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Natural Harmony of love of knowledge, apart from an early age Sook, in reading, that is a good poor physics, once said "unscrupulous to wisdom, there is very poor management of the secluded property." ("Little knowledge of Physics," Volume) quarter of the Ming and Qing , Western Learning, Fang Yi side adhering to the tutor to "change" been handed down, one side had extensive contact with missionaries and Western learning. Through tireless efforts, he finally in both philosophy and science has made great achievements, to a considerable height.
Fang Yi learned, "History of Qing Dynasty," the legend: "to students with different intellectual Bing, A Brief History in 15 sub-groups can recite by. Hakata involved in multi-pass, from astronomy, public opinion, the music, law number, sound, text, calligraphy, medicine, technology courage of an action are instantly test their origins, analysis of its purport. "This assessment is not excessive, he was unique in many areas have their own opinion. For example, the issue of academic classification, he divided into three categories of academic, said:
"Test test world home, as the number of legal experience, voice, of medicine, said that both the quality of communication are also, all the physical also. Specifically made rule to teach, then kill the reasoning. Specifically made through a few, are so for objects of to the reasoning. "(" Eternal Flame TongYa article ")
In the three academic, he spoke more and quality is measured through a few. He said:
"Quiet Sense of Yun, go into its unsolicited, is said, through a few; property has it, the real elegant, large element will be small and creeping vegetation stupid, kind of its nature, imposed their likes and dislikes, pushing its regular change It is called quality measurement. "(" little knowledge of Physics Preface ")
In astronomy, the Harmony of traditional Chinese astronomy and astronomy at Western missionaries introduced, discussed the geocentric theory, seventh heaven, said Huang equator, precession, the stars, eclipses, astronomical calendar and other issues. Knowledge of Western astronomy, he attached great importance to Western astronomy often follow the latest developments, such as his discussion of object trajectories in question, once a telescope at the sky and under the West have ZHOU Xiang changes found in the fact that Venus, made Venus and Mercury around the sun running correctly guess.
In physics, the Harmony of many more creative. He gas monistic view of nature with a proposed simple wave theory of light, said: "The gas condensate to form, made for the optical sound, worse than the air without condensate shape with friction swing boo smoking. It used form, only its points, and use of photoacoustic, often overflow in the rest: no air gap, each transfer should be also. "(" little knowledge of Physics, "Volume I)
Clearly, Harmony of the view that light was the result of gas being fired reason. As the diffuse gas distributed in all space, without any gaps between them, the gas is bound to be excited and interact around the stationary air, "Hush Mount swing absorption" will inspire pass out, which formed the propagation of light. As a result, Fang Yi described is a simple wave theory of light. Modern light waves to move, said phase difference between light wave that can be called gas.
Fluctuations of light from the gas, said the point of view, Harmony of further put forward the idea of light does not go straight, he called it optical thin film of fat that the light in the dissemination process, the total geometrical optics to within the shadow of invasion, so that bright area to expand, reduce shadows. He also pointed out that as the phenomenon of optical thin film the presence of fat, so based on the nature of light straight into the measurement results obtained are not accurate. He said:
"Things to form barriers, its easy to do video, sound and light often overflow in the matter of a few, sound invisible men, and light can be seen, measurement and uncertainty carry on." ("Little knowledge of Physics," Volume I)
To prove his point, he made a small hole imaging experiments, and to use their own theory to explain the common optical phenomena. All of these, in the history of physics, are very fresh.
In addition, he for the reflection and refraction of light, the sound occurs, communication, reflection, sound effects, the dispersion, for coking, specific gravity, magnetic effect, and many other issues that the account is ahead of his contemporaries.
In the biomedical area, Fang Yi also has many worth mentioning between. In his "little knowledge of Physics," a book, account of the contents of a large number of plant and animal ecology and cultivation, and management knowledge. He cited the missionaries "Brain Thinking", which introduced them about the human skeleton, muscles and other knowledge, but excluding the missionaries said, "Almighty God created the world" sort of content. He is also known for traditional medicine research, Author of many medical books. Unfortunately, few of these writings handed down, is difficult to see the whole picture.
Fang Yi
Recently, Anqing City Heritage staff began the third heritage survey work to obtain relevant information, officials in Yangqiao Zhen Ping Village, Ming Fang Bai Lu Shan Yao's largest town and his wife, two graves, one large town square inscription instructions from the doctor by Zixu through the right administrative commissioner Zhang Bingwen Guangdong administrative commissioner wrote, his son and the Sun square hole Zhao Fang Yi, Fang Qiyi in Chongzhen four markers. Cemetery grave stone incense burner before, the altar and architectural elements shall Tomb Khouang, well preserved around the tomb, unfortunately have been stolen.
In addition to family learning, he has been Tuition teacher was well-known scholars. Bai Yu, longer than Cifu classics, history, respect for real learning. Wang Xuan is specializing Names Exegesis and the "blame", "Luo" in school. I , rigorous scholarship, was the rule, "Spring" of all. Fu Haifeng is a famous doctor at the time.
In addition, there are still stocked at home, known as "the two characters were the sea, Xi Huang a best before" the values of the Confucianism Church. In this environment, the Harmony of youth by nurturing a strong academic atmosphere. Until adulthood, but also around friends, meet buddy. Jacky has his share of foreign missionaries and intellectuals. From them, Harmony of learning to understand the modern Western science, which is more broadened horizons, enrich the knowledge. Fang Yi tried to Imperial Government Officials. Chongzhen Gengchen, three-year-old Harmony of the Scholars, and Industry office in Beijing, the political concept, the Imperial Academy Review, Prince, and John King of King officials say. Rereading attack destroyed in Beijing, Nanjing exile, defected Hongguang Administration of Nanming. But it continued to be marginalized, it has to change the name, Refugees of the Lingnan area to sell drugs for a living. Junji three years, by the Qu-type plow invite to participate in the activities of political backers, Yongli, either the left allow less Zhan Shi, Imperial Academy Shijiang degree, then by the exclusion, forced Dunji in inhabited Hunan, Guangxi, western Guangdong area, live "Qugong chicken with cottage accommodation, give fire to neighbors Deserted ghost" of life. Junji seven years, "Phi Buddhists as the monk," nine-year fall, returned to his hometown Tongcheng.
Fang Yi's ancestors are directly or indirectly, a relationship with the Donglin party. He grew up when the world has also become concerned about the habit. 14 years old, had a few hundred miles on foot to the testing room will be tested in order to strengthen their will. Growing up, attention to traveling, making friends and learning pragmatic statecraft, he said: "Today ridge under the ridge eventful, at home and the people can not not know, the Quartet did not know of the situation was beyond, mountains and rivers popular rumor, confusion accident, also not unknown also. "He has written a poem, saying:" Fan cream snow alone Nanzheng, Say to undue conditions. denounced hold draw out side laughing cows yoke total vanity. Lingyun long gas moving rivers and lakes, stick the sword into the wind and rain when sound. at home and only this letter sparse, long sleep hygiene crazy hill. "
Expressed his extraordinary political ambitions. For the Jian Yi emperor selecting energy use, get rid of the disadvantages of the implementation of certain reforms, has written a "quasi Seeking Chao", "seek to be the rule Shu", "to be read on to see people seeking diversion" and so on, determined to Xiang Fu Ming ZTE responsibility. He has "book deer 11 Biography" that should "give up the East Chak, wash the dirt world." It is in this thinking by the world under the guidance of ten years in spite of his dangerous situation, assiduous, collected a great deal of information and tirelessly writing. Thinking on behalf of his major works by the world, such as "Elegance" and "physically small agreement," "Fushan corpus before the series," "knee Apartments letter" and other works are mostly completed during this period.
Fang Yi was born in 30 hours Ming Dynasty (AD 1611), died ten years of Qing Emperor Kangxi (AD 1671), Tongcheng people, the word secrets, No. Man public, but also deer numbers, the evasion after the name of Zen pass, no, five old chord wise, foolish man, Mexican calendar, wooden stand, medicine, the most balls, and other floating Lu.
Harmony of origin literati family. Fang, Yao, Zhang Tong Cheng region in that period are the main aristocratic family, and these so-called aristocratic family members and often a political (Ren Zhaoting officials), economic (ownership of land) and representatives of academic thinking. In addition to records of party ancestor Fangxue Jian Lin went to lecture in the East, "Journey to the East", the author of "Easy calabash," "Mind", we "Good Nature Yi", "Tongchuan language" and other books. Who have been learning for Fangxue Jian Geng school in Taizhou theorem, "Information and Communication," he included in "Case Studies in Taizhou."
Grandfather, great town square, Jiangxi Road, to monitor the censor, the "easy to Italy", "wild with the words", "I would rather light language," "Theory" and so on. Zhao is the father bore when Chongzhen Huguang governor, the "Book of Time Theory", by "Siku Summary" included in the present deposit. A great impact on the Harmony of the book, Fang Yisheng often refer to it.
Harmony of life can be divided into three periods. From early youth to the 30-year-old, the over the life of your son's Poem.
Since the mid-south Jiashen have fled from Beijing, but also by the Zhejiang and Fujian to Guangdong, Guangxi, from the 30-year-old to 40-year-old, Britain has experienced twists and turns even a few years. Old age nine from Junji (AD 1652) the North return to the Kangxi years (AD 1671) 61 years of age, patients who died in the Gan River just outside of the fear of thousands of beach safety. This period of great concentration of academic, wrote a large number of theoretical works.
(A) from youth to Chongzhen 17 years (AD 16 _ 2044)
Harmony of youth activities and Tongcheng place mainly in Nanjing, Jiangsu and Zhejiang have also sometimes been around, and finally to Beijing.
Tong Cheng Ze community activities. When Chongzhen dynasty, Fang Yi Ze his father built the garden, set up a "Chak community." Community in the well-Tang Shu Fang (characters Seoul only) husband, Sun Pro (word g salt), and Qian Bing stirrup (also known as Cheng of), Zhou Qi (word agriculture father) and others. Side or compose poetry writing, or reading, history, but also concerned about the "myriad things", notes at any time, accumulated a wealth of knowledge and academic foundation laid.
The two industry division side, one white-yu (word flaw Chung), one of Jiangxi Jinxi Wang Xuan (words of Emily, No. imaginary boat). At that time King has more than 70 years old, written by "physics" after the writing on the Harmony of "physical Tao" and more instructive.
Ze community in a group of energetic young people, often generous Hange, on world affairs. Side readme said. "Department Ze Park, a good sad song ... ... good words when the world of service, words to frequently generous can not be self-only." ("Fushan Collection? Sun Wugong Preface"), the group and then southeast along the club, like, not only of literature, but also bring political.
At that time, Tongcheng CULTURE AND EDUCATION, the rump is Wei Zhongxian Yan Dang, early Jibei Chongzhen include "reverse case of" list. Fang Cheng of money students had joined the retreat to keep dark CULTURE AND EDUCATION created when Jiang social, economic and Harmony of discouraged after they exit the river community. "Chronicle of the money field," Chongzhen five years (AD 1632) recorded under this section:
"Secret of Wu Yu Fang Hui, and Fu Jun (that of Qian) Yanyue: Wu things under the table with North Korea Bureau of phase, first identified gas type, are in the exclusion of any Yandang. Knows how America is regrettable regarded as a leader? He- early as various different! "
"Wu next thing" that Zhang Pu, Zhang Caicheng stand complex social thing. "Discrimination gas class" is to distinguish the East Forest, Restoration Society and the Yandang boundaries. In this way, the money to move to clarify the cultural and social class Chak, where the river club will not go on all decline with thanks. As a "rural ancestors" in the beginning can ask Chouxi CULTURE AND EDUCATION.
South all the "exposed the public to stay all and prevent disorder" Chongzhen seven years (AD 1634), Tong Cheng, "people change", Fang Yi moved to Nanjing. Celebrities make the world a xi, WU Ying, Chen Chen-hui, take Xiang, Hou, Gu Gao, Shen Kun copper, Chen Liang et al. Chongzhen years (AD 1637) they killed Liujunzi Assembly Donglin party orphans Zhoumao Lan, Wei Lian mean peach school crossing. Fang Yi and Chen Liang has written long poems of others, the speaker for the Donglin party exhaled.
CULTURE AND EDUCATION sojourn time in Nanjing, about soldiers that sword, to contact the parties, hitu resurgence. Chongzhen years (AD 1639) and WU Ying Chen Chen-hui jointly drafted the Declaration of expulsion CULTURE AND EDUCATION "exposing the public to stay all and prevent disorder." Gu Xian-Jie, founder of the public forest east of the Sun, led by Gu Gao and Huang Zongxi signed a total of 140 people. CULTURE AND EDUCATION, under the universally condemned, hidden to the outside of the first mountain cow, not into the city.
Although the spring back to Harmony of the Tong Cheng, autumn weight to Nanjing examination, had not signed in exposing paste. The CULTURE AND EDUCATION Contact River Club back, exposing the public still believe that out of Harmony of the mastermind, so pernicious deeper. Qing Shunzhi years (AD 16 _ 2045), Hiromitsu throne in Nanjing, CULTURE AND EDUCATION Yinyuan become Bingbushangshu through relationship, as well as a large number of descendants of Fu Tung-lam, members of the retaliation.
Chongzhen 17 years (AD 16 _ 2044) Rereading into Beijing, Fang Yi Guo business income by the rebels, and soon took the opportunity to escape to Nanjing. Then CULTURE AND EDUCATION power, repair the old grudges, excuse Fang Yi Li Zicheng into Beijing in the post-no "martyrdom", and the parties included in the "From the inverse six other" in the fifth and so on, treatment is "appropriate only to be redeemed" . Fang Yi can not stay long in the South, from the Advocates of introduction, after Zhejiang, Fujian Guangzhou, eventually finding refuge to reach an end to life early age.
During this period, due to Fang Yi on the classics, history, hundreds of solid knowledge base, "Where Nature and Man, music, law number, voice, text, calligraphy, medicine, and technology under arrest Qin Jian Yong, without exception, analysis of its purport "(" Tong Cheng Tibetology Biography "Juan Liu). Chongzhen 14, began writing 16 years respectively, "Elegance" and "Physical little knowledge."
Harmony of the early years of no more philosophy, but mainly writing poetry, words and political papers. He advocated "public" and "bright." "Elegance," The Beginning, said: "Governance in the monarch, with, in teacher education, learning in real speak, the public, clear it." "Fushan Collection" in "in Juan (referring to eunuchs) discussion" in another cited Zhu Xi, "but the public but clearly, complete with Road carry on." He believes that "public" is not biased, "that" is "to good to evil." This is emphasized in a hundred years later, Dai "to private" and "to cover" political views are common.
(B) from the Ming Chongzhen 17 years (AD 16 _ in 2044) to the Qing Shunzhi nine (Year 1652)
In Guangzhou, Fang Yi Wu Shigong renamed, after the South China Sea that Yao Qiyin (words with servants) found. Yao is the square of the enemies and the Dragon (AD 1640) examination of the same year, he invited the parties end their son's teacher Yao.
That government offices in the South China Sea, Fang Yi Refresh "Elegance" old draft. They had written, "Yu Jin bound" scenario, pro-education row singing actor. Writing poetry when he named "Bringing the Min."
Guangdong side to soon bring his wife, the third son of Pan by the Fujian province and Guangzhou prescription assumed reunion. Junji three years (AD 16 _ 2046) Gui Wang Zhu from the nut in Zhaoqing throne supervise the country, any less Fang Yi Zhan Shi, Imperial Academy Shijiang degree. As the party struggles, the eunuch dictatorship, he saw something beyond the firmly retired in Hunan and Guangxi Miao Cave of the junction. Yongli repeatedly summoned him for the East Court scholar, he was dismissed ten Shang Shu. These words are saved it is still sparse, we can see that his perception of the current situation the same day. His poem "Southwest also looking black clouds, who look at the new Pavilion tears!" Yong Li described his disappointment with the court.
Junji seven years (AD 1650) bowls into Guilin, Guangxi, Qu-type plow grandson of Zhang and Zhang together with the open defenders martyrdom. Fang Yi to Zhaoping cents back Mountain "Phi Buddhists as the monk." Discharge into the mountains with the Harmony of prescription, "Analysis of the charged Father, Father Son Ji straw", live from cold and hunger of life, finally found the Ching soldiers. Ma Qing Shuai Jiao lin repeatedly forced to drop invalid, and finally let the side for the monks. Fang Yi then went to Wuzhou, Wuzhou cloud cover in the Temple of living for two years. To Shunzhi nine (AD 1652) in August, accompanied by Shi Runzhang (Xuancheng people, No. Yu Shan) to Lu, the same year by the end of back Tongcheng Mothering. His philosophical works, "things are" opening chapter that is written in the arrival time of the Lushan.
This stage is a turning point in Harmony of life, lighter clothes horse manure displaced Zhuance your son to the monk, from red to yellow paper lamp in green liquor, from the accession to the birth. "Tong Cheng Tibetology Biography" author of Fang Yi Ma Qi-chang said. "Kung Hero talented, encounter quarter of operation, in order to account for completion of that, not at their Toshiya." At this stage, the political and social ideals and aspirations impossible to achieve, so all their energy into writing about the academic life that in.
Lack of books in exile, he said to himself, "the novelist as exhaustive words, it not sad indeed. Yu Taoist year 36 men, and studies have life" (see "Elegance" Volume Postscript). However, in this period, culminating in "physical Tao", "Qieyun sound of the original," "Medical Association links", "deletions Materia Medica" and other books.
(3) years from the Qing Shunzhi (AD 1653) to Emperor Kangxi years (AD 1671)
Harmony of old age, from Shunzhi years (AD 1653), counting the New Year's Day, back to White Deer Lake Tongcheng Fushan Zhao square hole to see his father. In his "like an Wu Ji", said: "only support (cassock, expressed as a monk) to retreat, shall return." Shows that he became a Buddhist monk in Wuzhou, its actual purpose is to return home. Anhui, local officials want to play with him, he said: "The ordinary man can not be demoralizing, born to people who have to (to where), not Nirvana too?" "Only support" and "Nirvana" became his subterfuge and an excuse.
At that, he re-bid farewell to decades of Jinling, converted to heaven Temple Master Sheng Jue Long Road. Wave was felt senior Buddhist Cao, Zeng Yin said the emperor as the text "Lianyungang Teachers" was arrested by the Qing government to imprison, after identification by the Department prior to release of the Ming Dynasty. The other disciples felt tsunami wave peaks late Chongzhen large contingent that is homologous with the square hole Zhao Yi-Ni Jiaqing prison censor.
Fang Yi, "retreats" in the Jinling High Block, the Bamboo Temple Villa, devote themselves to writing philosophy. As Cao a Famennian disciples, he has a certain influence of Buddhism on. On the other hand, a monk and the environment it is only a means to fight.
Translated by Google