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Socrates himself did not write any books. His behavior and doctrine, mainly through his students Plato and Xenophanes writings handed down in the record. About Socrates's life and doctrine, as there has been different from the ancient records and the claim has always been a problem in most academic discussion.
Socrates philosophy in the following areas:
Immortal said
According to Aristotle records, Socrates abandoned the study of the natural world, to seek universal truth in ethics issues, things began to find the definition. He was opposed to the wise men of relativism, that "opinions" can have a variety of "truth" is only one; "opinions" with everyone, and other conditions can change, "truth" is eternal, not change. In Plato's early dialogue, almost all of the topics discussed how to define ethical issues. Socrates pursued, is to require understanding of "beauty itself", "justice itself", which is a universal definition of beauty and justice, is real knowledge, that is, Plato said, "The Idea of Beauty," "justice concept. " This is the history of Western philosophy "concept of" original form. Socrates further pointed out that the nature of the causal series is endless, if only to find that cause and effect of philosophy, could not understand the ultimate causes of things. He believes that the ultimate cause of things is "good", this is the purpose of things. He replaces teleological causal relationship between things, for the future and pave the way idealist philosophy.
Socrates believe that all knowledge, all generated from the difficult, more difficult to make progress the more difficult the more the greater progress. Socrates admitted he had no knowledge of the knowledge he has to teach others. This contradiction, he is such a solution: that knowledge is not instilled by his people, but people had already possess; people have been pregnant at the heart of "child", but did not know it, Socrates as a " midwife, "helping others to generate knowledge. Socratic midwifery, concentrated expression in his frequent use of "questioning" type of form, to question each other's way of exposing the various propositions, the doctrine of conflicts and to undermine the basis of other arguments to specify the other ignorance; During cross-examination, Socrates himself is not positive, positive answer, because he admitted his ignorance. This approach generally known as "Socratic irony." This method of Socrates is the logical inference from the Eleatic School Eleatic of Zeno's reductio ad absurdum and evolved. In the negative form of Socratic irony to expose contradictions exist in dialectical thinking positive results. So has likened midwife, stripped from the conversation cocoon spinning method used to make each other get to know their own ignorance, and find their own mistakes, a correct knowledge of the concept. This conversation also has the following characteristics: first, the conversation is by means of questions and answers, to find out each other's ideas, to his discovery of truth. Only in the conversation in progress, while the Soviet Union's emphasis on the question, he does not easily answer the other questions. He only asked the other party to answer his questions, his humble attitude questions, guided by the other party to answer the other questions in the data, until the final result of constant scold inquiry, admitted his ignorance of youth. In the process of asking the Soviet Union's highest wisdom to students, namely rhetorical famous Socratic method (Socratic irony). Socrates in this way, in the history of Western philosophy, is the earliest form of dialectics.
Development of philosophical thought, the spirit of Socrates made the distinction between entities and physical entities, so that the opposition of idealism and materialism of the early philosophy from the simple state into a more mature stage; he early Greek philosophers aphoristic ethical thought that the height of philosophy; his way to logically thought-provoking debate, expose contradictions, to the method of dialectical thinking deep into the essence of things. All this has a contribution to the development of philosophical thought. However, he history of Western philosophy as a systematic philosopher, began exaggerating the subject and the rational, abstract thinking, exaggerated to the myth of philosophical idealism to replace the era of religious myth.
He believes that education is very important to one's growth. In his view, both the talent or the talent of people more intelligent more feeble-minded people, if they are determined to be a commendable achievement, must be hard work and practice Caixing.
In teaching methods, teaching practice Socrates through long-term, formed its own unique set of teaching methods, known as "Socratic method", he himself called "midwifery." His mother is a midwife, he likened to his teaching methods. His mother midwifery is the midwife for the baby, and his "midwifery" Teaching law is thinking of delivery, is to guide people to produce the correct ideas.
】 【Ethics
Socrates has established a knowledge that the ethical and moral ideology, the center of the purpose of life and Virtue. He stressed that people should understand the general rules of social life and "know themselves", that people in real life was all beneficial or harmful purpose and ethics are relative, only to explore universal and absolute concept of good to grasp the true concept of knowledge, is the highest purpose in life people and perfection of virtue. Socrates believes that a person must be ethical and moral knowledge, and all immoral behavior is the result of ignorance. People only get rid of the temptation of materialism and the limitations of acquired experience, get the concept of knowledge before wisdom, courage, temperance and justice are the virtues. He believes that morality can only be arranged with soul and God, moral education is to make people know the mind and God, and obey God's instructions. This asceticism and mysticism ethics, later inherited and developed Antisthenes form to emphasize abstinence as the characteristics of Cynic; the Socratic ethics contained in the joy of thinking, was Yalisiti Boji Cheng and development, the formation of the Home Colony School advocates pleasure. Socrates, Plato inherited the ethical ideology, and further systematized and theorized. Socrates stressed the importance of knowledge, that ethics should be decided by the reason that the idea of rationalism, in the future development of Western philosophy, played a positive role.
Debate
Student: Socrates, what does good deeds?
Socrates: to deceive the enemy is the evil it? The prisoners sold as slaves to the enemy is the evil it?
Socrates: You say cheating is evil friends, but, in the war, the army commander for morale, the soldiers said that reinforcements coming. But in fact there is no reinforcements, such deception is evil it?
Country
As a citizen of Athens, Athens, according to court records Socrates finally to not believe in God and the Idea of corrosion Athens youth was sentenced to death. Although he won the chance to flee Athens, but Socrates chose to drink poison Jin of juice and died, because he believed that flight would only further undermine the authority of the law of Athens, but also because of fear that he fled after the Athens Qiangzai not a good teacher can educate people to the.
"Yes. I really think so, Socrates." Hole Greenspan replied.
See Greenspan hole to stay, Socrates goes on to say: "it seems clear that Greenspan hole, if you want to and respected, you must contribute to the city."
Hole difficult to see the way Greenspan, Socrates further enlighten him that the "national home for a reason. Population, some of the problems really hard to come up, but if we can help one, you can begin to help more people, Why do not you home from promoting the welfare of your uncle to try it? "
Proud, bent on doing Greenspan hole leader to be convinced.
Socrates before his execution, a friend said sadly: my dear Socrates, how much I do not want you to be so unjust death ah! Socrates said calmly: Friends, Do you want to see I was just killed it?
Greece, who have a university named Socrates. One day, he led his disciples came to one of several wheat side. That was the season of maturity, the ground was full of heavy wheat. Socrates on his disciples and said: "You go to the wheat they pick one of the largest ears of corn, only allowed back into the forbidden. I wait for you at the end of the wheat."
Disciples to go forward while his head down, while trying hard to pick and choose, after a very long time.
Socrates's disciples were listening to the teacher, realize this makes the point: people's life is like walking in the Medina, is also looking for the biggest spike. Some people saw it, full grain "wheat", it would lose no time off; some people are looking around, again and again miss the opportunity. Of course, the pursuit should be the greatest, but take away the wheat in the hand, is real.
One summer he built for himself a house. House was very small, and his neighbors are wondering how the house would make him satisfied with that?
Deadly】
In 399 BC, in Athens, where Soldiers and Elderly wandering like figure with a glorious, Socrates, the immortal soul will never tire to piggyback the divine sayings of God, could not help the people always rush to send the rational halo. He was born in Athens in the middle of a family of citizens, carver father, mother, midwife. He was born complete victory in the Persian war time, growth in the Golden Age of Pericles, was when the wise men gathered from all over Greece, Athens, Athens, to the democratic system brought a lot of new knowledge and new trend of free time argument. Young Socrates wise 普罗泰哥拉 to the famous Ko and the general section and others ask for advice, discuss important social issues of personnel and philosophy. Him with a new understanding of the philosophy to create a new era of Greek philosophy, through his teachings had Plato and Aristotle, produced a new school of cynicism, etc., and they have been affected by Hellenistic Roman era . He may not look outstanding, but talked as charming, he spent a lifetime in the debate to the young professor of philosophy, 399 BC, he was accused of crimes, charges are mainly two: disrespect for the King city The gods and the introduction of a new God, and corrupted the youth, the results have been sentenced. To rescue his friends intend to flee Athens, but he refused, he believes he must abide by laws of Athens, because he and countries have a sacred contract, he can not go against. Socrates that although the city's law is unjust, you do not follow them, but if you are in violation of city law, you still must submit to punishment. Socrates was no less doing so, he felt there is a legitimate authority and to obey city city law, and so he very consciously accepted the death penalty is still in pre-dying to discuss philosophical questions with friends . In the time comes, he serenely drank the poisoned wine, with their own philosophy of life and repay the motherland and city, year-round 70. In the case of Socrates, one is the pursuit of truth, his life for justice of the great philosopher, while the other is based on democracy and freedom as advertised, is considered the source of Athenian democracy. Right and wrong, who is good who is evil, not so entirely different, emotional choice has become a painful torture, and thus its tragic increasingly manifest.
In ancient Greece, the law was viewed as the basis for city security, a goddess-like dignity, can be said to truly protect the city of God. Under the protection of the gods in the ancient Greek city-state governance by law, the status of any person shall be above the law. Socrates that the city's law is consistent with the development of the agreement the citizens should be firm, to execute, only with the law, to enable the people to work together to make city so powerful, strict laws are the people happy, the powerful city-state fundamental guarantee, the value is much higher than his personal life.
Socrates himself as a God given gift of Athens, a messenger, the task is to find someone to talk around all day to discuss the issues, explore the most useful to the people themselves the truth and wisdom. The theme running through these discussions is to guide people to understand: these were matters of vital importance for the fact people are very ignorant, so people need to seek criticism of the discussion what is real justice and good, to transform the soul and save the city state purposes. He also likened himself to a gadfly, is the gift God has given Athens. God gave him to Athens, the purpose is to use this gadfly to stimulate the country, because Athens is like a horse, but has become dull lethargy mast lazy, so I really need a gadfly to bite with it closely, blame it anytime, anywhere, to persuade it, it woke up from sleeping in the glow with the spirit. Socrates of Athens as the God of criticism for his sacred mission, that mission and the resulting thought explore, it became his life's purpose and philosophy of practice. He knew that he would do so many very angry, to be trampled to death only gadfly, but God gave his mission can not be violated, it is risking death without any hesitation.
Aristotle also believe that the presence of the highest body that God is good, his argument is from Socrates. The concept of God has been the origin of Greek philosophy and purpose, and Greek philosophy in its development have also changed and purified the people the original idea of God, both are mutually interactive. As a most original philosophers, Socrates learned from the fear of God change his philosophy of wisdom and strength. He sees himself as a God given gift of Athens, a gadfly, a bear God's mission to help people from the good angel of love of knowledge. This is the piety of God and he is urging his people's love. Only linked to his concept of God, we can understand his idea of "knowing ignorance," the profound meaning of the proposition. Death of Socrates is the history of Western culture far-reaching events, like a fable, a mystery. He planned his own death, with a massive trial, in order to impose their own law in the name of justice, the death penalty, the embers of his life, death cemented a mystery, and left behind was a humanities "Gothic Bach guess. " Socrates seemed to defend myself, but he intends to seek the truth seek among the dead, he died like a moral and legal collusion.
The court debate】 【Socrates
Athens citizens! I get that bad reputation, only because I have some wisdom. You have to ask, what types? I say that is the kind of people can get. I may really like a kind of wisdom; As I have mentioned that a few possess, I think might be called superhuman wisdom. I can not think of other words to describe it, because I do not want it. Anyone who says I want, that is rumor, slander against me. Citizens, even if you think I am following a very exaggerated, it still quiet and listen, because it is not me. I want to tell you, it is a figure worthy of respect you say. I want to present you a trustworthy witness to testify. This is the God who Delphi. He will tell you my point of wisdom that belongs to which category. You must know Keller Feng; he is my childhood's Gu Jiao, is your friend, because he had been deported together with you and also with you one back. The Keller abundance of character, you know, is doing very impatient. Once he went to Delphi, abruptly raised the question to God - please do not break my word - to find the oracle told him that there is more wisdom than me. Pass under the oracle priestess, no one is more wisdom. Keller Fung himself has died, but his brother here, can prove I was telling the truth.
Why do I mention that? I would like you to explain their reasons are bad reputation. When I heard this oracle, mind himself that God's words to what does that mean? The mystery of how he should be Why? I know I have no wisdom, no major or minor. Then, he said the most intelligent human I am, what does that mean? He is God can not lie, it was incompatible with his nature. I am after a long consideration, to find a way to solve the problem. I think if you can find the wisdom of a man than I, it can go to God to challenge the. . I say: You said my wisdom, but here there is an even more wisdom than I Yeah. So, I went to visit a well-known figure to the wisdom of his observation. His name I do not say; this is a politician, I vote for him to try. A result, I started talking with him, can not help but think he is not wisdom, though many people thought he was smart, he thinks wise. So I tried to explain to him that he thinks wisdom is not true wisdom. A result, he hated me, some people were there to hear my words hate me. So I left him, mind thought: Well, although I do not think that anyone among us knows what the real America, really good things, but I'm still a little better than him, because he knew nothing about, but thinks that, and I did not know, do not pretend to know. At this point, I seem a little more than the genius of his. Later, I also visited another even more wisdom from that, the result is exactly the same. So I have set an enemy, too many people around him have become my enemy.
I inspected one after the people who did not realize that they do not arouse hostility. I have this regret, fear, but I can not do so because I should first consider the word of God. I thought: I have all the wisdom of the people seem to visit, to find out the meaning of the oracle. I can not tell the truth to you, fellow citizens, I promise you that, with the dog a plantation, it seems to me looked and found that most people are known precisely is the most stupid, but little attention to those people who actually fall more wisdom, more better. I want to tell you, I running around, paid a great work, and eventually found that the oracle is or refute. I looked after the politicians have to see those poets: the tragic poet, praise poet Bacchus has a variety of poets. I said to myself: in their original form where you will be immediately disclosed, and will find their own ignorance than they had. So I took out paragraphs of their favorite works, ask them what it means in the end, I thought they always teach me something. Do you believe it? I am almost embarrassed to tell the truth, but must say that almost no one of you present here better than they are strong, and which one can talk to them a more poetic sense, that is impossible to say who I am. This I understand, not with wisdom of the poet to write poetry, but with inspiration. Oracle of the prophets say many good things, and not understand his words to mean. I find it very clear that the poet is the case. At the same time I also observed that because of their rich poetry, on the other side thinks and also the most intelligent, in fact, know nothing about. So I said goodbye to them, Zhuomo Zhao clever than they themselves, just as smart as compared to those politicians.
Note:
③ Athens to Sparta in 404 BC after the surrender, the establishment of oligarchic government, repression of the democratic camp, the fall of the next year.
Socrates, whether alive or dead, there are a large number of enthusiastic admirers and a large number of fierce opponents. His life did not leave any writings, but his influence is enormous. Historians of philosophy tend to his philosophy in ancient Greece as a watershed in the history, philosophy before he called Pre-Socratic philosophy. As a great philosopher, Socrates on future generations of Western philosophy, had a great impact.
According to the law at Athens, is to give the prisoners were killed by poisoned wine cup, held in the month before death, the court allowed visits by relatives and friends of prisoners. At that time there were many young people every day visit to the prison of Socrates, which Socrates bit 名叫克利托 youth asked whether any last words, the Socrates replied: "I seek nothing more, only I usually on the you said to him, please you must keep in mind. you must keep festival parade, if you do not do as I say to live, then you now no matter how much promise I promise, I can not comfort the souls. "finish He then got up to shower the.
Socrates be executed in the night, he sent his wife and daughter to open, away with his students Hida, Ximiyasi, West Pass, Clito other issues to talk about the soul of eternal life. Soon, the jailer came and said: "Whenever I transmit orders to prisoners poison wine, they all hate curse me, but I have orders from superior. You are still here, the highest number of prisoners who, I think you must do not hate me, but only to those who hate you to death, I now ordered to execute a command, like you less susceptible to pain. Adieu, my friend. "Having burst into tears and left the cell. Socrates looked at the back of the jailer, said: "Farewell, friend, I will do what you say." Then he turned his head gently to those young people said: "It's a good man, since the self-imprisonment, Every day he came to see me, and sometimes even told I talk, friendly attitude. Now he has shed tears for me, more kind-hearted fellow! Clito, you come, if the poisoned wine is ready to pick soon Jiao Ren, otherwise Please hurry to deploy. "Clito replied:" Some prisoners reportedly heard to be executed, the total delay time of every possible means in order to be able to enjoy a sumptuous dinner. Please Do not hurry, there is time for us! " Then Socrates said: "It is true that you are right, these people do is beyond reproach, because in their view, the delay poison wine to get some things; but to me, delay time and can not be poisoned wine access to what, on the contrary, as lives were spared the behavior of a good meal that should be despised, in my view, to Najiu come. Please respect my request. "
【Famous】
I met with the world, I own the world with a solar eclipse, I am self-fulfill our mission to make me and all beings together.
God reserved for himself that the most important things for understanding.
The United States is difficult.
Others live to eat, I eat to survive.
There are two types of people in this world, one is a happy pig, a painful one. The suffering of people do, do not do happy pig.
Only the most valuable sense.
The most effective method of education is not to tell people the answer, but to their questions.
Every person has the sun, mainly how it light.
I do not give knowledge, but the knowledge generated by their own midwife.
I know my ignorance, I know I am ignorant.
Secret Love is the world's most beautiful love.
In this world, in addition to sunlight, air, water and a smile, what we need!
The philosopher, the death is the final self-realization. Was delightful, because it opens the door to true knowledge. The fetters of the soul from the body freed, finally realized the visual realm of heavenly light.
People can make mistakes, but can not commit the same mistake.
Good marriage only bring you happiness, bad marriage, it will give you a philosopher.
I do not just citizens of Athens, I am also citizens of the world.
I like a hound pursuing the truth as footprints.
* October 2002, the European institutions, 30 participating countries and a number of universities and academic, student organizations participated in the Socrates Erasmus student break a million people to commemorate the celebration.
* 2000 years ago, Socrates wanted people to know themselves, but found the results of this recognition is to recognize their own ignorance, Plato advocated a rational approach, but the idea is people do not know in advance, rational people met to the fundamental problem, then the ancient Greek philosophy to skepticism.
* (D) strengthen the technical training, improving the quality of the European Union in the period 1995-1999, will spend 2.87 billion ECU to support the implementation of the "Socrates Programme" Leonardo da Vinci Programme "and" Adaptation Scheme "Occupational training and retraining projects, vigorously promote "life-long vocational training is to ensure life-long employment" of the new concept.
* Since 1995, the program has expanded, was incorporated into the European Union's new plan - Socrates program, which includes various types and levels of education, and stressed that "Europe Education for All" concept.
* In 1995, the European Council proposed two five-year education plan of action, referred to as "Socrates project" (Socrates). The project includes "Erasmus Project" (Erasmus), "Lin melon Language Project" (Lingua), "Comenius Project" (Comenius) and other projects related to education 8.
* In 1995, the EU has launched two major education and training programs of cooperation, namely Socrates and Leonardo da Vinci program plan.
* As early as 1976, Miller J HillisMiller) on to the confrontation between the two described it is now able to clearly make the following distinction ... the one hand, Socrates-style, theoretical or cautious Critics of the other Apollo-style / crazy like a tragic or weird critics.
* March 1930, the league "in Shanghai, left-wing literary trend will soon affect the close of Hangzhou, Hangzhou National Art College" is no longer a Socratic academy.
【】 Books on Socrates
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