Read works of Xu Hongzu at 旅游地理 | |||
Read by the farming family's cultural influence, Xu, young, studious, well read, especially love the way through logos. Junior or set a "real man when the sea and towards dusk Cangwu" travel ambitions. Xu's travel career can be divided into three phases:
The first phase of 28-year-old before the Travel preparation stage. Focus on the study of geographical cultural homeland, and with interest in visiting Lake, Taishan Mountain, etc., without leaving Travels.
The second stage is 28 years old (1613) to 48 years (1633) and the Travel anterior, lasted 20 years, a tour of Zhejiang, Fujian, and north of Huangshan Songshan, five, Huashan, Hengshan various mountains. However, only travels to write a volume about one-tenth of the book.
The third stage was 51 years old (1636) to 54 (1639) for the later part of the Travel and lasted four years, a tour of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei and Hunan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other southern mountains Ju Chuan, wrote the nine volumes travels.
Xu's footprints all over this 16 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. He bull by the horns, Pirates of the event three times, several times, food and still go forward, careful to record the observation. Up into the Lijiang, Yunnan, unable to walk because of foot disease, still adhere to write "Travels" and "Mountain Magazine" basically completed a 60 million words, "Xu Travels." 55 years old (1640) Xu Yunnan local officials to send back with travel Jiangyin. 56 (1641) died at home in the first month. The quarter will be left for finishing a book out so widely spread.
Note: Xu's great-grandfather - Xu by - "will try the case declared yesterday," The general view is Jiang Tang Yin Yin Jufu go the same way the son of an exam by Xu, secretly bribe the examiner's home children, prior questions. Revelations imprison Tang Yin also be implicated. Is in the capital will test examiner is Cheng Minzheng and Li Dongyang. Both are knowledgeable people questions the very rare, many candidate could not answer. Only two papers which not only appropriate answer, and the diction elegant, so glad to get Cheng Minzheng blurted out: "This is a two examination paper set by Tang Yin and Xu's." These words have been heard and the presence of people pass out. Yin and Xu to the capital by several times visited Cheng Minzheng after, especially in his appointed, as the interviewer asked him, after Tang Yin is also a collection of poems for his preface. This has cast doubt in the minds of others. Cheng Minzheng this over and over again said in the examination room, give usually hate people who caught his handle. Gang have Qizou emperor, both said Cheng Minzheng bribery declared yesterday, if not strict track, the world intellectual heart of any errors. It holds the emperor believed her, and very angry, and immediately decreed that allowed Cheng Minzheng scoring, all over the examination paper read by the Cheng Minzheng resume read by Li Dongyang, will Cheng Minzheng, Tang Yin and Xu supreme court remanded to prison by, sent by the Court. Xu can not withstand the torture by the prison after, confessed that he bought off with a piece of gold Cheng Minzheng's personal attendants, stealing papers leaked to the Yin. After the Board of Punishments, the Ministry of Personnel hearing, and Xu after they overthrow the statement, said it was forced admissions. Emperor decreed that "vindication," Cheng Minzheng after his release, disaffected hair carbuncle Erzu. Yin after his release, is exiled to the Zhejiang as Xiaoli. Yin shame is not assumed.
Xu Xu ages Remarkable
"One Xia Xianju North lump, still lying on the South Hong Ying Yang (yang yang)."
Jiangyin in Jiangsu Province town forty miles south, there are villages called Nanyang Qi, an ancient village in the South Block, stone bridge. Pair of couplets inscribed on the rafters of the bridge. Couplet means that there have been living in the stone bridge bit Xia, north of Xian, Xian Xia although now no longer exist, but his spirit like a rainbow, forever floating over the Qi in the Nanyang. Here refers to Xu Xian Xia. Why do people praise him? Xu's experience that I start from.
Xu (January 5, 1587 -1,641 on March 8) Name Wang Cho, vibration of the word, Ha-off is his number. He was born in Jiangsu Jiangyin a famous wealthy home. Ancestors are the study of people, described as a literary family. His father, Mian Xu life do not want an official, not willing to power exchanges, like everywhere, enjoy the mountain scenery around. Xu impact of childhood by his father, loved reading history, geography and exploration, travel notes, like books. These books make his early love of the motherland and the magnificent scenery, determined to travel around the great mountains and rivers. 15 years old, he should return the boy had a test, not obtain. Father see his son do not intend to fame, no longer reluctant to encourage him to read, to be a learned person. Xu's ancestors to build up a collection of rolls of floor, Xu-read this book to create a very good condition. He read very carefully, read all the content, someone asks, he can remember. Collection of books at home can not meet his needs, he began collecting books not seen. He only saw good book, even if no money, but also enchant the clothes off the book. 19 years old, his father died. He wanted to go outside search mountains and rivers, but in accordance with the ethics of feudal society, "the parents toward society," Xu due to mother in the hall, so there is no ready to travel immediately. His mother is literate, sensible woman, she encouraged her son said:
"As a man a real man should be Zhizaisifang. You go to tour go! To heaven and earth to stretch mind, broad knowledge increase. How can because I, like the fence in the chicken, set in thill the pony, stay in their homes, nothing? "Xu hearing these words, very excited, determined to Faraway Travel. Before he left, he wore his mother did Faraway Travel crown, hands are a simple luggage, left the home. This year, he was 20-year-old. From then on, until the 50-year-old's death, he is most of the time spent in travel inspection.
He took a 20-year-old that year, climbing to Wenzhou Yandang. He thought in ancient books, said the top there is the Great Lakes Yandang, decided to climb to the top to see. When he struggled to climb to the top when I saw the ridge straight, almost no place to scraps, how can a Lake? However, Xu still refused to give up, move on to a big cliff, Road no. He carefully observed the cliff and found that there is a small platform below with a piece of long fabric ribbon tied on top of a rock cliff, and then seize the cloth strap hanging down, to a small platform, only to find deep below the Big Dipper Baizhang, can not continue. He had to seize the cloth belt, pedal cliff, struggling to climb up, ready to crawl back into the cliff top. Crawl crawl, strap broke, but fortunately his astute grasp of the outcrop, or they will fall into the abyss and be destroyed. Xu ribbon knot the broken up, then climbing up effortlessly, and finally reached the top. Another time, he went to visit Huangshan Mountain, on the way encounter snow. Locals told him that there are waist-deep snow in some areas, do not see the mountain road, not up. Xu was not intimidated, he had a rod of iron, Zhu explore the way up to halfway up the mountain, the mountain more and more steep. Shady slopes where the most difficult climb, the road to form ice, but also steep and slippery, foot up, it slid down. Xu with a rod of iron on the hole in the ice chisel. Feet in the hole to climb step by step, slowly, and finally climbed up. Mountain monks are very surprised to see him, because they were snowed in the mountains has been for months. Wuyi Mountain in Fujian, he walked the three insurance Path: Da Wangfeng the Baizhang risk ladder, dolomite cliffs thousands of feet and then shoot peak of "chicken", "Dragon's Back." When he boarded Dawang Feng, is the sun will fall, may not find its way down the mountain, he climbed on hand to seize the hanging of thorns, "chaotic fall down." He Zhongyue Songshan, is also in excellent shape from too much room down the gorge along the slip hanging down. Yu Xu amazing track, indeed shows that he is an eternal Remarkable.
Xu day after the journey, no matter how tired, no matter where to stay, he insisted to their record harvest inspection. He wrote a travelogue with more than 2.4 million words, a pity that most were missing. Descendants left behind after finishing a book, is the famous "Vista Travels." This book more than 400,000 words, is the fusion of science and literature with a big "Wonderful."
Xu is the world's limestone landscape of the pioneer of scientific investigation. Limestone of Southwest China are widely distributed. Xu Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan were investigated in detail, the different parts of the limestone landscape of the detailed description of records and research. He also inspected the more than 100 limestone cave. In Southern Jiuyishan, he heard a fly Longyan, please local and Shang Mingzong guide, with the torch to the study. Flying is a huge cave in Longyan, twists and turns, holes have holes, the hole is the water pit is difficult to walk. Xu total disregard and has in-depth into his shoes gone do not care. Were several times urged him to go back tomorrow, he will not listen. Fast burn until the torch, he only reluctantly turn back. He had no equipment, the amount depends visual step, but most of his very scientific study. If Guilin Qixingyan 15 hole record, with today's geographical research in the field investigation, the results generally consistent. Xu died of a hundred years, Europeans began to visit the limestone landscape, Xu called the world's first academic limestone landscape.
Xu's contribution to geographical science many. Apart from the above said, he was on the volcano, hot springs and other thermal phenomena Ye have to study tour on climate change, on the terrain Gaoduobutong Er Zhi Wu Yin change or other natural disasters are Zuolerenzhen description and study. In addition, he agriculture, handicrafts, transport conditions, to the evolution and historical sites around the customs of ethnic minorities, are also vivid descriptions and records. He's this Wonderful, in the literary value is also high, Sylvia can be said to be beautiful prose.
Xu last time travel in 1636, when he was 51 years old. This time, he mainly traveled the southwest region, has reached the junction of the vault Burma (now Tengchong, Yunnan), to return to his hometown in 1640. He returned home soon fell ill. His illness also look at their collection of rock samples. Before his death, his hands still tightly holding study of two stones in the back.
Xu love the motherland, love science, the science of life which the spirit of climbing, is worthy of future generations will never learn.
Xu Zhizaisifang
A sunny evening after the rain, parked among the Xiang River on board a passenger ship, the passengers were in continuous rain after many days of resistance and saw the bright moon, watching the moonlight of Yamagata color, mental Dunjue bright exception. While passengers have fun after the bed rest, suddenly Han Shasheng broad surge, a group of robbers pounced boat, 1:00 torch dangling, battle each other cross, disaster came on board. At this time, saw a man dashed into the water, swimming against the tide, and hides in another boat.
The diving man, about 50 away, tall and slender, looking energetic, agile. He is famous in our history geographer Xu.
Name of Hong Xu Zu, vibration of the word, Xia off his number, 14-year Ming Dynasty (AD 1586) was born in Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province. His ancestors have done official. In the Ming dynasty, intellectuals should become an official, in accordance with government regulations should read the Confucian classics classics, and to take the test, the so-called "Imperial", the examination must follow the article also provided the stereotyped form of government, not beyond the scope of the provisions of will be selected, or "the Poor." Therefore, most intellectuals took to reading the book of dead, hard road for stereotyped. Intellectuals are tightly bound to live, academic atmosphere stagnant. Xu has also participated in the eight-legged essay test, but failed. Since then, he decided not to take the examination official road, determined to carry out their interest in the cause of the geographical study. This is a great choice at the time, it means that the popular social ethos, then a break is to have the courage and insight, but also bear a number of conservative people who ridiculed and criticized. Xu firm to do so, and his family, especially his mother, his strong support, she said: "Zhizaisifang, man things are," "How could his son as a fence of chicken, thill dismount was sleepy? "
Xu childhood on the classics are not interested, he likes to read geography, history and travel adventure book, and longing for the "Q Qi in the great mountains and rivers" of life. Xu failed in the imperial examinations, they concentrate on studying and studying hard at previous geographical works. However, he was not the previous writings as a rigid classical blind faith, but from others knowledge, independent thinking. In the study, he found that the contents of previous writings, many of ancient lineage, copied from the earlier geographical works, very few field of study. Thus, some geographical works the wrong account, also copy from repeated the baseless assertion. The previous generation of people wrong, future generations of people who follow wrong. His previous writings on many issues, put forward a bold skepticism. For example, the source of the problem on the Yangtze River, are considered classics in the geography book of the "Yu Gong", and said the "Min Shan Jiang guide", then many people have followed the argument put forward why the Changjiang Xu longer than the Yellow River, and the source of the Yangtze River so short, the source of the Yellow River has such a long question, that "Yu Gong," the argument can not be explained. To see the true face of native land, he took a decision to carry out field visits in person.
Travel life
From 22 years of age, he took a study tour began his career. 30 years, he has carried out four long-distance trek, toured the equivalent of the present Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and other 19 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. Three hundred years ago, the traffic is very developed, Xu traveled such a vast area, rely totally on their own two legs. This alone was enough impressed, and they mention his visit is mainly steep mountains and rapids and shoals Oh. Is not difficult to imagine how much he wants to experience difficulties and obstacles, and even the risk of death at any moment. This can be seen from, Xu dedicated commitment to nature is how big, how strong will. Xu's study adventure, going to the year 1640, when he was 55 years old. At that time, he was in Yunnan, unfortunately, seriously ill, was sent back home in Jiangyin, died the second year. It can be said Xu energy dedicated his whole life to the motherland, the cause of the geographical study.
More valuable is that he took a life in a field survey, no matter how tired every day, should the day's experiences and observations recorded. Sometimes traveling hundreds of years, the evening sojourn among the Deserted Onodera, or sleep under the ruins of old trees, and he points from the oil lamps, lit bonfire, insisted to write travel diaries. He has written more than 2000 million words of Journey, was left a valuable record of the geographical study. Unfortunately, most of his diary has been lost, the existing "Xu Travels" is one of only a small part. But the word of only 400,000, "Xu Travels", he still shows us a wide range of factual investigation, especially in remote geographical outlook.
The results obtained
In the world, things never something for nothing, cost more, the greater the harvest. Xu arduous geography study tours, and finally bear fruitful scientific results.
Xu of the geography in a series of contributions, the most prominent of the limestone landscape of his visit. He is our country, is also the world's first systematic study of the limestone landscape of the geographer. Europeans, the first extensive study of the limestone landscape and describes Aishipeier, time is AD 1774; the first systematic classification of the limestone landscape is the Roman, the time is 1858 AD, Xu later than January 2 more than a century.
Translated by Google