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Life】 【
Li Zhi was born in a Muslim family members of the public. Henan origin, the original name is Lin, were set Zhi. Yuan dynasty, moved to Fujian. 3 ancestor for opposing the feudal ethical code, offending the censor Lin, labeled "conspiracy" charges, to Avoid Crisis surname Lee. Li Zhi young mother died, father reading, academic progress rapidly. Childhood stubborn, good at independent thinking and not believe in Islam, free from the shackles of Confucian tradition, has a strong anti-traditional ideas. His social value orientation, the critical Restraining Commerce, Yang merchants achievements, promote utilitarian value, consistent with the late Ming Dynasty, the development requirements of seeds of capitalism.
Li Zhi began writing 12 years, the farming people against Confucius as "Villains." 26 year old lifts, and. 30-year-old to 45-year-old official has been the head of Henan Hui County didactic, Ph.D. Imperial College, Nanjing, Beijing, PhD Imperial College, Beijing Libu Services Division, Nanjing Board of Punishments Yuanwai Lang and doctor, and finally as Yunnan YAO prefect.
Li Zhi advocate must leave pure, true feeling of "innocent mind." Li Zhi in Macheng also several lectures, attack current, unhealthy tendencies and allow all men and women to speak, and be warmly welcomed. Wanli 16 years (1588) in summer to show and vulgar barbers cut off. This is the traditional thinking of the impact caused by the strong, by the local conservative forces as a "heresy," "heresy," into attack, we should deport him. Li Zhi's book is a clear-cut claim to be "deviant work", said: "I can not go to kill the first section body can not be humiliated", without fear.
Three years of Wanli (1602), Libu Censor Zhang Shen consistent over uphold the wishes memorials Grand Secretary Shenzong, defaming Li Zhi. End to "dare to advocate indiscriminate Road, confusion World falsely accused people" in charge of the arrest of Li Zhi Tong Zhou, and burned his writings. Li Zhi in jail told the court of origin to escort him back to Fujian, he said with emotion: "I am seventy six years, death to go to?" So angry with razor Suicide. Death, Victor and William Ma Chau Hebei, his income was buried outside the north side of Ma Temple Zhuangying Fu Temple, this cemetery is still.
Li Zhi's life is full of tradition and history of the re-consideration, and this is the late Ming change social thinking as a manifestation of a focus.
Thought】 【
Li Zhi in traditional Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius, "heterodox" and itself, on the feudal patriarchal, hypocritical, social corruption, corrupt officials, big plus denounced criticism in favor of "reform and innovation," against mental emancipation.
In the literature, Li Zhi proposed "Innocence", advocating creation to "really absolutely false", to express their views. Li Zhi's book is a clear-cut claim to be "deviant work", said: "I can not go to kill the first section body can not be humiliated", without fear. Li Zhi in poems writing style, and stands for "true", against the then popular "Mogu" style of writing, he's the tendency of the late Ming Dynasty had an important impact.
Li Zhi hate the hypocrisy and the maintenance of the feudal ethical code that mouthful of virtue and morality of the moralist, hypocrite. His so-called moralists who denounce: Name hearts too, back to care too much. "Real bad too many, but specifically on Zjiren no evil; real favor likes too, and specifically on pan-loving fraternity; real enforcement is also set their own views, but not specifically about naturally." "And the almost open about science, they say Fall for themselves, for others I; Seoul as selfish, I would like altruism, "are actually" high school and seek the first, anchoret the sake of respect was "all about themselves," no one who determined to seek man " ("burn books A Geng Sikou"). Such duplicity, words and deeds of the hypocrites, and have actually not as good as "town little husband" and "force field of" real, Gansha spade (ibid.). He further accuses the moralists who are a group of pious hypocrisy, "Yang was Taoism, yin for the rich, refined linen, OK if Gouzhi" ("the three religions that exist Confucianism continued burn books to say"). Moralists mouthful of virtue and morality, this piece is actually route through school stepping stone, "to deceive profit," Cyril for his senior officials to seek their "mouth feel on ethics officials, aim at wealthy" ("burn books they and designate focal weak "). Li Zhi defender of Confucianism and their disclosure has really sharply, every word of.
Li Zhi of the ruling class, highly recommended by the study of Confucius and Mencius also lash out. In the "burn books praise Liu Harmony" and "continued Childlike" and "holy church Kohiki", "title like Confucius Institute at the Chicago River", etc., he was belittling and sarcastic banter of Confucius, the Confucius in respect to first division of the ancient holy, it is really a bold move. He believes that is not the sage Confucius, "Confucius also yung though everyone class also" ("burn books A Week Liu Tong"). Confucius was no big deal, "Geng Jia Tao fishing that no undesirable person, the 1000 St. 10 000 Yin of good, independent undesirable Down? Why Confucius special school and then a positive pulse is also" ("burn books A Geng Sikou" ). All are saints, why should she go to school Confucius it? This is the sage Confucius, the supreme status from the pull-down. If we have to Confucius idolized, words and deeds of Confucius moves are learning that "the cheap state to face the music" ("burn books hidden heart of Ho"), the. Li Zhi denied the orthodox Confucian position, denied the Confucian doctrine of the "Road crown Ancient and Modern" in "Jesus Christ to the theory" as a dogma that can not be readily applied. "Six," "The Analects of Confucius", "Mencius" "Taoism is the excuse, the hotbed of dummy" ("Childlike Innocence"). Li Zhi criticism of Confucius and Confucius and Mencius have already achieved the "non-holy can not be" the point, no wonder he hated ruling class was.
Under the oppression of the feudal ethical code for women, give deep sympathy for Li Zhi, he cried out for women Mingbu Ping. In the "burn books to answer for the short-sighted women studied with the book", by Li Zhi criticized the long man's opinion to make a woman's view to make a short statement. He said: "not only to the woman's view to see a short also. So that people can men and women, that men and women how can almost see? That saw the length can be, that man's opinion to make long, the shortest woman's view, shy Down? Sheshi woman whose body of men of their view, the music is heard saying the lack of conceivable listening, music school was born with knowledge of the lack of love floating world, the fear of man when the world sees them, are as ashamed of sweat, not speak carry on. "This is a sharp challenge to traditional feudal ethics.
The feudal rulers of the people of the cruel exploitation of fish atrocities, Li Zhi to be ruthlessly exposed. He closed by Mayor Han Shao Xuancheng people of the tiger eating the myths and legends, to accuse the officials in power is the "crown Couture and eat people" tigers, "former Hufu grass today tiger sitting Ya. Great people and animals are swallowing the small fish are not left behind Shrimp "(" Childlike seal Shijun "). In the "burn books", he also borrowed Comment "Water Margin", vent strong dissatisfaction with the political realities.
How to crusading, to explore the country ride out a beneficial course? Li Zhi in the sights of the upper feudal ruling class, hoping "to have a half out of pity for those who only" appear to "vigorously Big Yin" of talented people in "to be effective, he will kill themselves to repay, and would not ingrate" ("Burning Book cold light of small words. ") This shows that Li Zhi was not to overthrow the feudal rule, but to maintain it, and that his political thinking is not thinking beyond the landlord class, and age restrictions, can not go against the fundamental interests of the landlord class.
Li Zhi's theory of knowledge is built on top of the transcendentalism in subjective idealism advocated origins in the Buddha's "Sheng Zhi," said. "Childlike A week of West Rock," the article said, "No one person is not Shengzhi, no one thing does not Shengzhi, no moment is not Shengzhi." "Everyone has the Shengzhi, everyone has the Buddha nature." "Everyone for Santa "(" burn books A Geng Sikou "). Li Zhi to "Sheng Zhi" against the deification of Confucius said, from the cognitive ability, understanding the perspective of the source or to deny the right to know the standard of the traditional Confucian thought, the progress with the role of emancipating the mind, but "all men know" no " sage Sheng Zhi ", said the epistemological limitations and defects can not be ignored.
Li Zhi's philosophical thinking there are many simple ideas of dialectics. "Continued burn books and pottery stone basketful" said: "good and evil, right, still yin and yang right, just and gentle pair, male and female pairs, covered with a 2 with right." He acknowledged that there are two things respect to a certain extent, reveal the internal contradictions of things opposite and into each other. By the simple dialectic thinking, "burn books" in the performance of political thought as "the world without time, I do not set technique" ("Chao Cuo"), "it hath not attack, do not practice to trace" ("and Geng Sikou Farewell ") and other development and change of thinking.
Mr. Huang Renyu in the book, "Wanli 15 years", by also systematically expounded the idea of Li Zhi.
】 【Basic political ideology
Li Zhi in the fight against political corruption and Neo-Confucianism in the process of the formation of his political thinking, including:
① advocates individual liberty, freedom of thought. Li Zhi lifelong fight for personal liberation and the freedom of thought and struggle. His contempt for traditional authority, courage to criticize authority. As a child he "will be stubborn hard and did not believe science, not the channel, do not believe in fairy interpretation." He believes that a person should have their own political views and ideas, not blindly with the pleasure of others. "Shi-you for himself and adaptive service. If not self-applicable and appropriate live by, although the same as prostitution secluded Boyi and Shu Qi. I do not know for himself, but works for others, though with the dust Pi Yao and Shun chaff" ("burn books Lu added biblioclast A Tuesday "). He believes that to obtain individual liberation and freedom of thought, Confucius and Mencius and their variants must break the monopoly of Neo-Confucianism, breaking the classic set in feudal ideas closed. Li Zhi to spearhead the struggle the first point to Confucius that Confucius is just an ordinary person, his words are not always an eternal truth, not to his right and wrong is right and wrong, everyone should be as non-self. Confucius is made to break the non-standard, Li Zhi prepared a "collection" and "continued collection", with their own non-standard, re-evaluation of the historical figures.
② promotion of human equality. Li Zhi that, in accordance with the principle of all things together, compete with the community did not exist, something different. People are not humble, honorable place its own merits; Hou Wanggui not noble family, also has its humble place. He said: "To one of the reasons, under the common people of non-Hau Wong non-high, in the common people speak of you, to speak of in the Hau Wong cheap" ("Li Series I solution next.")
④ talk against Science, advocate utilitarianism. Li Zhi to expose the ugly face of moralists, that they are hypocrites, "called the Hermit, and the heart with the merchants, I talk about ethics, and aim at through hole in a wall" ("burn books burn books continued weak Hou Xia Jiao") , virtue and morality is nothing but cover up their dirty dirty mask, "This is rich, that suits the correction term do not want to, really want to trust the ladder that wing of the body, but also adopting both a matter of moral virtue and self-build" (ibid.) . He did not agree with moralists propaganda "is its meaning did not do their profits out of their Road, excluding its success," saying that any human action has its purpose of profit and total power. Dongzhongshu "upholding justice", "of his" promotion, but also to utilitarian purposes. From a utilitarian point of view, Li Zhi Enriching ideas. He criticized the Neo-Confucian "high on life, clear of Xuan Wei, the world ignored their primary concern is not news people, to say, and financial management for the anti-Cloud" behavior. He said: "Money is not made by those who absolutely can not rule the world peace" ("Four University Book Review"). Typeface for the Confucian, Confucians do not understand the phenomenon of military affairs, he stressed the important military matters, that "soldiers will know, the people of Siming, national security of the Lord" ("Lee's grandson participate in the same series"). He advocated farming war that "farming on military matters, can not be neglected" ("Criticism in Huang Ming-tong Li Zhuowu mind"), said, "covers some students, it certainly has to raise the living, food also. There is such a body, it certainly this body who have to Wei, soldiers also "(" burn books on the food soldiers continued burn books "). Against the orthodox Neo-Confucian of "preserving the natural human desire," the proposition, he proposed, "dressed to eat, that is, the physical human relations," the idea that "reason" in people's daily life, challenges the orthodox thinking.
⑤ "Shido inaction" political ideal. Political corruption against the Ming Dynasty, Li Zhi proposed "Shido inaction, to the silent treatment, to teach words" political ideal. He believes that human society is often the reason for chaos is the ruler of the social life interfere with results. His ideal of "perfect person, and the Rule" is "because people who are almost" in accord with nature, meet the wishes of the secular public sentiment that "government is not easy because of its vulgar, along its nature can not brush their" human society non-interference or less life interference.
】 【Writing
Li Zhi life many works, including:
"Childlike" 6,
"Continued Fenshu" 5,
"Collection," 68,
"Continued collection of" 27 volumes,
"Lake Set the beginning of" 20 volumes,
"Lee Collection" Volume 20,
"Lee Series" of 12, etc..
He Commentary on the "Water Margin", "The West Chamber", "Washing Gauze" and still is by far the popular version.
Famous article: "Innocence", "A Road to a woman learning to see the short book" and so on.
】 【Impact
Li Zhi is a traditional Chinese history, anti-feudal, anti-feudal ethics, anti-authoritarianism, advocating individual liberty, freedom of thought, thinking pioneer, his thoughts on the future generations against traditional authority, anti-monarchy, anti-feudal ethical code has important ideas enlightenment.
】 【Cemetery
Tomb of Li Zhi in Beijing's Tongzhou District, son of Park West Sea.
After the death of Li Zhi, Ma Jinglun follow his will, be buried in horse Tongzhou factory village north of the city. 1610, Wang may have been established by the "Zhuowu I gravestone"; 1612, Victor and William's son, Ma Zhan Zhen Ma Jianshun to help establish a light, "Mr. Li Zhuowu tombstone." All have been destroyed. Years, to be moved to the West Sea sub-parks, side in peace.
Li Jiao Hong tomb book their friends, "Mr. Li Zhuowu tomb" monument, Zhan Zhen light on the reverse side of a stone tablet with four years of Wanli (1612) book "Li Zhuowu inscription" and "hanging Mr. Li Zhuowu Grave 2." The west by the legislature in Tongzhou District People's Government "weight shift Li Zhuowu Grave" monument. Zhou Yang, the two Beiqian a title "great master" monument.
In the pine and cypresses surround clear water in a lake, Mr. Li Zhuowu rest in peace.
Translated by Google