| 字： | 長伯 | |||||||||
| 籍貫： | 江蘇高郵/遼東 | |||||||||
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崇禎十七年（1644）三月初，李自成破大同、真定，逼近北京 ，崇禎帝飛檄加封他為平西伯，令其放棄寧遠(今遼寧興城)入衛京師，起用吳襄提督京營。吳三桂奉旨入援京師，十六日抵山海關，一路上“遷延不急行，簡閱步騎”，二十日抵達河北豐潤時，李自成領導的農民起義軍已進入北京，崇禎帝自縊景山（煤山），北京失陷，吳三桂撤兵退保山海關。李自成後曾多次招他歸降，吳三桂再三猶豫，因其妾陳圓圓被李自成部將掠去，其父也被拘押“拷掠甚酷”，大怒。遂上書清睿親王多爾袞 ，請清兵入關滅賊。李自成聞知此訊，4月13日，親率大軍十萬號稱二十萬，奔赴山海關攻討吳三桂。22日山海關之戰，吳軍初敗，吳三桂求救於清攝政王多爾袞，清兵入關。吳三桂與清軍在一片石戰役中聯合大敗李自成，受清封平西王。
不久，吳三桂又為清軍先鋒，追擊李自成，並平滅陝西等地的流寇餘部，並滅四川軍閥張獻忠，結束了其在四川建立的暴虐政權。清順治十四年(1657)，會同清軍多尼等進攻南明雲貴等地區。十六年，清廷命他鎮守雲南，引兵入緬，迫緬王交出南明永歷帝。康熙元年（1662），吳三桂殺南明永歷帝於昆明。同年，清廷晉封吳三桂為平西親王，兼轄貴州省，永鎮雲貴。與鎮守福建的靖南王耿精忠、鎮守廣東的平南王尚可喜子尚之信相呼應，成為擁兵自重的三藩。
順治十七年，朝廷以賦稅不足，令吳三桂裁減兵員。吳三桂將緑營及投誠兵從六萬人減至二萬四千人，汰弱存強，留下的全是精銳之師。清廷於康熙十二年（1673年）下令撤藩。吳三桂聞訊後叛清。自稱周王、總統天下水陸大元帥、興明討虜大將軍，發佈檄文，，聯合平南王世子尚之信、靖南王耿精忠及廣西將軍孫延齡、陝西提督王輔臣等以反清復明為號召起兵反清，揮軍入桂、川、湘、閩、粵諸省，戰亂波及贛、陝、甘等省，史稱三藩之亂。清政府調重兵全力鎮壓叛亂，逐漸扭轉了戰局，康熙十七年（1678年），吳三桂在湖南衡州稱帝，國號大周，建元昭武。其本人也開始蓄發，改穿明朝衣冠。同年秋在長沙病死 。其孫吳世璠 繼位 ，退據雲南 。康熙二十年（1681年）昆明被圍，吳世璠自殺，餘衆出降。吳三桂的子孫後代被徹底殺光。包括襁褓中的嬰兒。《清史稿》有吳三桂本傳。
本是大周皇帝的天子命，卻為大清朝打下半壁江山的人，敢為愛情失去江山的人，使一代梟雄李自成命喪其手的人。諸多的悲劇與無奈造就了他色彩鮮明、復雜多變的人生性格：既有“衝冠一怒為紅顔”的真情實感；又有愛江山甚於愛美人的殘暴與貪婪；他反復無常，言而無信，仕明叛明，聯闖破闖，降清反清……人生之善與惡，無一不在他身上迸發……然而，作為歷史上的傳奇人物之一，吳三桂在明末清初的歷史舞臺上卻又是最最關鍵的籌碼。曾左右了當時的歷史走嚮。因此，後人對其評價多是毀譽參半、亦揚亦抑的。很難勾勒出他本身的性格及其演繹出的那些光怪陸離、令人目不暇接的人生變故。
衝冠—怒為紅顔
《圓圓麯》
清 吳偉業
鼎湖當日棄人間，破敵收京下玉關， 慟哭六軍俱縞素，衝冠—怒為紅顔。
紅顔流落非吾戀，逆賊夭亡自荒宴。 電掃黃巾定黑山，哭罷君親再相見。
相見初經田竇傢，侯門歌舞出如花。 許將戚裏箜篌伎，等取將軍油壁車。
傢本姑蘇浣花裏，圓圓小字嬌羅綺。 夢嚮夫差苑裏遊，宮娥擁入君王起。
前身合是採蓮人，門前一片橫塘水。 橫塘雙槳去如飛，何處豪傢強載歸。
此際豈知非薄命，此時唯有淚沾衣。 薫天意氣連宮掖，明眸皓齒無人惜。
奪歸永巷閉良傢，教就新聲傾坐客。 坐客飛觴紅日暮，一麯哀弦嚮誰訴？
白晰通侯最少年，揀取花枝屢回顧。 早攜嬌鳥出樊籠，待得銀河幾時渡？
恨殺軍書抵死催，苦留後約將人誤。 相約恩深相見難，一朝蟻賊滿長安。
可憐思婦樓頭柳，認作天邊粉絮看。 遍索緑珠圍內第，強呼絳樹出雕闌。
若非壯士全師勝，爭得蛾眉匹馬還？ 蛾眉馬上傳呼進，雲鬟不整驚魂定。
蠟炬迎來在戰場，啼妝滿面殘紅印。 專徵蕭鼓嚮秦川，金牛道上車千乘。
斜𠔌雲深起畫樓，散關月落開妝鏡。 傳來消息滿江鄉，烏桕紅經十度霜。
教麯伎師憐尚在，浣紗女伴憶同行。 舊巢共是銜泥燕，飛上枝頭變鳳凰。
長嚮尊前悲老大，有人夫婿擅侯王。 當時衹受聲名纍，貴戚名豪競延緻。
一斛明珠萬斛愁，關山漂泊腰肢細。 錯怨狂風颺落花，無邊春色來天地。
嘗聞傾國與傾城，翻使周郎受重名。 妻子豈應關大計，英雄無奈是多情。
全家白骨成灰土，—代紅妝照汗青。 君不見館娃初起鴛鴦宿，越女如花看不足。
香徑塵生烏自啼，屧廊人去苔空緑。 換羽移宮萬裏愁，珠歌翠舞古梁州。
為君別唱吳宮麯，漢水東南日夜流！
降清別論
一、吳三桂“引”清兵入關經過之簡述
崇禎十七年（1644年）三月初一，大同總兵薑鑲投降大順軍。京師震動。因大同乃京畿西邊門戶，大同陷落，北京危殆。此時崇禎再也顧不得駐守關寧的吳三桂部所負北防重任，急令吳三桂入衛京師。三月中旬，獲令後的吳三桂立即着寧遠地區幾十萬遼民內遷，三月十九日（一說十六日）到達山海關，繼而率兵西進京畿。二十二日吳三桂兵至玉田一帶，這時突獲京師陷落崇禎自縊的消息。同時又獲悉明居庸關總兵唐通已降大順，並奉李自成令乘虛占領山海關。吳三桂進退失據憂心忡忡。
就在吳三桂撤離寧遠之後的兩三天，都設瀋陽的清庭業已探知。這對於他們來說不啻一大喜訊。寧遠這座城無疑是他們輝煌事業的一個黑洞。在那裏長留着他們抹不去的恥辱。天命十一年（公元1626年）初，他們那不可一世的、與明庭交鋒百戰百勝的大汗努爾哈赤所率的六萬大軍慘敗在寧遠城下。努爾哈赤也身負炮傷。清軍撤回瀋陽後，努爾哈赤羞憤交加終日憂忿，不久傷患（一說背癰）惡化，不治身亡。這個製造了無數災難的屠殺者終究走完了他那六十八年的罪惡人生。經過一番角逐以後，努爾哈赤的第八子皇太極繼承汗位。
天聰元年（公元1627年），皇太極在出兵朝鮮獲勝後，率凱旋之師猛撲錦州、寧遠，志在必勝以報父仇、雪國恥。不期趙率教矢志堅守錦州、袁崇煥拼死保衛寧遠。後金軍死傷枕藉，皇太極不得不飲恨撤圍。滿清又一次慘敗寧遠城下。
崇德八年（公元1643年）八月，皇太極暴卒。幼主福臨立，多爾袞、濟爾哈朗攝政。為樹立威望，九月，濟爾哈朗就迫不及待地率軍猛攻明庭殘留在關外最後幾個軍事據點。他很快攻占中後所、中前所、前屯衛，但當他率軍攻打寧遠時，卻遭到吳三桂的堅决抗擊。寧遠，這座城市簡直是滿清的夢魘。從1626年到1643年，清軍三次猛攻它都鎩羽而歸。然而沒想到今天它竟然垂手可得。清廷真是大喜過望。急於建功立業的多爾袞等人聞訊當即下令“修整軍器，儲糧秣馬，俟四月初大舉進討。”
三月下旬到四月初，吳三桂盤桓躑躅在永平、玉田一帶。崇禎死、明廷亡，他和所有明廷故臣一樣都在尋找出路。而一條最簡捷的出路就是投降大順。這並不違反禮教。改朝換代，自古亦然。既然明太祖貧僧一名竟是真命天子，那麽李自成這個驛卒又為什麽不能做皇帝呢？
大順對吳三桂的政策亦是招降。李自成遣使三桂，給予其四個月軍糧及白銀四萬兩，並聲明“俟立功日升賞”。這對於已缺餉一年多的吳軍確實是雪中送炭。吳三桂已有降意。就在這關鍵時刻，吳三桂先後接到兩種文書。一是大順使者所持其父吳襄勸其歸順李自成的書信，二是有人送給吳三桂密信，詳告其父被劉宗敏抓捕追髒，遭到嚴刑拷打。其父已湊白銀五萬兩，但離劉宗敏所索二十萬兩甚遠。此外，吳三桂愛妾陳園園亦被劉宗敏霸占。吳三桂聞訊大怒。遂拔劍斬案、升帳演兵場，斬一名來使，將另一名割去雙耳，令其傳言李自成：“李賊自送頭來。”同時，起兵回師擊敗唐通，奪回山海關。
吳三桂從態度模棱兩可轉變為公開對抗，這在大順朝中引起軒然大波。一派意見是立即予以徵討。另一派意見是暫時放置。持後一種意見的原因有二。一是劉宗敏、李過等已沉醉在勝利的歡樂中。拷掠故明髒官、坐擁聲色美姬實在是不亦樂乎。不想立即再去冒死作戰。二是李岩、牛金星、宋獻策等基於策略的考慮，認為暫不宜大舉徵伐。因為“新得京師，人心震迭”，而且吳軍以“素能戰”聞名，不可輕視。他們認為還是暫時維持現狀，繼續招降為上。但李自成力排衆議，下令親徵。四月十三日，李自成率兵十萬，號稱二十萬東出京師。
大順朝决定徵伐一事，吳三桂先期探知，大驚。他自忖斷無抵擋大順軍的力量。為自保計，他决定嚮滿清藉兵。條件是不但給予滿清財帛，而且“將裂地以酬” 。滿清對關內的這些變故並不詳悉。它衹知李自成陷京，崇禎身亡，應藉此中原大亂的機會與大順一爭天下。四月九日滿清大軍起程瀋陽。十五日行至翁後遇到吳三桂派來的特使。多爾袞等大喜且疑，並未加快行軍速度。二十日到達連山。吳三桂第二次使者至。言李自成軍已薄山海關，情況緊急。清軍聞訊日夜兼程二百裏，於二十一日傍晚抵達關外。二十一日白天，大順軍與吳軍已有交戰。吳軍幾不支。吳三桂再度遣使到清營，急催清軍加入戰鬥。此時明了情況的多爾袞再不以吳三桂所言“不唯財帛，將裂地以酬”為滿足，他的志嚮是入主中原，故改而堅持吳三桂必須剃發以降方出兵相助。此時，吳三桂已別無選擇。若明日單獨與大順軍交鋒，必將不敵，身傢性命必毀於一旦。於是衹得依多爾袞所示，親往清營，剃發跪拜。次日，山海關大戰展開。狡詐的多爾袞令吳軍先與大順軍戰。待交戰雙方皆疲，而吳軍已顯不支之時，方揮師躍入陣中。毫無思想準備的大順軍在“韃子兵來了！”的驚呼中兵敗如山倒。“一時之間，戰場空虛，積屍相枕，彌滿大野。”
至此，吳三桂所謂藉清兵以伐大順，以復明室的設想已成泡影。在軍事上、政治上已完全掌握主動權的滿清，衹把吳三桂視為衆多歸降故明官員中的一個，並驅之若走狗來為其徵服全中國的企圖效力。
二、另一個少為人知的吳三桂
如果說對吳三桂降清的具體過程不少人不甚瞭瞭，那麽對吳三桂的個人經歷就更少人知曉了。實事求是地說，吳三桂本不是一塊做漢姦的料。
作為武將，吳三桂並非身高八尺力舉千斤，而衹是中等身材，但他目光如註、英俊威嚴，且勇力過人武藝超群。在戰陣上披堅執銳、左衝右突、驍勇非常，以至有次皇太極遠遠見了，不禁對麾下嘆道：“小吳總兵真好漢子！”
１６１２年（萬歷四十年）吳三桂出生於關外的漢鎮中後所，祖籍江蘇高郵。其父吳襄本乃士紳，因努爾哈赤崛起後在遼境實行嚴酷的民族歧視政策，對漢民大加擄掠殺戮，遂憤而投筆從戎舉辦團練，保境安民。明庭嘉之，委以遼東團練總兵一職。他功績卓著，有“遼右巨臂”之稱。在抵抗後金的鬥爭中，吳襄與當時遼境的一些明庭武將結下友誼，並把妹妹嫁給錦州總兵、挂“討虜先鋒印”的遼東名將祖大壽。吳三桂就是出生成長於充滿戰火的地域和擁有抗金戰史的傢族。這無疑從小就鍛煉了他的勇力氣魄和抗金意識。在戰場上，少年的吳三桂就驍勇非常。在一次戰鬥中，他衝入敵陣用箭射倒一名紅旗王子。在拍馬上前揮刀準備割下該王子的首級時，不料那王子突然以刀砍中他的鼻梁。吳三桂血流滿面，但毫無懼色，撕裂紅旗包紮好傷口後，立即再戰。
有一次，吳襄率五百名騎兵作哨探，不期與後金大軍相遇被圍。當時在薩爾滸之戰明軍慘敗後，對於與清軍“野地浪戰”明軍心懷餘悸。從農民子弟中後天訓練出來的漢族騎兵一般來說確實不是馬背女真民族的對手。騎兵交戰即使兵力倍之，明軍都沒有勝利的把握，何況區區幾百名明軍身陷後金大陣？少年吳三桂得知父親危在旦夕後，立即趕到舅舅祖大壽的陣帳，請他發兵援救父親脫離險境。祖大壽認為這根本沒有可能，衹會徒增傷亡，遂拒絶說：“吾以封疆重任，焉敢妄動！萬一失利，咎將安任？”三桂知不可強，大哭而去，並立即召集幾十名傢丁，如狂風般地衝入重圍。在找到父親的隊伍後大呼：“跟我來！”並帶領五百騎殺出重圍、奔回寧遠。這次戰鬥震驚全軍。從此少年吳三桂“勇冠三軍、孝聞九邊”的英名遼境無人不知。
少年英雄的吳三桂深受父輩重臣的器重。遼東監軍高其潛收他為義子。1639年（崇禎十二年）洪承疇薦舉他擔任遼東總兵。時年僅27歲。吳三桂練軍甚嚴。在洪承疇所部諸鎮中，以吳三桂係戰力最強。吳三桂並不以此滿足，他還專門再訓練了一支極為精銳的千人騎兵。共分二十隊，每隊五十人。“置簽二十支，書領隊姓名，插靴筒中。遇信急，受製簽呼某，某即領本騎隨之，衝突無不利”。
1641年（崇禎十四年）鬆錦之戰以明軍慘敗告終。如果說二十三年前的薩爾滸之敗標志着後金掌握了關外的主動權，那麽鬆錦之敗則表明明庭已在整個戰局上敗象畢露。鬆錦之敗使明庭喪失了大量精兵和戰將。驍將曹變蛟等被俘遭戮。洪承疇、祖大壽等投降。衹剩下吳三桂在寧遠山海關一綫苦撐着局勢。吳三桂在極端睏難的狀況下招撫流亡，重振軍旅。不久又組織起一支數萬人的軍隊，堅守山海關和關外寧遠等城。在原遼東戰將或亡或降的情況下，吳三桂成了碩果僅存的抗清名將。次年皇太極又發動壬午之役。派遣阿巴泰、圖爾格率兵避開由吳三桂防守的山海關，由黃崖口一綫入邊。燒殺擄掠，兵鋒直達山東蘇北。關內諸明將皆望風而逃。衹有吳三桂仍敢率兵入關邀擊清軍，並屢有斬獲。再到1643年，如前所述，吳三桂的堅决抵抗使所嚮披靡的清軍在寧遠城下第三次苦嘗敗績。
為瞭解决山海關這道難以越逾的屏障，清庭嚮吳三桂展開了強大的招降攻勢。由於吳三桂的舅舅祖大壽和恩師洪承疇以及衆多的兄弟、同僚如吳三鳳、祖可法、張存仁等均已降清，故皇太極除親自寫信嚮他招降外，還叫這些與吳三桂有種種關係的降將寫信給他勸降。但吳三桂終不為所動。當然這一方面是由於其父留在京師似為人質，另一方面當與吳三桂的抗清意識分不開。
三、促使吳三桂引清兵入關的客觀原因
明季之末大量的明庭故臣變作漢姦的原因是多式多樣的。常見的是戰窮活命型和投效覓官型。前者典型為洪承疇、祖大壽等，後者典型為張存仁、馬光遠、馮銓等。吳三桂跟他們都不同。吳三桂沒有戰窮。山海關和五萬將士均在他掌握之中。他官至明庭總兵官、平西伯。若明庭得以延壽，他的升官圖仍未有窮期。更為重要的是，從十幾歲至此他一直處在與滿清毫不妥協的交戰之中，可以說他身上並無顯著的漢姦因子。鑒此，有必要探討他終究成了大漢姦的原因。
面對事實進行探究，應該承認客觀因素是促成吳三桂蛻變為漢姦的重要原因。這客觀因素就是李自成入京後所采取的一係列錯誤作法。
基於農民起義軍對地主豪紳階級和故明官僚的痛恨，大順軍許多將士對明庭降臣進行拷掠追贓是可以理解的。問題在於李自成並不具備一個封建改朝換代者的眼光和胸襟。古代的農民起義並非近代、現代的民主革命。它衹能是以一個新興的王朝代替原有的王朝。大順要能站穩腳跟就必須與故明官僚合作。而且這些故明官僚已拋棄朱明政權張開雙臂準備與大順朝合作了。如禮科給事中惠世揚就十分肉麻地嚮李自成下跪說：“天生老臣，以遺陛下。”可是李自成竟對個中奧秘欠缺洞悉。任由大順將士去拷掠故明官員，甚至騷擾百姓，於是李自成大失京師民心。許多故明官員降後復萌叛志，有的則化裝潛逃。
從整體上來看，大順的作法是丟棄了於自身政權的穩定十分重要的故明官僚的合作，從局部上來看，是逼反了吳三桂。這既是促使吳三桂降清，也是使大順朝由盛至衰最終覆滅的關鍵。對於那十幾天－－歷史長河中短短的一瞬間－－裏的情況各種史籍中有着略有出入的記載。在劇烈的變動面前，吳三桂情緒激動舉止失措。有記載說他已接受李自成的招降。衹是在還沒有完全公開之時，又陸續得到父親被關押拷掠和愛姬被霸占的消息。有說是，他還勉強能接受父親的遭難，卻决不能接受愛姬的受辱。他明白自己是處在滿清和李自成兩大勢力的夾縫之中。無論是出於父親滯留京城的考量，還是從他與滿清拼殺了十幾年的仇恨來看，他歸降大順纔是順理成章的。可是三十二歲血氣方剛的青年武將在斬了李自成的使節並口出“李賊自送頭來”的狂言後，就自斷了這條應該走，並且本來已打算走的路。可是儘管如此他對降清仍有顧慮，以至在獲悉李自成起兵後曾想自戕以了斷一切。然而當他面對現實後，衹得走出嚮滿清搬兵的招數。而這一搬就把滿清的都城從瀋陽搬到北京，吳三桂沒有後悔藥可吃。
設想，如果大順朝能籠絡包括吳三桂在內的故明官僚，局勢有可能是另一番景況。李自成非但不以十萬大軍討伐吳三桂，而以此軍力協助其北防滿清。在穩定局勢後揮戈統一江南。以南明弘光政權的腐朽來裁量，這應在情理之中。或由於北疆吃緊，大順朝在相當時間內無力南伐，那以李自成與吳三桂以及大量明庭降將如大同總兵薑鑲的兵力總和是也足以抵禦滿清入關。從前明庭如此艱難，係因須對滿清、農民軍兩面作戰，顧此失彼、捉襟見肘。而若情況簡單化為大順對滿清，那清騎縱橫華北、中原之況將不復見。在經過一個時期的穩定生息後，新興的大順亦必將統一南中國。至於統一的大順是否有力量復故明在關外的疆域，這確有疑問。統一的大順會不會是弱宋的翻版？會不會導致今日中國之疆域竟在長城以南？這些問題都離開了本文所題，不作贅論。
由於明史清修，清朝基於自身是異族統治的關係，對明史多有篡改，又大興文字獄，並禁止了自周朝以來一直未曾間斷的民間史書的修撰，將明史的修撰控製在官方之手。同時藉修四庫全書之名行禁毀書籍之實，四庫禁毀書目列表比四庫全書的目錄要長3倍，以至於許多史料亡秩，後世史傢對明朝的評價多有誤會和不公之處。
自04年長篇白話歷史《明朝的那些事兒》大紅大紫開始，中國興起了一場轟轟烈烈的“明史熱”，為明朝正名的呼聲一浪高過一浪。
民間史學界多認為吳三桂並非一開始就是明朝叛臣，而是由於滿清打着“為君父報仇”的名義叩關，相對於攻占北京逼死崇禎帝的李自成，被明朝册封過的建州女真部（後金）反而是自己人。聯合清兵共同打李自成的大順政權，在當時看來再合理不過。明末時中國人的民族意識並不強烈，衹要統治者的治國方式可以讓漢人接受，漢人對異族統治也並不排斥。這也是無論是北魏的鮮卑，抑或是西夏、遼、金直至元、清時期，異族在建國的初始階段通常並沒有遭到漢人的強烈反抗。
然而後續的發展並不如忠直的明朝舊臣所想。滿清以大明臣屬的名義公開尋找崇禎之子，聲稱會將崇禎之子奉為正統，令其即位。卻又自食其言，將明朝舊臣和內宮老太監都認定是崇禎第三子朱慈炯的人處死，並稱此人是假冒的崇禎後裔。自此明庭失去了正統的繼承人，明室的諸親王都缺乏正統性和號召力，南明小朝廷也不得不走嚮了衰亡之路。此時的三大降將吳三桂、耿精忠和尚可喜三人已是騎虎難下：清廷已經坐大，衹有協助清廷消滅南明，才能保他們傢族的平安，並消除他們降清的道德危機。明室雖從未薄待過吳三桂，身為降將的吳三桂卻不得不積極的消滅南明，並最終手刃永歷帝以嚮新主子表忠心。
Albert Wu Qing
Meet after the beginning of field Doujia, song and dance out of the flower Hou door. Xu Qi Li Harp trick will be, so take general oil wall car.
It turned out that non-born unlucky this time, only this time tears Zhan Yi. Ye Gong-smelling emotional connection, bright eyes white teeth no pity.
Hate the book serves him urging the military to kill, hard to stay in about the human error. Similar to each other is difficult En deep, and once a thief ants over Chang'an.
Wax torch usher in the battlefield, ti makeup sounded Canhong India. Special levy to the Qin Chuan Xiao drum, golden trail car Qian Cheng.
Long before the tragedy to respect the boss, her husband was good at Hau Wong. At that time only by reputation tired, Gui Qi Hao Jing Yan were induced.
Family bones into dust, - on behalf of the red makeup according to annals. Do not you see baby Museum of places since the beginning of mandarin ducks, the more female flower to see less.
Another View of surrendering
Late March to early April, Wu Sangui linger wander in Yongping, Yutian area. Chongzhen death, death Ming court, Gu Chen Ming court as he and all are looking for way out. And one of the most simple way is to surrender Dashun. This does not violate the ethical code. Regime change, since ancient times is no different. Since the first Ming emperor was actually a real thing Pinseng, then Rereading this Yizu why not do emperor?
Dashun regarding the DPRK decided to conquest, Wu Sangui early Discovery, was shocked. He said to myself not to resist Dashun off military force. Terms of protecting themselves, he decided to Manchu Set to Kill. Condition is not only to the Qing wealth, and "will be split in order to pay." Manchu on and off in an unknown note of these tragedies. It only knew Li Zicheng settlement Beijing, Chongzhen death, should take this opportunity to the Central Plains chaos of a war with Dashun world. April 9 Shenyang Manchu troops leave. On the 15th line to the Lions after the encounter sent a special envoy Wu Sangui. Dorgon so overjoyed and the suspect did not accelerate the pace of the march. Hill arrived on the 20th. Second messenger to Wu Sangui. Yan Li Zicheng Army has thin Shanhaiguan, the situation is urgent. Qing hearing the news, night and day for 200 years, on the evening of the 21st arrived outside the customs. On the 21st day, Dashun Jun Wu Jun has been at war with. Wu Jun few why he did not. Wu Sangui again sent envoys to the clearing business, urgent reminder Qing join the fight. At this point we do not understand the situation Dorgon to Wu Sangui said, "not the only wealth, will be split in order to pay" to satisfy his ambition is the Central Plains, so instead insist Wu Sangui troops help solve the problem must Dressed dynasties side. At this point, Wu Sangui have no choice. If tomorrow a separate encounters with the Dashun, will defeat, his life will be destroyed. And they have shown by Dorgon, personally clearing business, Dressed bow. The next day, Shanhaiguan war started. Wu Jun wily Dorgon make the first military war with the Dashun. When the two warring sides were tired, and Wu Jun was why he did not have the time, commanded the troops jumped into the array of parties. There is no ideological preparation of the Dashun Army "Tartars soldiers are coming!" The exclamation never led. "All of a sudden, the battlefield empty, dead relative sleeper product, Mi Man Ono."
If the fall of the Qing Wu Sangui many people not too clear about the specific process, then the personal experience of the Wu Sangui and fewer people know of. Realistically speaking, Wu Sangui do this is not a traitor of the material.
1612 (four years of Wanli) Wu Sangui born outside the customs of the Han in the town after the native of Gaoyou. Wu-hsiang of the gentry, his father is due to the rise of the Liao Dynasty Nurhaci a harsh policy of ethnic discrimination, on the Han major plus looting killing angry Pen for the Sword then organized militia, protectors. Yoshiyuki Ming Court, appointed to the post of Chief General Liaodong militia. His remarkable achievements, the "Liao Right Jubi," said. After the gold in the resistance struggle, Wu Xiang Liao territory and then some out of friendship forged court generals and to his sister married a Famous Jinzhou, link "to discuss prisoner Pioneer India," the Liaodong star Zuda Shou. Wu Sangui was born and grew up in the area is full of war and have a family history of war against money. This is undoubtedly a young age tempered his strength of courage and sense of anti-gold. In the battlefield, the brave youth of the Wu Sangui is. In a battle, he fell into the enemy positions, a red flag with a shot Prince. In kissing the prince approached brandished a knife ready to cut off the heads, the surprise that the prince suddenly knifed him in the nose. Wu Sangui face covered in blood, but undaunted, torn red dress that wound immediately after the rematch.
1641 (Chongzhen 14 years) Jin Song to the Ming army defeat the war ended. If 23 years ago after the Battle of the defeat marked the golden master of the external relations of the initiative, then Song Ming Kam of the Baize court that the failure in the war situation as absolutely shattered. Song Jin of the Ming court defeat to the loss of a large number of elite troops and the war will. Xiao Qiang Cao Jiao and other variables captured by Slaughter. Hong Chengchou, Zuda Shou such surrender. Wu Sangui only first-line pain pluggin in Ningyuan Shanhaiguan situation. Wu Sangui extremely difficult conditions in exile under the protection offered to revitalize the Military. Soon they organized an army of tens of thousands of people, adhere to Ningyuan Shanhaiguan and cities such as foreign relations. Liaodong war will or death in the same or lower case, the only remaining resist the Qing Wu Sangui become famous. Taiji has launched the following year the Battle of Horse. Send Aba Tai, tolg shuaibing away from the Wu Sangui defensive Shanhaiguan, typical agricultural village by the yellow line into the side. Burning and looting, Jiangsu, Shandong direct military front. Zhu Ming Kwan will all Wangfengertao inside. Only Wu Sangui still dare shuaibing Entering Yao Ji Qing, and quite frequently gains. And then to 1643, as noted earlier, Wu Sangui strong resistance to the Qing invincible Ningyuan City, third in the bitter taste of defeat.
In order to solve more than it difficult for Shanhaiguan this barrier, the Qing court to summon somebody to surrender Wu Sangui launched a powerful offensive. As the uncle Zuda Shou Wu Sangui and mentor Hong Chengchou and numerous brothers, colleagues, such as Wu Sanfeng, ancestral to law, such as have been surrendered to the Qing Chang Tsun-jen, Huang Taiji himself has written so summon somebody to surrender to him, but also told them there are all kinds of relations with Wu Sangui down to write to him to capitulate. But Wu Sangui end unmoved. Of course, this is because his father to stay in the capital appeared to be hostages, on the other hand when the awareness against the Qing Dynasty and Wu Sangui inseparable.
Face the facts of inquiry, should be recognized that the objective factors contributed to Wu Sangui degenerated into a traitor of the important reasons. This is Li Zi Cheng objective factors into the Beijing adopted a series of errors after the practice.
On the whole, Dashun approach is discarded in the stability of the regime itself so clearly the importance of bureaucratic co-operation, from the local point of view, is forced against the Wu Sangui. This is prompted Wu Sangui surrendering, but also to move from prosperity to Dashun the final destruction of critical failure. For those 10 days - just a moment in history - in the case of various historical records has a slightly different records. Dramatic changes in the face of Wu Sangui emotional behavior stricken. Documented that he had accepted the summon somebody to surrender Li Zicheng. Only when not fully open, then the father was detained after another copy to be swept and dominated the news love Kyi. There is, he reluctantly to accept his father's distress, but must not accept the love Kyi humiliated. He knew that he was the Manchu and the Rereading the two major forces in the slit. Whether stranded in the capital of the consideration for the father, or from his ten years of the Qing Dynasty and flame of hatred of view, his clique are surrendering Dashun is logical. But the 30-year-old flower of their youth generals cut a Rereading of envoys in parallel out of, "Lee from sending head thief," the obscurity, the respect from this should go cut off, and had been intended to take. Nevertheless he was surrendering, but there are still concerns, and even raise an army in the informed Rereading to a break after all wanted to Commit Suicide. But when he faced the reality, the only out of tricks to call in the Qing Dynasty. And this move took the capital of the Qing Dynasty moved to Beijing from Shenyang, Wu Sangui not regret it later to eat.
Envisaged, if the move to win over Dashun including Wu Sangui it out, including bureaucrats, the situation may be another round of situation. Rereading Instead of thousands of troops to suppress the Wu Sangui, but this military assistance to the North against the Manchu. Unity to stabilize the situation in the south after the Hui Ge. To the corruption of Hongguang Administration of Nanming to discretion, it is rational to be. Or because the northern tight Dashun considerable time, unable to move south in the cutting, which to a large number of Ming Li Zi Cheng and Wu Sangui and down the court, such as Datong Chief General Qin Xiang is enough strength to resist the sum of Manchus. Ming court once so difficult, was due to the Manchu, farmers combat troops on both sides, loss, hard-pressed. But if the situation simplified for large shun the Qing Dynasty, Qing ride that aspect of North China, Central China will no longer see the status. After a period of stable interest-bearing, the new uniform will also Dashun South China. As a unified force Dashun complex it is clear whether there is outside the customs territory, which is open to question. Unified Dashun Song will be a replica of the weak? Will actually lead to today's China territory south of the Great Wall? These problems have left the title of this article, do not make redundant.
Folk historians do not start more than that is Ming Wu Sangui Panchen, but because of the Manchu banner of "revenge for the Jun Fu" in the name of knocking at the gate, with a death sentence for the capture of Beijing's Li Zi Cheng Chong Zhen Emperor was Ming had canonized Jianzhou Jurchen Department (later King) but it was people. Rereading the Joint bowls together to fight the Dashun regime, at the time seemed reasonable, but again. Ming when the Chinese national consciousness is not strong, as long as the rulers of the country ways to the Han Chinese to accept, Han rule does not exclude the Alien. This is either the Xianbei Northern, or Western Xia, Liao, Jin until the Yuan and Qing Dynasty, mixed in the initial stages of the founding of the Han Chinese are usually not met strong resistance.