近代中国  (1867 AD～1906 AD)

Last Name：	李
First Name：	宝凯
Name and Alias：	伯元
Web/Pen/Nick Name：	南亭亭长
Township：	江苏武进
 Chinese classic： 《官场现形记》 acrimony denounce： 《文明小史》 Humor： 《笑林广记》 Read works of Li Baojia at 小说之家

　　Late novelist. Also known as Po-Kai, Zibo dollars, do not long, South Kingston, pen name game master, Acura changed the laity so. Native of Wujin, Jiangsu Province (now part of Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province), ancient years, moved to Shandong. Li Baojia 3-year-old death of his father, together with the mother and uncle Li Yiqing, a share. Li Yiqing served as county magistrate in Shandong, sub-prefect, prefect and other staff. Uncle Tong Ka Po by raising education, good stereotyped Poetry, to painting and calligraphy, seal carving, versatile. Guangxu 18 years (1892) Li Yiqing resign return membership, Bowker also follow a return from the Shandong Changzhou. During a rural, had to learn English from the missionaries; and sitting the scholar. Guangxu two years (1896) to Shanghai, the first compilation of "Guide to report" the following year in May founder of "Game Report" and set "Literary Community." Guangxu 20 years (1901), he will "game report" assignment, and the other to do the "World prosperous newspaper." The tabloid newspaper is the originator of it, "said fake games to Persuading fable" ("On" Play reports> of intent "), although on brothels, said hook bar, contains community news, but Chao Ma decadent comprador bureaucracy and exposed society's many dark, condemned the novel for the creative wealth of material accumulated. Qing Dynasty, (1903), should be appointed the Commercial Press, editor of "Portrait Novel" fortnightly. Shanghai 10 years, due to late Qing, the Boxer Incident event, he was not satisfied corrupt Qing Dynasty, imperialist aggression, to cries of the pen, and write the subject of ridicule of the paper, one side running a newspaper, one side in novels. In the novel of "living hell" and "wedge" there poem said: "The world drift off into the darkness, the date unknown shine; scholar tears when a skim injury, throwing Daqian oath to save beings." His purpose is to expose writing a novel current problems, and washing dirty, improving political, social progress. This is his social reform ideas consistent. He hoped that the study of Western civilization and progress, "Hennessy land Fangxing Li, eliminating defects and local eliminating defects, the court's loss supplement, under the partial rescue society," "spend some water mill work, that they nurture," not in favor of radical reform, even radical reform movement felt, as the democratic revolution has even been dismissed as "undermining the justice law of the land favors" ("History of Civilization"), this idea is not only an illusion, and to bring his creative limitations.
　　Li Baojia's works include "The Bureaucrats", "History of Civilization," "China is now in mind," "living hell", "sea Prostitutes" and "Boxer China to storytelling," and so on.
　　"Exposure," was first "reported the world's prosperity," published in serial form, from the Qing Dynasty, (1903) to Guangxu 30 a year, a total of 60 back. In this process, the world prosperous newspaper sub-5 series (each series of 12 back) booklet published one after another. Earlier reprints are printed in East Guangdong Books stone and leave Tuoji Taro book, published by Editions Japanese know Novosti. "Bureaucrats" is Li Baojia's representative, condemned the novel as one of the four late Qing Dynasty. Works to official targets, focus on exposing all kinds of bureaucratic "dirty dirty", "translate into less confusion confused" ("Bureaucrats"), concentrated exposure to the late Qing officialdom dirty, corrupt officials in the ruling group's decadent.
　　Bureaucracy involved in a wide range of works, foreign officials from the "not low class," Junior Complex, to the state capital prefecture officials, until the governors respect high officials; small Beijing officials within the government, to the Department of Shiro CAO until the hub of the military rank, scholar. These various bureaucratic petty officials, promoted to make money, without exception Yingyinggougou meet, secure personal gain, fudge, Luo dig, strife, his best dirty Gou cheap conflict. Minister of Huazhong Tang military aircraft in the capital to open a antique shop specializes in official short sale business. Huang Pangu openly say "a branch of a sub-money goods" (25 back). Supreme ruler also openly advocated "making money." A flag member of the lobby and a former Imperial Household Ministry of War Minister, sent the case to go to a major imperial Zhejiang investigated, because in suffering for many years in Beijing, "on top of intention to take care of him", "for him and salvaged two." The Imperial Commissioner in Zhejiang, the "bow only, not throw the" money quickly force up 22,000 in bribes. Therefore, even the Empress Dowager Cixi had to recognize the "pass under the sun 18 provinces, where years of honest and upright official" (18 back). Yan Hu command was ordered to go to the state destroy "bandits", scared, all the way eat, drink, intends to delay, to be be "bandits" has been away information, but missed the march, the soldiers connived "wash off villages, raped women," and arbitrary Latin guy, referred to as "bandits" to report power tour invitation (12 to 18 back).
　　Work has also exposed the imperialist ruling class of the ugly and humiliating subservient misdeed. Foreigners killed children in China, local officials forced by public pressure, the murderer sentenced to imprisonment for five years. The Qing government's Yamen, but according to "dealing with foreigners," "Only run down his" logic, actually according to the foreign minister's request, the governor replaced by their successors appointed governor (57,58 back). XU Da-jun machine Huhututu minerals in the sale contract was signed in Anhui Province, will be dedicated to national sovereignty over to foreigners (52 back). These descriptions reveal the full size court officials fear the shamelessness of foreigners.
　　"Exposure," highlights reflect the modern Chinese feudal, semi-colonial society, the dark reality of how many touches the contradictions of modern society, the people of the public and the contradictions of feudalism, the Chinese nation and the contradictions of imperialism. The book written by a number of practical shadow. Li Hsi-chi has revealed that: "all written, most real person, and actually the answer is yes. But do not have real names, but the moral of Beijing and Taipei under a false name." "Bureaucrats" come out, to promote the awareness of corrupt Qing Dynasty unbearable knowledge. Starting from the novel, gradually formed the climax of Critical Writing, and describes his profession as business, academia, industry and other women, "True Features" in the sky one after another, the book also.
　　Novel structural arrangement in imitation, "The Scholars", one play out is completed, is transferred to the next person, so reelection down. On the way to expose people with exaggerated the ugly face, quite lively. But the characters lack of typification, description is too exaggerated exaggerated speech flotation Lu, pens, no hidden front, laughing stock of the talk, but weakened with people. Also the official human tricks, much the same, writing the endless, the sense of repetition inevitably Zada.
　　"History of Civilizations" is another important Li Baojia creation, a total of 60 back length with the Department of South Kingston. Published in the Qing Dynasty, (1903) in May to July next year Guangxu 30 "Portrait Novel," Every time there comfortable mountain reviews. Guangxu three years of the Commercial Press published monographs, sub volumes. Works mainly describes the Boxer (1900) the next few years, China entered a new civilization, all aspects of social dynamics. It is "Bureaucrats" of the companion volume, also the main official, but the focus from the perspective of reform and constitutionalism and bureaucracy of the New Deal, the attitude of the new school start to write, highlight reflects the Qing government to implement "reform", prepared " constitutional "period of officialdom and the reality of society, old and new ideological conflicts. Work involves a wide area, including the nation's major provinces, and cities to the remote and backward from the trade. Also reflected in many, from the domestic to the foreign, to the people from the ruling, sent from a fake conservative Reform Party. Bureaucracy's fear, the fawning on foreigners, foreigners embrace potential bully, fake fur Reformers only attack, speculation as to its own interest, official of the reform of the perfunctory, the spontaneous struggle of the people, without exception, receive proactive in his writings. But the political reform movement launched by Kang Yu, the novels Anschau Hill, Yen Yi-back is also written to be funny but of speculators, then with the author that the radical political reform movement is the position of the. "History of Civilization" structure way "The Bureaucrats" come first, things change and the starting and ending with the characters. Hunan Wing Shun the first 12 write-back events, has been quite describe skill. Figures to describe the new school's most successful characters, pretty well see some individuality.
　　"China is now in mind", 12 back, unfinished. Originally serialized in three years Guangxu (1904) and "Times." Not signed, Wu, "Li Boyuan Biography" in this book are listed. Work with and "Bureaucrats" the same writing techniques, focusing on exposing corruption in tax class origin, all the dirty track officials and strife between competing scandal. One on the river governance, exposing abuses river, many outsiders do not know the material.
　　"Living hell", 43 back, unfinished, long with the Department of South Kingston. Serialized in nine Guangxu 20 (1903) to Guangxu three years of "Portrait novel" fortnightly, every time there is like rain House reviews. Li Baojia write back to the 39th stopped writing because of ill. The first 40 to 42 back to Wu Jian (signature cocoon Marceau) is added, 43 back to Ouyang huge source (signed by Mao Yuan Xi Qiu-sheng) are added. November 1956, Shanghai Culture Publishing House published the beginning pamphlets, edited and prefaced by the Zhaojing Chen. Works made with 15 stories put together, Bifeng focus on the judicial system, focusing on exposing the dark bureaucratic counties, Various Opinions on Clerk served the ignoble books, prison cells and the torture of inhuman, indeed could not bear to see people living hell project. Wrote the suffering of the masses or suffer persecution. "Sea Prostitutes", unfinished, Department "spring lay two series, South Kingston long comment." Guangxu twenty-five years (1899) "newspaper game" laid down in advertising, said second spring to lay the human Zhejiang, Shanghai resident. Ying (see Qian Heng Estate) thought that Li Boyuan for. Guangxu three years (1904) World prosperous newspaper general circulation pamphlets, a total of four 20 back, frontispiece with Mao Yuan Xi Qiu-order. This is a theme of life in a brothel Wu novel, depicts a sea of prosperity in the world the tragic side of a special. The book's characters on both favorable and unfavorable, and to expose the main. Writing dialogue in dialect is quite real and vivid characters.