| Last Name： | 张 | ||
| First Name： | 学良 | ||
| Name and Alias： | 汉卿 | ||
| Nationality： | 汉族 | ||
| Township： | 辽宁海城 | ||
| Birth Place： | 辽宁省台安县九间乡鄂家村张家堡屯 | ||
| Death Place： | 夏威夷 | ||
Read works of Zhang Xueliang at 历史大观 Read works of Zhang Xueliang at 小说之家 | |||
张学良
张学良 張學良
张学良 Zhang XueliangStarring Hu Jun, "Zhang"
◆ 918 Incident
December 12, 1936, the Northwest Army generals Zhang Xueliang and Yang detained Chiang Kai-shek in Xi'an, launched the Xi'an Incident. The help of the Chinese Communist Party, to the peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident. However, Zhang's sent back to Nanjing after Chiang Kai-shek, was of central government, a military court for the court to forgive but after Jiang under house arrest.
June 3 (Chinese dynasty 20 years on April 17), Zhang was born in Malaysia to flee in the car, raising the Liaoning Provincial Township, Taian County 9 E Ka zhangjiawopu Tuen. Chang Tso-lin that day because his father won the battle it was a nickname - Double Happine
Studied under Famous Scholar Cui Ming-Yao (Choi Jun sound), reading classics. Ming-born brother of Science.
April, Zhao mother died, at the end with the stepmother Ms. Lu into Mukden (now Shenyang).
Into the community. Participate in the signing of Japanese imperialism against the traitorous collusion Yuan's "21" demonstrations.
Chun, Zhou Dawen participates in Mukden by the YMCA, often accompanied by Yan Bao Hang to participate in activities. Thanks Fengtian military governor for the division chief of the Department of English, learn English, get to know the Pride and a number of foreign friends.
1920, 20 years old
December 17, he was the third army mixed brigades Fengtian second Regiment, was the autumn of his troops went to Jilin bandits.
22 1922
July, Chang Tso-lin that the independent Northeast, a "finishing the Northeast Army office", Chang became chief of staff to carry out "the entire army by force."
April 8, he was the 27th Division of the Army Mukden. Early in May it serve as the Northeast Transportation Committee.
1925, 25 years old
In August, he was school supervision and north of Northeast Air Aviation Department Feipeng captain.
November 30, Chang Tso-lin release discuss Kwek, Zhang was appointed as a frontline commander, in the mighty River and Song-Ling Kuo to start fighting. December 24, Guo Songling against failure. The next day, Kuo couple killed.
June, Chang became the third Army Corps An Guojun army chief.
1927, 27 years old
June 18, Chang Tso-lin was established in Beijing An Guojun government. Granted the rank of Army General Zhang Xueliang.
June 3, Chang Tso-lin ordered the truce exit. By Zhang is responsible for the issue of troop withdrawal, his first return to Feng.
July 2, Northeast Parliament unanimously elected as the Northeast security commander and chief Zhang Fengtian Province security commander, 3, and the staff of this office.
November 30, became commander of the Northeast Airlines.
January 9, served as chairman of the Northeast Administrative Committee (later renamed the President).
In February, members of the Finance Committee of KMT government.
December 22, "Khabarovsk Protocol" signed, "the East" incident is resolved.
In April, the outbreak of Chiang, Feng, Yan, Xin-Jun Li valve Central Plains War.
September 19, ordered the Northeast Army generals Xue-Zhong Yu, Shu-Chang rate of 20 million troops crossed the border, armed mediation Central Plains War. Chiang coalition failed.
1931, 31 years old
May 2, Nanjing to participate in the National Assembly, appointed officers. 28, suffering from serious injuries, was admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital in cold nursed back to health.
September 21, Zhang called elite Peking to discuss the issue of countermeasures in Northeast China, decided to rely on "the League of Nations," to obey the central authorities.
193 232 years old
33, 1933
In February, he was appointed commander of the North China Group and First Army commander, led his army to the Great Wall War.
March 9, with Chiang Kai-shek met in Baoding station, Jiang suggests the step down.
April 11, from Shanghai kai dependents overseas trip by the Italian cruise ship.
May 8, that Ma Zhanshan Zhang, Li Du, Su Bingwen through Europe by the Soviet Union to return to Rome will be invited to the meeting. Ma, Li, Su Zhang Ye then arrived in Rome.
May 26, from Rome, call Wan Fulin, advise the Northeast Army generals, should the same unity of command and obedience Chiang Kai-shek, strongly anti-Japanese.
July 1st, please call the Northeast Army generals Zhang Xueliang home, so day after Zhang Xinhua, said: "Recently, the wind, said that Zhang's home, but over the heads of Europe are inspected at least 3 months, can not be returned.
July 22, when Zhang arrived from Milan, Italy, Paris, French Prime Minister Abdallah Deepak representatives welcomed. Wellington Koo also to the airport to welcome. Air France in Paris to meet with Minister of Curt, visit the French aviation industry.
In late August, in London, told Reuters remarks: "This visit is quite interest, there was more than heavy weight from 28 pounds to China, and the robust body than before. Chiang Kai-shek call Zhang, please Zhang command of the Northeast Army moved to Xinjiang. Zhang called back said: moved to Xinjiang Although there is no objection, subject to the investigation and then answer, then call Rowan Zhang dry field trips to Xinjiang. this plan because of Wang Jingwei, Hu objections, together with Zhang to return at this time would have improved the Sino-Japanese relations adversely, so Chiang refused their return.
Oct. 1, arrived in the Swedish capital of Stockholm, an audience 古斯达阿克 V, Emperor, and attended the luncheon, His Royal Highness Adriano no.
November 28, Zhang talks in London on journalists: I returned all the result of a private matter. After the visit to the Soviet Union had to be returned from Siberia, this proposal has been terminated, changed by law, intended to direct States to Shanghai.
December 8, farewell audience with Mussolini. Zhang Italy Mussolini personally awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Queen.
34 1934
35, 1935
2 April, the Army awarded a rank of general.
December, Nanjing to participate in a Plenary Session of the Kuomintang fifth. After the meeting in Shanghai Du Yuan, Li Du, a Japanese firm determination.
June 15, Chang-an Officers Training Corps was established, Zhang, deputy heads, on behalf of the head. 18 Zhang funding for the creation, "Xi-Min Bao," propaganda of the Northeast Army complex soil and return home, united anti-Japanese ideology. 22, Zhang released "only way out for China against Japan," speech, that his anti-Japanese determination.
November 27, a letter to Chiang Kai-shek, volunteered war, Chiang was sternly refused.
December 8, secret negotiations with Yang, remonstrate barrier, only "soldiers Remonstrance." Xi'an to commemorate the thousands of students, "January 29" at the first anniversary of the demonstration, go to Chiang Lintong petition. Jiang ordered the "shoot to kill." Zhang personally tracked the eastern outskirts of sanshilipu discouraged, said: "ensure that the facts within a week to answer them."
December 14, in Xi'an, the radio broadcast a speech to the nation. Cancel "Northwest destroy the total" organization "Coalition Provisional Northwest Japanese military committee", its director Zhang members.
December 22, Song Meiling to Xi'an in the evening, Zhang and Yang, together with Zhou Enlai and Soong, Kai-shek talks.
December 25, met with Yang and the East, Northwest senior army generals, to them that the release of Chiang Kai-shek. 3 pm to personally send Jiang arrives. The same day, arrived in Luoyang.
December 31, military Mixed results, Zhang was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. 5 years deprivation of civil rights, he moved from the Soong mansion to live outside the Nanjing Zhongshan Xiangxi.
January 4, the National Government released 'amnesty', but will pay Military Commission Zhang rigidly. Zhang career from the beginning house arrest.
February 17, sent a letter to Xue-Zhong Yu, hope to maintain unity of the Northeast Army.
September Autumn Festival, Zhang put forward to the Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Japanese, Chiang asked him to "study hard."
January, migration Chenzhou, Hunan Suxianling.
1939, 39 years old
February, Yufeng Zhi illness to the United States for medical treatment, Zhao Di Ming-dong from Hong Kong to accompany Zhang house arrest.
42, 1942
Chun, 15, moved away from interest-li Yang Bee County, Long Dam.
Spring, the KMT Central Committee of Northeast membership benefits to the Tung Tsz-day openings Maude.
1947, 47 years old
The month, Zhang Zhizhong Zhang couples to visit hot springs Inoue. He asked Zhang Zhizhong to Chiang Kai-shek to discuss two requirements: (a) restoration of freedom; (b) the hope that Ms B light out of the house that he lived. Zhang Zhizhong of the control of Chiang's visit aroused displeasure. Chiang Kai-shek personal instructions: "After the non-approval by him, any one may see Zhang."
55, 1955
Zhang Dong Xianguang English teacher in Chiang Kai-shek, president of Tunghai University, has led some farmers, the refuge of Christianity, from no treatment history, not write the article.
195 959 years old
Zhang's new home is completed, Chiang Ching-kuo Chang sent to a room with furniture. Building this house is a two-story house, located in Beitou Road 70. Zhang himself bought a second hand Ford cars, free to visit the Chang Chun city, Mo Hui-old friend. Friends old friends in Taiwan to visit him occasionally.
64, 1964
July, weeks after another whale people to visit Taiwan Zhang. Then Zhang is participating in a U.S. seminary Bible distance learning, and begin to translate a book about Christianity. Spirit of the religion of more concentrated.
75, 1975
76, 1976
1978, 78 years old
October 5 (Mid-Autumn Festival) afternoon, Zhang was invited to participate in Chiang Ching-kuo Chiang Ching-kuo's official residence at the Mid-Autumn Festival tea party for his wife. Zhang then appeared in Taipei for the first time. Also go to participate in Chang Chun, and Chang Ying-chin, etc.. October 10, to participate in "Double Ten Day" celebration of the General Assembly, took the central reviewing stand.
In September, the four sub-Lu Lin, to Taiwan to visit my parents Zhang and Zhao Di.
September 18, to visit Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Qi Shiying.
1984, 84 years old
December 25, watching movies Xi'an Incident, due to excitement Mokan Wan on the left.
Early 1987, Zhang has asked to bring Gloria Chang Lu Zhengcao poems.
March 4, Northeastern University Alumni Association in the United States invited Zhang to the United States to participate in the 65th anniversary of founding of Northeastern University and concurrently president of the 60th anniversary commemoration Zhang, the Taiwan authorities has not been consented to, not take place. After more than 50 scholars and enthusiasts signatures for a petition set up a "full freedom for Zhang Xueliang," The Executive Committee, and wrote to his successor, "president" Lee Teng-hui. Asked Lee to respond. Authorities forced to give the person "to discuss with Zhang Xueliang," decided to publish an open letter to approach this. Is 26, Taiwan's major newspapers published in a prominent position was to write an open letter on behalf of Zhang Xueliang.
November 26, Chang Hsueh-liang to live in Shanghai Ms. Du Zhongyuan Hou Yu of the response is: "Yu is the wife of Hui Kam: November 10 letter and photo 8 Ju Yi received, I am very pleased. You hard child-rearing adults, and Chung (heavy) far there is to know when the ground has been smiling too. I am also proud of you. I am blind, recession, writing effort, without much writing, and may God bless you! "
June 1, Chang Hsueh-liang of Taiwan public to celebrate its 90th anniversary.
June 6, Northeastern University in Shenyang alumni 90th anniversary celebration of Zhang Xueliang.
January 5, New York led the Northeast Association of journal title: "Reading homesickness."
March 10, Zhang and his wife at the United States to visit relatives.
April 10, Zhang went to New York alone.
May 11, Zhang in New York accept the "Voice of America" reporter.
By the end of June, Zhang apartment in Taipei received a strange letter from the mainland.
1992, 92 years old
October, Ze Zhang received the Chinese Calligraphy and Painting Research Institute with the signature of Professor Wang Shenglie "Kanto autumn cool, home of the moon" character pieces and a few famous painters of cooperation, "Upholding Integrity blue crane map," Huang has been appreciated. He accepted as the Institute of Chinese Painting and Calligraphy with Ze honorary president of the letter of appointment and pictured.
March 8, the State Board of Education formally approved the Northeastern University campus. University Names New Northeast, led by Zhang wrote.
July, Gengqi Chang, Li Weikang couple other performances Taiwan, and Chang Hsueh-liang up to eight times as many celebrations.
June 1, Northeastern University, Party Secretary and President Jiang Zhong-Yue Ji-Cheng Zhang Hawaii Meet.
June 1, abnormal excitement in Hawaii through the 95-year-old birthday. China Peking Opera actor wants to know the rate at Kuizhi hospital Musician Zhao Jianhua, drum teacher Su Guangzhong, female roles actors Maxiao Man (Peking Opera master Ma Lailiang's daughter) arrived in Hawaii, 95-year-old Zhang birthday congratulations and well presented with a Chinese opera mask draw a sharp "Longevity map."
1998, 98 years old
1999, 99 years old
2000, 100 years old
2001, 101 years old
Zhang Xueliang, a reversal of China's history has rewritten the history of the world's generation of the Young Marshal. Hero of the Chinese nation through the ages, he let the world know the Chinese people against Japan's determination. The user is reading, in order to speed up the unification of China who have tried their very best in the Northeast Young Marshal pray that he really enjoyed freedom in heaven!
Zhang's former residence has two brick buildings around the former House was built in 1921, for the three-band basement; after the building is a two-story, built in 1926. 2 total of 42 buildings, building area of 1270.4 square meters. Total construction area of 1401.65 square meters, total area of 149.5 mu.
◆ For the evaluation of Zhang Xueliang
From 1928 to 1931, except against Japan, Zhang increasingly hard-line against the Soviet Union. In 1927, the rupture with the KMT-CPC cooperation, the Soviet Union no longer cooperate with the National Government. Northeast changing of the guard after the end of 1928, in support of Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang tried to force the rights of recovery in the East, between the Soviet Union caused the conflict in the East. In this case, July 18, 1929, the Soviet Union broke off diplomatic relations with the Chinese government announced officially. The Soviet Union severed diplomatic relations with the Soviet Zhang armed conflict took place, but the Northeast Army fighting the Red Army with the Soviet Union difference too great, Zhang failure. Since then, the two sides in December 22, 1929 signed the "Conference on the Protocol Khabarovsk", the recognition of the East to restore the situation before the conflict, and provided January 25, 1930 in Moscow to discuss the question in the East, the Soviet Union resumed diplomatic relations consultation and trade matters. October 11, 1930, in Sumosike meeting, Chinese representatives to Maud benefits, according to Chiang Kai-shek's instructions, insisting back in the East of China, insisted in the end, fail in their mission, therefore, the question on the East deadlock simply not covered by the resumption of diplomatic relations and trade issues. Meeting has been open to the October 7, 1931, after meeting 25 times, as on September 18 Incident broke out, the Northeast was occupied by Japan, the Sino-Soviet negotiations on the break in the East.
September 18 Incident, a well-known, Chang Hsueh-liang in the 918's non-resistance, it is a disgrace plagued his life. But let us think about and look for the Young Marshal: northeastern local purpose, which is dependent on the strength of the national resistance to Japan and the Soviet Union. Northeast alone their own strength, you can fight with Japan? Suifenhe, Nomenkan the failure of military confrontation with the Soviet Union, is obviously a lesson. In the Japanese issue, Zhang made up his mind to the Central Committee. The central point, there is no war on Japan the strength and preparation. Those who believe that simply relying on the Northeast Army will be able to defeat the Japanese in Mukden Incident of users, not only is the force incident on the eve of the situation both the Northeast do not know, but I am afraid to check on the bias, with the idea that the Sanyuanli Anti-British-style move can defeat the British way of thinking is similar. That these, not to be cleared of charges of Zhang Xueliang. Whatever the reasons, non-resistance is national disgrace. Resistance to fight, however, is a traitor to the nation without resistance, this dilemma of the fire, roasting the Zhang's conscience. Launched the Xi'an Incident was the motive, is this.
On the Xi'an Incident, is a critical evaluation of Zhang Xueliang. At this point, the largest differences across the Taiwan Strait. The practical consequences of the Xi'an Incident, we are all very clear, the biggest differences is in this result rather than on the motive. As with some friends that the Xi'an Incident, the Communist International, just rumors, can find historical data from the view, without any basis. On the contrary, the Comintern did not know in advance the news incident, so after the incident on the Incident, the Japanese have Tass plot, a traitor and saying that the planning. I personally think that Chang Hsueh-liang wash their general reputation of non-resistance factors in the cause of a considerable proportion of incident. As for Yang and the Chinese Communists, it is because of other considerations. Zhang years later on the Xi'an Incident in the self-evaluation, saying mistaken Executive, harm to friends, destroyed men, MO this staggering (see interview with Phoenix), worth thinking about. Books on the Xi'an Incident, much of which "save the peril of the epic" (Guangxi Normal University Press, "War History from the book" a) better, despite the book's perspective is very orthodox, but historical data is the most detailed, is quite accurate.
Before the Xi'an Incident, Zhang secret contact with the Chinese Communists, was largely a response to the Chinese Communists on the anti-Japanese propaganda. Zhang was that the Chinese Communist Resistance Against Japan is sincere. In the negotiations there is a very interesting episode. For the Chinese Communists uphold the initiative from the Japanese troops in Shanxi, Zhang did not understand, he was Zhou Enlai, Li Kenong mentioned many times, to resist the Japanese troops from Suiyuan not be more direct? In response, the Chinese Communists did not answer. In addition, the Chinese Communist policy from the Chiang Chiang joint anti-Japanese resistance to change is prompted by Zhang hand (to understand this policy change, we must see the "August 1st Declaration" in the country did not immediately).
Anti-Japanese War victory, the Northeast to receive the focus and strive to become Communist parties, the Nationalist government to Zhang's coming out within the proposal. If the Nanjing area to come forward to return Zhang's northeast, the situation may be very different. This, in total a very powerful strategy, first to Chiang Kai-shek, please come back to the Northeast Zhang. This is just exacerbated the Chiang Kai-shek's concerns, but completely rejected the proposal in coming out to Chang Hsueh-liang. It should be said that the psychological warfare, the Chinese Communists are very beautiful playing.
Zhang - Personal effect
December 12, 1936, shocked the world, "Xi'an Incident" finally happened, Zhang Xueliang and Yang admonished the way military forces, to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to abandon the "Suppressing" the civil war stand together against the Japanese to implement the policy. With concrete actions to honor his promise to students, the students answered the petition requirements.
This is really big change! My mind excited and nervous. Metro Tower, riding car straight. Few pedestrians on the street, along Route 17, many see the outpost. To a new city building, I heard that Chiang Kai-shek had been sent here. I see the living room downstairs, General Zhang Xueliang, a night with him though, but filled with energy and no signs of fatigue.
That evening, Zhang and Yang the two generals will also be entertained to live in Xi'an, Chiang important officials, Zhang and Xue-Zhong Yu is the decision to go to hospitality in the name of Yang staying at home.
Bai Fengxiang, Sun Mingjiu scored two, broke into the room after Chiang Kai-shek lived in five hall, Chiang had fled. But the hat on the bed, dentures, purses on the table, blanket worse than warm, cars parked in the library. Chiang would not escape very far, but not anywhere to be found in the vicinity were, we are very anxious.
At this time, Zhang had deployed troops found Hill, shooting four, flashlight snapshot, two bodyguards were killed, attendants Chiang Hsiao-town captured alive. Chiang Kai-shek forced to climb into a cave shaded vegetation, was eventually found. He was wearing a white pajama trousers and a bronze silk gowns, shoes, lose one, feet were stone misfortune to scratch, in the depth of the winds in the morning shivering with cold soso. Lumbar break because he could not walk, to the king by the Society of the Northeast Army Guard battalion commander one of his back down the hill, get on the car of General Chang Hsueh-liang Chi Wang Metro Tower.
Sincere words, Hepatobiliary and faceted, fully demonstrated his selfless, honorable and self-sacrifice!
"Xi'an Incident" after a peaceful settlement, was rushed back to Nanjing before Chiang Kai-shek, Chang Hsueh-liang on Zhao Di, said: "If there really unexpected, that I was for the Japanese, as China does not die, let alone prison, is the sum of swords and spears, and I die without regret. "
In 1954, the "Xi'an Incident" after the first 18 years, Chang Hsueh-liang Chiang Kai-shek summoned, so he concluded in his later years of history, to write "Confessions Xi'an Incident" ("readme"). Di Zhang and Zhao was a period of dialogue, Zhang said seriously: writing the history of the people since ancient times, there are two, one is Bingcheng Di Wang will, regardless of the merits, distorting the facts and to Bo monarch joy; the other, that is, that Yang Gang types of people, outspoken and Historical Textbook, even beheaded should maintain the truth of history. I certainly want to make Yang Gang, or ten years, hundred years later people look at 'Xian soldiers remonstrance', would not want to fall into a big quagmire. "
Well-known historian Xu Zhuoyun the "Xi'an Incident" of view is: "It is a very complex matter, from 40 five years, we are aware of the information, I think that Mr. Zhang Xueliang was entirely made out of a hijacked patriotism Chiang Kai-shek's decision. then the whole country was shrouded in an atmosphere of anti-Japanese resistance to foreign aggression, but I am more Killing Father Zhang pain of loss of Township...... Therefore, he forced risking soldier admonished feelings are understandable...... "
Duration: 22 Set
This is the first disclosure of a large number of little-known history of Zhang's story series, the play shocked the world from the "Xi'an Incident" shoot to 2001, Mr. Zhang Xueliang passing away in Hawaii. Zhang and drama to tell the three important women in life of love, friendship...... and the mentality of a long day of house arrest...... We also showed the Chiang Kai-shek, Soong Mei Zhang and his wife took place due to intense conflicts and struggles.
Chiang bad faith, the appointment of eminent military Li Lieh-chun, the Northwest Army Gan Lu Zhonglin Chamber composed of experts, trial sheets, ruling Zhang Department twenty years, and to pardon, pay Military Commission tube.
Taiwan, Zhang Huanqing centenary birthday for soon, Miss Zhao Si come to the end of life. In 2001, Zhang has ended his tragic life, died at the age of 101.
Translated by Google