education, Zhaoxing Bang, officials should Zhen, Wu Liang Si four "first move toward political chaos of gangs," put "not like "and dismiss the," he clarified eliminated, as the time for the test function. " For the integrity of the minister, Zhao strongly push with Southern Star. For the Board of Civil Shang, he "beneficial search move left Yi, cloth Shu bit. Gao's, Yang Lian, the left light bucket Byung Hun, Liteng Fang, Chen Yu Ting Zuo Quan, Wei Dazhong, Yuan of the long Branch Road, Zhengsan Jun, Li Banghua, Sun Home phase, Rao Shen, Wang noted the purchase of State Mining II generation. and four of the Secretary is, Zou Wei Lian, Xia Jia met, Chang ago, Cheng Guozuo, Loyalty, admonished the people praise Beijing and Taipei. "
However, Zhao Southern Star to the evil practice of using is not the emperor's support, but also violated the interests of those in power, it is difficult to sustained and made effective, Zhao Southern Star, I have also been persecuted. Above the "conscience Lu Shu profile control", the Decadence Chun-open the "pro-public correction (Zhao) Southern Star", Zhao Southern Star was forced to "drawing the disease return." Beijing Review, the aforementioned "The Government unbearable," Zhao Southern Star is sitting near the crime and unfounded exclusion for the people. Apocalypse years, his widely cited Masato, "and villain eyebrows," To go to the AIDS. Decadence Fu kui then submitted to change the Board of Civil Zou Wei Lian and "has not and smell", "false Wen-made first launched an attack," impeach Zhao Southern Star "tangled old system, plant private", Zhao Southern Star was forced to beg off.
Third, reform of bureaucratic style
The late Ming Dynasty, Official corrupt and decadent political darkness is an important aspect. At that time, officials have set the people's livelihood and more expense, either on abuses, unhealthy trend prevalent in official circles. One is the prevalence of corruption. Size of the official order to satisfy their extravagant and decadent living needs, more than any of the wanton exploitation, wanton corruption, Zhao Southern Star, said, "where the corruption today Yuji residues, identical up and down." Second, is the "dry into the" in vogue. In order to pursue career advancement and pride, some unscrupulous exploitation to the money they use to larger bribes to win over the Shangguan, and even public officials seeking begging Jazz. Zhao Southern Star reveals that: "the intellectuals today to official post for the life to drill puncture as customs, to bribery for the communication to exhortations as, of course, to the persons of the Sidley to ask for the modest." Third, re-communication, government affairs suddenly in vogue. In the testimonies against the backdrop of breakdowns, government officials are more set in their minds, a lot of time spent on communication, government administrative efficiency is very low. Southern Star Zhao said, describing this evil trend: every morning, wash comb is not complete, "has come off the door," "he to this to, heel go hand in hand are"; to noon, communication is completed, and then into the Yamen, "to faint tired while "food official, day case.
For these unhealthy trend, Zhao Southern Star advocated strongly be reversed.
Zhao Southern Star claims the dry into the wind to combat. First, he proposed the prohibition of bribery among officials, in particular, was popular feeds "book Parkinson" style. Early Ming, local officials into Beijing, see Executive gifts, book a par with, say, "the book par." Wanli later, with the development of commodity economy and the ruling class, corrupt local officials of the offer has been changed into gold and silver jewelry, but still along "the book par." Officials were in the form of the book Pa bribery of public rows, the amount of large, "since the second payment to 100, 200 persons have to." Southern Star Zhao pointed out sharply that the purpose of bribing government officials, is simply seeking promotion business for their own private interests, the so-called "all are all the Ministry of Personnel, Finance to Jia Jue; everywhere all is beside the door, dough in the world, the book Pa Chang." In his view, "Fu Gui is suppress excessive light", so "quit Shangguan Wude contribution by Shou Ling." Secondly, he advocated were begging to be punished officials. The time, when the Ministry of Personnel officials in charge Tuizhao, begging officials were three, five clusters, "such as the walls of the shelter stay," "speaking up, speaking tone, say local, I start with. Not only the only Arab men, and then cover those who stay there, constant and then tempting to crop dry tongue off "," than to the Department, the Zeyi private letter to "and" not cut from the book in turn was responsible for that breach of public opinion, if the request will then have . " Zhao Southern Star entered the Ministry of Personnel, the "Su illness Indeed, the determination to clarify, act has Chi, the Government and shall not be dry in your request, Morohito fear its just serious, not guilty." Even so, there were individuals should Body a try: there is a demand for something as cheap salt controller Secretary Lang, Cho Nam-sing that note cheap Lang Palace, out to do in the outside; magistrate Stone Samuel Wells Williams greed, Yin Yuan will be OK to take Zhao is also home of the Southern Star Palace, known to history as "the Scholars who inaction Wang Guan, (Zhao) Southern Star does not shirt also."
Zhao Southern Star officials to promote the "best possible job," weight change communication, neglect the administrative style of government affairs. He pointed out that morning with energetic communication, and communication with air after stunning tired of governance, just reverse the national interests and the relationship between personal interests, is wrong. He began to reform in the Ministry of Personnel. He and the Board of Civil four of the Officials (Selected Works, experience letters, Ji Xun, test power) agreed, "the daily flea onwards, into the government offices, to the afternoon official over, the back water private Apartments, is a contact with good friends," " As will be pushing things, Yi Yu fleas from the entry into, and Chen and scattered to the camp of their job. "
In addition, Zhao Southern Star also criticized the bureaucracy Shangguan light to be subordinate, local officials punishment for prostitution and other undesirable Wei style, space is limited, do not want to elaborate.
4, sound Bureaucracy
The late Ming Dynasty, especially the Wanli era, due to political Shenzong lazy, no time on the appointment and dismissal of officials, government agencies, incomplete, a "delay in the government who", "Cao Department of Pupil" phenomenon. For example, Wanli 40 years (1617) in November, has called the "Department, Temple Liao 10 missing six or seven, wind constitution powerhouse Space Agency a few years, save only four-six subjects, 13 only kept 5 people. " Incomplete paralysis of government institutions, so that the feudal state apparatus can not operate normally. For example, Wanli 20 years (in 1596) end of the summer, the Ministry of Personnel Pi Sun Shang Yang to leave Shenzong "long-suppressed inter-generation", "Department of things to do relaxation," "The Year in December, actually scrap the election."
Zhao Southern Star that the government's incomplete, so that the normal operation of the feudal state apparatus, resulting in peril. His household, for example, said: "daughter of the house, there must be discipline the servants of servants to make the group called the election", "group of servants are not prepared, it certainly has been lacking," "their homes were rarely defeated." Family missing servant is lost, state officials are bound to decline and fall short, so Zhao Southern Star claims in a timely manner the election official to fill a vacancy, sound Bureaucracy.
Zhao Southern Star reminder to officers to fill a vacancy at that time played a positive role. Revelation early years, "People are surplus towards" the feudal state machinery to resume normal operation situation of the rapid formation of the Southern Star can not say that the sound and Zhao Bureaucracy is closely related to practice.
Now gaoyi county also retained the ancestral Zhao Southern Star, gaoyi a road was named "Southern Star Road", to commemorate the gaoyi celebrities.
Translated by Google