| Township： | 俄克拉荷马州 |
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Hurley regulation from August 1944 to April 2, 1945 press conference in Washington until the public anti-communist. After his mediation activities in small, entirely with the Chiang Kai-shek's side. Hurley has just come to China with the mission of President Roosevelt, seemed smug. Dan Bosi letter to Butterworth's letter said: "(Hurley) tells Gaussian that, he went to Yanan to see the Chinese Communist leaders, and believe he can solve China dispute between two rival factions." Stone Bosi said: "In 1944 the U.S. government between the military aspects of Wei in the promotion of the unity of China, made some efforts, Weici appointment of General Stilwell in China Jundui Zhihui, but Zheng Zhi side and not towards Zhege directions in any effort, --- --- This is the first time the U.S. government to China's political landscape, General Hurley was the first political issue in dealing with the Chinese Communist Party people. "In a sense, represents a new Hurley China The era of U.S. policy toward China. From 1944 to March 1945, Hurley frequently active in between the two parties. November 1944, went to Yan'an, with the leadership of the CPC, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other negotiations, signed a "five points">:
(A) of the Chinese government and Chinese Communist Party together and achieve national reunification of the army to quickly defeat the Japanese and the liberation of China.
(D) of the Chinese government acknowledge the legitimate political position, all domestic political parties, are to be equality, freedom and legal status.
First, the Chinese National Government for the rapid defeat of Japan and the post-war reconstruction of China, the Chinese want to ensure the unity of all effective forces. As war approaches, during the session of the National Political Council, immediately became the Chinese Communists as legitimate political party. Chinese military as a government army, the salary and salary, allowances, distribution of arms and other areas, and enjoy equal treatment with other troops.
The three anti-KMT inter-motion with a certain degree of confusion, which also requested uniform, and I want to build a "of the people, by the people, for the people" government. Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship in fact intended to show again thoroughly. The most obvious is the second article, in essence, to incorporate Chinese Communist army, abolition of Communist China military power. This is an unacceptable. In the National Revolution, the KMT-CPC cooperation, create educational lessons in blood on the Chinese Communists in the army, and organized to maintain the relative independence. The face of the impasse between the KMT and CPC, Hurley or succumb to the strong will, under Chiang Kai-shek, nothing and in the mediation context.
1, power to solve the Chiang Kai-shek's heart diseases, and coordination of Sino-Soviet relations, isolate the Chinese Communists.
The Secretary of State power in the Hurley, said: "My report, presented to President Roosevelt in particular, the report will show chairman of the Communist Party of China and the Soviet Union and has been caring concern. Yesterday, he thanked me, because I helped him lay a the basis of improving relations with the Soviet Union, he told me the first time on the issue of the two visits to Moscow, said the praise. "KMT quickly signed with the Soviet Union," Sino-Soviet Treaty ", Stalin committed to supporting Chiang Kai-shek government," Stalin and the United States leaders, appear to prefer to support a weak Kuomintang regime, not the Communist Party of China to support a time of uncertainty, are opposed by civil war and destroy the party. "Chiang Kai-shek more brilliance," The Americans failed to persuade Chiang Kai-shek Nationalist constraints, Chiang Kai-shek is more rebellious and erratic than before, but he was both the United States and the Soviet Union, after all, is excited to support him. "Although the Soviet Union do not want the Chinese civil war, yet it is actually in the promotion of the civil war, the Chinese Communists in a relatively unfavorable position, "to the spring of 1945, the Communists in order to influence U.S. policy on this point hardly hold any hope." China tension.
Mao Zedong criticized Hurley very indignant, "and other items of three-dimensional Chiang Kai-shek's National Assembly to join in stinky things." Dictatorship of the National Assembly is to Chiang Kai-shek's performance, many refused to participate in the democratic parties, the CPC has also publicly criticized the Council held not and procedures. Mao Zedong said: "This legal case (called the National Assembly), and the imperialists Hurley also has a relationship. Turns out that the imperialists are Jilisongyong dry the hands of Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Kai-shek's waist This year New Year's speech dare in a little hard up. "Hurley also best to Chiang Kai-shek for personal publicity. In the April 5, 1945's "Xinhua Daily" has been published: "He (Hurley) has often been asked about Chiang's character and voluntary, his answer is: in the long-term war against Japan, Chiang Kai-shek had used Some of everything he can. Although he did not fascist psychology. He wanted everything his powers advocated by Dr. Sun Yixian thrown to the people, by the people and for the people's government. he is for his country to democratic government It was his career goal. "mouth in Hurley, Chiang Kai-shek became" enlightened leaders ", while the Chinese people obviously misunderstood the care and thought leaders. The editorial was: "He (Hurley) also did not understand the Chinese people's democratic demands, there is no understanding of China's reunification real crux of the problem." Chiang Kai-shek regime in determining why Hurley has a strong bias.
Hurley words and deeds in China was the idea of the State Council "to show flexibility on China policy," opposition, there has been a heated debate. In this debate, three of John the Fan Xuande (John carter Vincent), John Service (John Stewant Service) and Davis (John paton davies) is representative of realistic policy. They spent time in China over a long period of time, have a deep understanding of China, including Communist China. They argued that the KMT's policy to maintain a flexible, not unconditional support Chiang regime, they placed a large Chinese Communist sympathy and support. Raymond. Bin Laden said: "The Communist Party's political ideas are freedom, democracy and sound nationalism, communism is only in the distant future to achieve the ideal. Communist Party is a potential friend of the United States, but we may easily miss the boat. "prophesies, the U.S. government did not seize the opportunity. Hurley coupled with China's ignorance of his self-righteousness, and gradually affected U.S. policy. Service's view that: "In 1941, before the official U.S. view is that the CCP hodgepodge of misunderstanding and hostility." He said, "American leaders have never fully understood or contact with the reality of the Chinese revolution. Washington to deal with the policy of the Chinese Communist Party and almost no hesitation swing over, is not neutral is extremely hostile. ignore the importance of the CPC and see it as a 'global' conspiracy case, an agent that two tendencies group, Sino-US relations have had a tragic impact. "ignorance of the United States to China, suspicion and mistrust is right to take a major obstacle to China policy. The Soviet Union has been the action of invisible pressure on the United States. Such as Ivan. Yeaton conclusions on a very arbitrary: "direct evidence based on personal observations, together with other circumstantial evidence, can establish the following conclusion: the Soviet Union in the past, present and future are all around the country with its largest moon - the Chinese Communist Party - fate. "and his so-called personal observation was that the" formal dinner for all they (the Soviet Union, members of the mission) are present, their head always sat next to Chairman Mao "and" former members and a mission in a Assistant often about Chairman Mao, these two teams head surface is Chairman Mao's personal physician, Mao Contrary to legend, it seems to total health. "absurd reasoning of these alone is clearly untenable, see very sensitive to the U.S. China has been somewhat subtle flavor. Hurley's words and deeds so just meet some people to judge the final to become the policy of the United States Government has been implementing for three decades.
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Between the KMT, Chiang Hurley Why did you choose? Communist China's "five points" and the U.S. China policy is consistent. Kong Huarun impartial analysis of Communist: "Indeed, the war correspondent, military observers and diplomats sent from the Communist-controlled areas of all the reports that Mao's policies closer to Americans than the KMT's policy of great importance that the Chinese program, he can offer than the KMT is important for any program. "Furthermore, according to the State Department, Department of the Army, Navy Coordinating Committee report:" Our policy is aimed at the political aspects of building a strong, stable and united China, the Chinese have a representative will of the people and to effectively carry out its domestic and international obligations of the government. "However, the national government is clearly not the United States also has knowledge," the government (national government) because one party is strict control of the KMT and thus the lack of representativeness, its governance, lack of efficiency in administrative and judicial institutions, army and air force in China is corrupt and incompetent, lack of personal and property protection, lack of protection of speech and freedom of the press. "So the United States hopes" to urge the swift current of the national government to take concrete measures the establishment of constitutional government, freedom of unity and solidarity to achieve this for the development of China as a strong nation to maintain peace and security in the Far East is essential. " Therefore, "no recommendation" is available and adjust the CPC-KMT relations the United States a favorable opportunity, unfortunately Hurley gave up a U.S. policy toward China in the other farther and farther down the road. How are we to understand this choice?
First, it is to look pulled the United States, war, U.S. media has been very interested in China's civil war, the main report that the KMT, the CCP has been in a state of being isolated, only a few brave journalists registered to the back of some sporadic Yan'an reports, such as the history of Mo Wright, Snow and so on. But U.S. public opinion is almost ineffective, Chiang Kai-shek was the man of the hour is. "Twentieth Century United States and China", said: "In 1937, that Mao Zedong on Tiananmen Square in the other years before, another Chinese leader dominated the front page of the United States ... ..." Time "magazine announced the members as Chiang Long and his wife's courage and give them this year, 'then great couples' title, "What is more, Chiang Kai and his wife are known as" the most cheerful and most capable of the most patriotic leader. " In particular, in November 1942 to July 1943, Kai-shek visited the United States and Canada, momentum for the Chinese war of resistance, on the other hand, "sponsorship" and actively encouraged the United States to provide substantial assistance to the Chinese. February 18, 1943, Kai-shek invited to attend the joint meeting of the Senate, and made in the United States Congress, the most famous speech, which is following the Queen of the Netherlands after the second female. Reported across the United States at the time this speech were published in full, all also published an editorial about more than 3000 articles and comments. Therefore, publicity or Chiang Kai-shek's hearts and minds won the support of many Americans, so that "so many Americans to the failure of Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong's victory as one such terrible things." And Hurley have also been the nurture of such information. He would have subconsciously accepted as the sole leader Chiang Kai-shek, the Republic of China is the sole legitimate government. So before he came to China, "the pro-Chiang" factor in Hurley's mind has been in existence.
Second, the interaction between Hurley and Roosevelt, I think Roosevelt's policies on the one hand, understanding of the track. On the other hand, the behavior of Hurley Roosevelt again had a negative impact on the decision-making. When Hurley China, as Roosevelt's personal representative, Roosevelt directed the task
Third, the implementation of certain aspects of the tasks on military supplies.
This is the personal representative of Hurley as President, the task, and Roosevelt's Fu Chiang tendency is not clear, he still hoped to mobilize all the forces of China and Japan ended the war, but soon returned Stilwell, Chiang Kai-shek in the history of the struggle to defeat, Hull Lee began working Communist mediation. Roosevelt for the Communist attitude change is very subtle. But he has not given up the KMT, as Snow said after meeting with Roosevelt: "Roosevelt is clearly no intention to abandon Chiang Kai-shek regime ... ... Roosevelt Chiang Kai-shek may want to put pressure on the Chinese Communists as a means to promote him to reform his regime, a unified, progressive China's core. "Roosevelt's China policy has long been more flexible, particularly the PRC, because the U.S. wants to make use of the Soviet Union to restrain the Chinese Communists, thus helping his own anti-communist Chiang also made more cautious. Mao also said: "President Roosevelt was alive, ... ... to U.S. interests, he did not force the KMT to help attack the Chinese Communist Party's policy." Hurley in which the personal effects are quite large. In his letter to President Roosevelt said: "I accept the instructions was to prevent the collapse of the Kuomintang to support the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, united China's armed forces, and as much as possible to assist the Government to achieve an open technology, create conditions conducive to the establishment of a free, unified, democratic China's conditions "can be clearly seen from the words Hurley's position, is there sort of is Roosevelt's intention, but also sort of his play, seems difficult to distinguish. Service had said: "He (Hurley) is a both bold and arrogant, he's a very broad vision of its mission, claiming that the President has full powers granted to the most thorough, and very subtle in that vital U.S. interests severe situations, leaving aside the State Department to act completely independently. " As the head of the individual tendency to Hurley, in his report to the President of the inaccuracies that exist, such as failure of the negotiations he will push to the Chinese Communists who, he said: "it (the KMT) to the Communist Party wanted, but obey the national government does not require the command of the Communist Party, which I made in the five-point agreement had so during and after the reform in government, are still a threat to the Communist Party of armed civil war. " Communist China has become in his eyes hinder reunification of the party to provoke civil war. Such statements confuse right and wrong decisions of the Roosevelt played a number of negative effects.
I also think it should cause concern, Roosevelt, when the end of World War II, little interference on the Hurley, there are objective reasons, such as World War II, Roosevelt engaged in the European theater, Gu Eastern time Erheerli released on April 2 Roosevelt's public statements on the death of only a few weeks away, physically tired Roosevelt judgments very doubtful, "sick man of the country" on the very sharply pointed out: "(some historians) they severely criticized the U.S. president in his later years, They believe that his is no longer in the views of foreign politics, only a few vague illusion built upon principles of action. "
Third, Stilwell events. Hurley is the background of China to Chiang intense conflict; and Stilwell did not last after all, Putin is being cunning Doude Guo Chiang Kai-shek, depressed home. Stilwell Hurley of events is very Tai's, while Stilwell's Shibai, from a certain extent, reflects the U.S. policy changed subtly, Service Ren Wei: "the policy of Yi Yi recall Stilwell may discuss the issue, but marked a step backward relationship between the United States. then there is no doubt. "Hurley able to know" support of "does not work, Stilwell's format has not been the U.S. government to support , while Hurley will choose another way. Professor Yun Zi said: "Shidiweishi Award, an objective to generate far-reaching impact in the first area to help anti-communist Chiang out of the very important step." Hurley good air to breathe, do not want to repeat the same mistakes, only nice to give in In addition Heerlide attitude is moderate Chiang, a hard-line anti-Stilwell style, the lessons he learned from Stilwell: "pressure strategy is unwise, and is being given up." He therefore Hurley does not intend to pressure from the start Chiang Kai-shek. In the KMT has been particularly evident in the negotiations, Hurley only unilateral concessions to the Chinese Communists, Chiang Kai-shek refused to put pressure on to persuade them to regress, so the negotiations fail is expected to do.
Communist Party of China will be announced early establishment of a proletarian party itself, in July 1921 of a major, the Communists established their program as: "the proletariat in its revolutionary army to overthrow the capitalist class and the regime" and the second largest Minimum Programme clearly the party of "Down with warlords to overthrow the imperialist oppression, the unification of China into a true democratic republic" so the Communist Party ideology advocated by China and the United States has become obstacles to cooperation, trust each other enough, since after the Russian Revolution to become the world's first socialist state, ideology will influence the U.S. policy towards China is an important factor. Communist China has been the U.S. government as a Soviet agent in China by the United States, exclusion, and often in opposition to the communist Kuomintang won the support of the United States. 1943 3 0 day about Chiang Kai-shek issued "China's Destiny," asserted: "The struggle between liberalism and communism, which merely reflects the theory of Anglo-American theory and the Soviet Union against. These theories not only can not meet the required national life, and they China has opposed itself 的 spirit of civilization. "I think as regards the role of ideology, should pay attention to Dan not too exaggerated, after all, the rulers Tong Zhi Jie Shi Yishixingtai Zhishiyonglai national Hefaxinger invented, the real state of the remains yes countries Jueding interests, such as during World War II, the Soviet Union on the fight against the fascist U.S., so although the ideological confrontation with the U.S. cooperation with the CPC as a psychological barrier, but not that Communist China and the United States Government does not have the possibility of cooperation. Three
Hurley policy objective effect caused by the outbreak of civil war in China. Although the United States and the Soviet Union do not want the Chinese civil war. Fan Xuande bluntly, saying: "interfering in China's civil war and Chiang loss of their involvement in the Chinese civil war will give us serious difficulties, but will not bring any good." Roosevelt's mediation Communist strongly alive, is to avoid civil war. Davis said: "The embassy staff frustrated - I like them, worry - that Hurley himself and the U.S. government more in-depth involvement in the Communist Party of Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle between the life and death." Fueled Hurley Chiang Kai-shek's war tendencies, the United States in the eyes of the Chinese people from the "friends" to "civil war murderer." Jian Bo Zan-known historian, said: "well aware that without the United States transport aircraft and warships, for the Chinese government to transport troops to the north and northeast, even if the Chinese Communists a civil war, there is no opponent. If there is no huge U.S. surplus arms aid to the Chinese government, is the Chinese civil war occurred, it would not be so cruel as it is today. If there is no so-called one-sided mediation of the United States, the Chinese civil war both sides will find a peaceful way of. "United States chose the wrong line, opposite the involvement of China the quagmire of civil war can not extricate itself.
Hurley behavior in China has affected the situation in the United States. Beginning with two lines of argument, by the extreme hostility of communism, McCarthyism prevalent, many advocates of flexible policy toward China are resisting the foreign experts, such as 3 John Hurley directly participated in their review.
Translated by Google