| 字： | 长伯 | |||||||||
| 籍贯： | 江苏高邮/辽东 | |||||||||
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崇祯十七年（1644）三月初，李自成破大同、真定，逼近北京 ，崇祯帝飞檄加封他为平西伯，令其放弃宁远(今辽宁兴城)入卫京师，起用吴襄提督京营。吴三桂奉旨入援京师，十六日抵山海关，一路上“迁延不急行，简阅步骑”，二十日抵达河北丰润时，李自成领导的农民起义军已进入北京，崇祯帝自缢景山（煤山），北京失陷，吴三桂撤兵退保山海关。李自成后曾多次招他归降，吴三桂再三犹豫，因其妾陈圆圆被李自成部将掠去，其父也被拘押“拷掠甚酷”，大怒。遂上书清睿亲王多尔衮 ，请清兵入关灭贼。李自成闻知此讯，4月13日，亲率大军十万号称二十万，奔赴山海关攻讨吴三桂。22日山海关之战，吴军初败，吴三桂求救于清摄政王多尔衮，清兵入关。吴三桂与清军在一片石战役中联合大败李自成，受清封平西王。
不久，吴三桂又为清军先锋，追击李自成，并平灭陕西等地的流寇余部，并灭四川军阀张献忠，结束了其在四川建立的暴虐政权。清顺治十四年(1657)，会同清军多尼等进攻南明云贵等地区。十六年，清廷命他镇守云南，引兵入缅，迫缅王交出南明永历帝。康熙元年（1662），吴三桂杀南明永历帝于昆明。同年，清廷晋封吴三桂为平西亲王，兼辖贵州省，永镇云贵。与镇守福建的靖南王耿精忠、镇守广东的平南王尚可喜子尚之信相呼应，成为拥兵自重的三藩。
顺治十七年，朝廷以赋税不足，令吴三桂裁减兵员。吴三桂将绿营及投诚兵从六万人减至二万四千人，汰弱存强，留下的全是精锐之师。清廷于康熙十二年（1673年）下令撤藩。吴三桂闻讯后叛清。自称周王、总统天下水陆大元帅、兴明讨虏大将军，发布檄文，，联合平南王世子尚之信、靖南王耿精忠及广西将军孙延龄、陕西提督王辅臣等以反清复明为号召起兵反清，挥军入桂、川、湘、闽、粤诸省，战乱波及赣、陕、甘等省，史称三藩之乱。清政府调重兵全力镇压叛乱，逐渐扭转了战局，康熙十七年（1678年），吴三桂在湖南衡州称帝，国号大周，建元昭武。其本人也开始蓄发，改穿明朝衣冠。同年秋在长沙病死 。其孙吴世璠 继位 ，退据云南 。康熙二十年（1681年）昆明被围，吴世璠自杀，余众出降。吴三桂的子孙后代被彻底杀光。包括襁褓中的婴儿。《清史稿》有吴三桂本传。
本是大周皇帝的天子命，却为大清朝打下半壁江山的人，敢为爱情失去江山的人，使一代枭雄李自成命丧其手的人。诸多的悲剧与无奈造就了他色彩鲜明、复杂多变的人生性格：既有“冲冠一怒为红颜”的真情实感；又有爱江山甚于爱美人的残暴与贪婪；他反复无常，言而无信，仕明叛明，联闯破闯，降清反清……人生之善与恶，无一不在他身上迸发……然而，作为历史上的传奇人物之一，吴三桂在明末清初的历史舞台上却又是最最关键的筹码。曾左右了当时的历史走向。因此，后人对其评价多是毁誉参半、亦扬亦抑的。很难勾勒出他本身的性格及其演绎出的那些光怪陆离、令人目不暇接的人生变故。
冲冠—怒为红颜
《圆圆曲》
清 吴伟业
鼎湖当日弃人间，破敌收京下玉关， 恸哭六军俱缟素，冲冠—怒为红颜。
红颜流落非吾恋，逆贼夭亡自荒宴。 电扫黄巾定黑山，哭罢君亲再相见。
相见初经田窦家，侯门歌舞出如花。 许将戚里箜篌伎，等取将军油壁车。
家本姑苏浣花里，圆圆小字娇罗绮。 梦向夫差苑里游，宫娥拥入君王起。
前身合是采莲人，门前一片横塘水。 横塘双桨去如飞，何处豪家强载归。
此际岂知非薄命，此时唯有泪沾衣。 薰天意气连宫掖，明眸皓齿无人惜。
夺归永巷闭良家，教就新声倾坐客。 坐客飞觞红日暮，一曲哀弦向谁诉？
白晰通侯最少年，拣取花枝屡回顾。 早携娇鸟出樊笼，待得银河几时渡？
恨杀军书抵死催，苦留后约将人误。 相约恩深相见难，一朝蚁贼满长安。
可怜思妇楼头柳，认作天边粉絮看。 遍索绿珠围内第，强呼绛树出雕阑。
若非壮士全师胜，争得蛾眉匹马还？ 蛾眉马上传呼进，云鬟不整惊魂定。
蜡炬迎来在战场，啼妆满面残红印。 专征萧鼓向秦川，金牛道上车千乘。
斜谷云深起画楼，散关月落开妆镜。 传来消息满江乡，乌桕红经十度霜。
教曲伎师怜尚在，浣纱女伴忆同行。 旧巢共是衔泥燕，飞上枝头变凤凰。
长向尊前悲老大，有人夫婿擅侯王。 当时只受声名累，贵戚名豪竞延致。
一斛明珠万斛愁，关山漂泊腰肢细。 错怨狂风飏落花，无边春色来天地。
尝闻倾国与倾城，翻使周郎受重名。 妻子岂应关大计，英雄无奈是多情。
全家白骨成灰土，—代红妆照汗青。 君不见馆娃初起鸳鸯宿，越女如花看不足。
香径尘生乌自啼，屧廊人去苔空绿。 换羽移宫万里愁，珠歌翠舞古梁州。
为君别唱吴宫曲，汉水东南日夜流！
降清别论
一、吴三桂“引”清兵入关经过之简述
崇祯十七年（1644年）三月初一，大同总兵姜镶投降大顺军。京师震动。因大同乃京畿西边门户，大同陷落，北京危殆。此时崇祯再也顾不得驻守关宁的吴三桂部所负北防重任，急令吴三桂入卫京师。三月中旬，获令后的吴三桂立即着宁远地区几十万辽民内迁，三月十九日（一说十六日）到达山海关，继而率兵西进京畿。二十二日吴三桂兵至玉田一带，这时突获京师陷落崇祯自缢的消息。同时又获悉明居庸关总兵唐通已降大顺，并奉李自成令乘虚占领山海关。吴三桂进退失据忧心忡忡。
就在吴三桂撤离宁远之后的两三天，都设沈阳的清庭业已探知。这对于他们来说不啻一大喜讯。宁远这座城无疑是他们辉煌事业的一个黑洞。在那里长留着他们抹不去的耻辱。天命十一年（公元1626年）初，他们那不可一世的、与明庭交锋百战百胜的大汗努尔哈赤所率的六万大军惨败在宁远城下。努尔哈赤也身负炮伤。清军撤回沈阳后，努尔哈赤羞愤交加终日忧忿，不久伤患（一说背痈）恶化，不治身亡。这个制造了无数灾难的屠杀者终究走完了他那六十八年的罪恶人生。经过一番角逐以后，努尔哈赤的第八子皇太极继承汗位。
天聪元年（公元1627年），皇太极在出兵朝鲜获胜后，率凯旋之师猛扑锦州、宁远，志在必胜以报父仇、雪国耻。不期赵率教矢志坚守锦州、袁崇焕拼死保卫宁远。后金军死伤枕藉，皇太极不得不饮恨撤围。满清又一次惨败宁远城下。
崇德八年（公元1643年）八月，皇太极暴卒。幼主福临立，多尔衮、济尔哈朗摄政。为树立威望，九月，济尔哈朗就迫不及待地率军猛攻明庭残留在关外最后几个军事据点。他很快攻占中后所、中前所、前屯卫，但当他率军攻打宁远时，却遭到吴三桂的坚决抗击。宁远，这座城市简直是满清的梦魇。从1626年到1643年，清军三次猛攻它都铩羽而归。然而没想到今天它竟然垂手可得。清廷真是大喜过望。急于建功立业的多尔衮等人闻讯当即下令“修整军器，储粮秣马，俟四月初大举进讨。”
三月下旬到四月初，吴三桂盘桓踯躅在永平、玉田一带。崇祯死、明廷亡，他和所有明廷故臣一样都在寻找出路。而一条最简捷的出路就是投降大顺。这并不违反礼教。改朝换代，自古亦然。既然明太祖贫僧一名竟是真命天子，那么李自成这个驿卒又为什么不能做皇帝呢？
大顺对吴三桂的政策亦是招降。李自成遣使三桂，给予其四个月军粮及白银四万两，并声明“俟立功日升赏”。这对于已缺饷一年多的吴军确实是雪中送炭。吴三桂已有降意。就在这关键时刻，吴三桂先后接到两种文书。一是大顺使者所持其父吴襄劝其归顺李自成的书信，二是有人送给吴三桂密信，详告其父被刘宗敏抓捕追脏，遭到严刑拷打。其父已凑白银五万两，但离刘宗敏所索二十万两甚远。此外，吴三桂爱妾陈园园亦被刘宗敏霸占。吴三桂闻讯大怒。遂拔剑斩案、升帐演兵场，斩一名来使，将另一名割去双耳，令其传言李自成：“李贼自送头来。”同时，起兵回师击败唐通，夺回山海关。
吴三桂从态度模棱两可转变为公开对抗，这在大顺朝中引起轩然大波。一派意见是立即予以征讨。另一派意见是暂时放置。持后一种意见的原因有二。一是刘宗敏、李过等已沉醉在胜利的欢乐中。拷掠故明脏官、坐拥声色美姬实在是不亦乐乎。不想立即再去冒死作战。二是李岩、牛金星、宋献策等基于策略的考虑，认为暂不宜大举征伐。因为“新得京师，人心震迭”，而且吴军以“素能战”闻名，不可轻视。他们认为还是暂时维持现状，继续招降为上。但李自成力排众议，下令亲征。四月十三日，李自成率兵十万，号称二十万东出京师。
大顺朝决定征伐一事，吴三桂先期探知，大惊。他自忖断无抵挡大顺军的力量。为自保计，他决定向满清借兵。条件是不但给予满清财帛，而且“将裂地以酬” 。满清对关内的这些变故并不详悉。它只知李自成陷京，崇祯身亡，应藉此中原大乱的机会与大顺一争天下。四月九日满清大军起程沈阳。十五日行至翁后遇到吴三桂派来的特使。多尔衮等大喜且疑，并未加快行军速度。二十日到达连山。吴三桂第二次使者至。言李自成军已薄山海关，情况紧急。清军闻讯日夜兼程二百里，于二十一日傍晚抵达关外。二十一日白天，大顺军与吴军已有交战。吴军几不支。吴三桂再度遣使到清营，急催清军加入战斗。此时明了情况的多尔衮再不以吴三桂所言“不唯财帛，将裂地以酬”为满足，他的志向是入主中原，故改而坚持吴三桂必须剃发以降方出兵相助。此时，吴三桂已别无选择。若明日单独与大顺军交锋，必将不敌，身家性命必毁于一旦。于是只得依多尔衮所示，亲往清营，剃发跪拜。次日，山海关大战展开。狡诈的多尔衮令吴军先与大顺军战。待交战双方皆疲，而吴军已显不支之时，方挥师跃入阵中。毫无思想准备的大顺军在“鞑子兵来了！”的惊呼中兵败如山倒。“一时之间，战场空虚，积尸相枕，弥满大野。”
至此，吴三桂所谓借清兵以伐大顺，以复明室的设想已成泡影。在军事上、政治上已完全掌握主动权的满清，只把吴三桂视为众多归降故明官员中的一个，并驱之若走狗来为其征服全中国的企图效力。
二、另一个少为人知的吴三桂
如果说对吴三桂降清的具体过程不少人不甚了了，那么对吴三桂的个人经历就更少人知晓了。实事求是地说，吴三桂本不是一块做汉奸的料。
作为武将，吴三桂并非身高八尺力举千斤，而只是中等身材，但他目光如注、英俊威严，且勇力过人武艺超群。在战阵上披坚执锐、左冲右突、骁勇非常，以至有次皇太极远远见了，不禁对麾下叹道：“小吴总兵真好汉子！”
１６１２年（万历四十年）吴三桂出生于关外的汉镇中后所，祖籍江苏高邮。其父吴襄本乃士绅，因努尔哈赤崛起后在辽境实行严酷的民族歧视政策，对汉民大加掳掠杀戮，遂愤而投笔从戎举办团练，保境安民。明庭嘉之，委以辽东团练总兵一职。他功绩卓著，有“辽右巨臂”之称。在抵抗后金的斗争中，吴襄与当时辽境的一些明庭武将结下友谊，并把妹妹嫁给锦州总兵、挂“讨虏先锋印”的辽东名将祖大寿。吴三桂就是出生成长于充满战火的地域和拥有抗金战史的家族。这无疑从小就锻炼了他的勇力气魄和抗金意识。在战场上，少年的吴三桂就骁勇非常。在一次战斗中，他冲入敌阵用箭射倒一名红旗王子。在拍马上前挥刀准备割下该王子的首级时，不料那王子突然以刀砍中他的鼻梁。吴三桂血流满面，但毫无惧色，撕裂红旗包扎好伤口后，立即再战。
有一次，吴襄率五百名骑兵作哨探，不期与后金大军相遇被围。当时在萨尔浒之战明军惨败后，对于与清军“野地浪战”明军心怀余悸。从农民子弟中后天训练出来的汉族骑兵一般来说确实不是马背女真民族的对手。骑兵交战即使兵力倍之，明军都没有胜利的把握，何况区区几百名明军身陷后金大阵？少年吴三桂得知父亲危在旦夕后，立即赶到舅舅祖大寿的阵帐，请他发兵援救父亲脱离险境。祖大寿认为这根本没有可能，只会徒增伤亡，遂拒绝说：“吾以封疆重任，焉敢妄动！万一失利，咎将安任？”三桂知不可强，大哭而去，并立即召集几十名家丁，如狂风般地冲入重围。在找到父亲的队伍后大呼：“跟我来！”并带领五百骑杀出重围、奔回宁远。这次战斗震惊全军。从此少年吴三桂“勇冠三军、孝闻九边”的英名辽境无人不知。
少年英雄的吴三桂深受父辈重臣的器重。辽东监军高其潜收他为义子。1639年（崇祯十二年）洪承畴荐举他担任辽东总兵。时年仅27岁。吴三桂练军甚严。在洪承畴所部诸镇中，以吴三桂系战力最强。吴三桂并不以此满足，他还专门再训练了一支极为精锐的千人骑兵。共分二十队，每队五十人。“置签二十支，书领队姓名，插靴筒中。遇信急，受制签呼某，某即领本骑随之，冲突无不利”。
1641年（崇祯十四年）松锦之战以明军惨败告终。如果说二十三年前的萨尔浒之败标志着后金掌握了关外的主动权，那么松锦之败则表明明庭已在整个战局上败象毕露。松锦之败使明庭丧失了大量精兵和战将。骁将曹变蛟等被俘遭戮。洪承畴、祖大寿等投降。只剩下吴三桂在宁远山海关一线苦撑着局势。吴三桂在极端困难的状况下招抚流亡，重振军旅。不久又组织起一支数万人的军队，坚守山海关和关外宁远等城。在原辽东战将或亡或降的情况下，吴三桂成了硕果仅存的抗清名将。次年皇太极又发动壬午之役。派遣阿巴泰、图尔格率兵避开由吴三桂防守的山海关，由黄崖口一线入边。烧杀掳掠，兵锋直达山东苏北。关内诸明将皆望风而逃。只有吴三桂仍敢率兵入关邀击清军，并屡有斩获。再到1643年，如前所述，吴三桂的坚决抵抗使所向披靡的清军在宁远城下第三次苦尝败绩。
为了解决山海关这道难以越逾的屏障，清庭向吴三桂展开了强大的招降攻势。由于吴三桂的舅舅祖大寿和恩师洪承畴以及众多的兄弟、同僚如吴三凤、祖可法、张存仁等均已降清，故皇太极除亲自写信向他招降外，还叫这些与吴三桂有种种关系的降将写信给他劝降。但吴三桂终不为所动。当然这一方面是由于其父留在京师似为人质，另一方面当与吴三桂的抗清意识分不开。
三、促使吴三桂引清兵入关的客观原因
明季之末大量的明庭故臣变作汉奸的原因是多式多样的。常见的是战穷活命型和投效觅官型。前者典型为洪承畴、祖大寿等，后者典型为张存仁、马光远、冯铨等。吴三桂跟他们都不同。吴三桂没有战穷。山海关和五万将士均在他掌握之中。他官至明庭总兵官、平西伯。若明庭得以延寿，他的升官图仍未有穷期。更为重要的是，从十几岁至此他一直处在与满清毫不妥协的交战之中，可以说他身上并无显著的汉奸因子。鉴此，有必要探讨他终究成了大汉奸的原因。
面对事实进行探究，应该承认客观因素是促成吴三桂蜕变为汉奸的重要原因。这客观因素就是李自成入京后所采取的一系列错误作法。
基于农民起义军对地主豪绅阶级和故明官僚的痛恨，大顺军许多将士对明庭降臣进行拷掠追赃是可以理解的。问题在于李自成并不具备一个封建改朝换代者的眼光和胸襟。古代的农民起义并非近代、现代的民主革命。它只能是以一个新兴的王朝代替原有的王朝。大顺要能站稳脚跟就必须与故明官僚合作。而且这些故明官僚已抛弃朱明政权张开双臂准备与大顺朝合作了。如礼科给事中惠世扬就十分肉麻地向李自成下跪说：“天生老臣，以遗陛下。”可是李自成竟对个中奥秘欠缺洞悉。任由大顺将士去拷掠故明官员，甚至骚扰百姓，于是李自成大失京师民心。许多故明官员降后复萌叛志，有的则化装潜逃。
从整体上来看，大顺的作法是丢弃了于自身政权的稳定十分重要的故明官僚的合作，从局部上来看，是逼反了吴三桂。这既是促使吴三桂降清，也是使大顺朝由盛至衰最终覆灭的关键。对于那十几天－－历史长河中短短的一瞬间－－里的情况各种史籍中有着略有出入的记载。在剧烈的变动面前，吴三桂情绪激动举止失措。有记载说他已接受李自成的招降。只是在还没有完全公开之时，又陆续得到父亲被关押拷掠和爱姬被霸占的消息。有说是，他还勉强能接受父亲的遭难，却决不能接受爱姬的受辱。他明白自己是处在满清和李自成两大势力的夹缝之中。无论是出于父亲滞留京城的考量，还是从他与满清拼杀了十几年的仇恨来看，他归降大顺才是顺理成章的。可是三十二岁血气方刚的青年武将在斩了李自成的使节并口出“李贼自送头来”的狂言后，就自断了这条应该走，并且本来已打算走的路。可是尽管如此他对降清仍有顾虑，以至在获悉李自成起兵后曾想自戕以了断一切。然而当他面对现实后，只得走出向满清搬兵的招数。而这一搬就把满清的都城从沈阳搬到北京，吴三桂没有后悔药可吃。
设想，如果大顺朝能笼络包括吴三桂在内的故明官僚，局势有可能是另一番景况。李自成非但不以十万大军讨伐吴三桂，而以此军力协助其北防满清。在稳定局势后挥戈统一江南。以南明弘光政权的腐朽来裁量，这应在情理之中。或由于北疆吃紧，大顺朝在相当时间内无力南伐，那以李自成与吴三桂以及大量明庭降将如大同总兵姜镶的兵力总和是也足以抵御满清入关。从前明庭如此艰难，系因须对满清、农民军两面作战，顾此失彼、捉襟见肘。而若情况简单化为大顺对满清，那清骑纵横华北、中原之况将不复见。在经过一个时期的稳定生息后，新兴的大顺亦必将统一南中国。至于统一的大顺是否有力量复故明在关外的疆域，这确有疑问。统一的大顺会不会是弱宋的翻版？会不会导致今日中国之疆域竟在长城以南？这些问题都离开了本文所题，不作赘论。
由于明史清修，清朝基于自身是异族统治的关系，对明史多有篡改，又大兴文字狱，并禁止了自周朝以来一直未曾间断的民间史书的修撰，将明史的修撰控制在官方之手。同时借修四库全书之名行禁毁书籍之实，四库禁毁书目列表比四库全书的目录要长3倍，以至于许多史料亡秩，后世史家对明朝的评价多有误会和不公之处。
自04年长篇白话历史《明朝的那些事儿》大红大紫开始，中国兴起了一场轰轰烈烈的“明史热”，为明朝正名的呼声一浪高过一浪。
民间史学界多认为吴三桂并非一开始就是明朝叛臣，而是由于满清打着“为君父报仇”的名义叩关，相对于攻占北京逼死崇祯帝的李自成，被明朝册封过的建州女真部（后金）反而是自己人。联合清兵共同打李自成的大顺政权，在当时看来再合理不过。明末时中国人的民族意识并不强烈，只要统治者的治国方式可以让汉人接受，汉人对异族统治也并不排斥。这也是无论是北魏的鲜卑，抑或是西夏、辽、金直至元、清时期，异族在建国的初始阶段通常并没有遭到汉人的强烈反抗。
然而后续的发展并不如忠直的明朝旧臣所想。满清以大明臣属的名义公开寻找崇祯之子，声称会将崇祯之子奉为正统，令其即位。却又自食其言，将明朝旧臣和内宫老太监都认定是崇祯第三子朱慈炯的人处死，并称此人是假冒的崇祯后裔。自此明庭失去了正统的继承人，明室的诸亲王都缺乏正统性和号召力，南明小朝廷也不得不走向了衰亡之路。此时的三大降将吴三桂、耿精忠和尚可喜三人已是骑虎难下：清廷已经坐大，只有协助清廷消灭南明，才能保他们家族的平安，并消除他们降清的道德危机。明室虽从未薄待过吴三桂，身为降将的吴三桂却不得不积极的消灭南明，并最终手刃永历帝以向新主子表忠心。
Albert Wu Qing
Meet after the beginning of field Doujia, song and dance out of the flower Hou door. Xu Qi Li Harp trick will be, so take general oil wall car.
It turned out that non-born unlucky this time, only this time tears Zhan Yi. Ye Gong-smelling emotional connection, bright eyes white teeth no pity.
Hate the book serves him urging the military to kill, hard to stay in about the human error. Similar to each other is difficult En deep, and once a thief ants over Chang'an.
Wax torch usher in the battlefield, ti makeup sounded Canhong India. Special levy to the Qin Chuan Xiao drum, golden trail car Qian Cheng.
Long before the tragedy to respect the boss, her husband was good at Hau Wong. At that time only by reputation tired, Gui Qi Hao Jing Yan were induced.
Family bones into dust, - on behalf of the red makeup according to annals. Do not you see baby Museum of places since the beginning of mandarin ducks, the more female flower to see less.
Another View of surrendering
Late March to early April, Wu Sangui linger wander in Yongping, Yutian area. Chongzhen death, death Ming court, Gu Chen Ming court as he and all are looking for way out. And one of the most simple way is to surrender Dashun. This does not violate the ethical code. Regime change, since ancient times is no different. Since the first Ming emperor was actually a real thing Pinseng, then Rereading this Yizu why not do emperor?
Dashun regarding the DPRK decided to conquest, Wu Sangui early Discovery, was shocked. He said to myself not to resist Dashun off military force. Terms of protecting themselves, he decided to Manchu Set to Kill. Condition is not only to the Qing wealth, and "will be split in order to pay." Manchu on and off in an unknown note of these tragedies. It only knew Li Zicheng settlement Beijing, Chongzhen death, should take this opportunity to the Central Plains chaos of a war with Dashun world. April 9 Shenyang Manchu troops leave. On the 15th line to the Lions after the encounter sent a special envoy Wu Sangui. Dorgon so overjoyed and the suspect did not accelerate the pace of the march. Hill arrived on the 20th. Second messenger to Wu Sangui. Yan Li Zicheng Army has thin Shanhaiguan, the situation is urgent. Qing hearing the news, night and day for 200 years, on the evening of the 21st arrived outside the customs. On the 21st day, Dashun Jun Wu Jun has been at war with. Wu Jun few why he did not. Wu Sangui again sent envoys to the clearing business, urgent reminder Qing join the fight. At this point we do not understand the situation Dorgon to Wu Sangui said, "not the only wealth, will be split in order to pay" to satisfy his ambition is the Central Plains, so instead insist Wu Sangui troops help solve the problem must Dressed dynasties side. At this point, Wu Sangui have no choice. If tomorrow a separate encounters with the Dashun, will defeat, his life will be destroyed. And they have shown by Dorgon, personally clearing business, Dressed bow. The next day, Shanhaiguan war started. Wu Jun wily Dorgon make the first military war with the Dashun. When the two warring sides were tired, and Wu Jun was why he did not have the time, commanded the troops jumped into the array of parties. There is no ideological preparation of the Dashun Army "Tartars soldiers are coming!" The exclamation never led. "All of a sudden, the battlefield empty, dead relative sleeper product, Mi Man Ono."
If the fall of the Qing Wu Sangui many people not too clear about the specific process, then the personal experience of the Wu Sangui and fewer people know of. Realistically speaking, Wu Sangui do this is not a traitor of the material.
1612 (four years of Wanli) Wu Sangui born outside the customs of the Han in the town after the native of Gaoyou. Wu-hsiang of the gentry, his father is due to the rise of the Liao Dynasty Nurhaci a harsh policy of ethnic discrimination, on the Han major plus looting killing angry Pen for the Sword then organized militia, protectors. Yoshiyuki Ming Court, appointed to the post of Chief General Liaodong militia. His remarkable achievements, the "Liao Right Jubi," said. After the gold in the resistance struggle, Wu Xiang Liao territory and then some out of friendship forged court generals and to his sister married a Famous Jinzhou, link "to discuss prisoner Pioneer India," the Liaodong star Zuda Shou. Wu Sangui was born and grew up in the area is full of war and have a family history of war against money. This is undoubtedly a young age tempered his strength of courage and sense of anti-gold. In the battlefield, the brave youth of the Wu Sangui is. In a battle, he fell into the enemy positions, a red flag with a shot Prince. In kissing the prince approached brandished a knife ready to cut off the heads, the surprise that the prince suddenly knifed him in the nose. Wu Sangui face covered in blood, but undaunted, torn red dress that wound immediately after the rematch.
1641 (Chongzhen 14 years) Jin Song to the Ming army defeat the war ended. If 23 years ago after the Battle of the defeat marked the golden master of the external relations of the initiative, then Song Ming Kam of the Baize court that the failure in the war situation as absolutely shattered. Song Jin of the Ming court defeat to the loss of a large number of elite troops and the war will. Xiao Qiang Cao Jiao and other variables captured by Slaughter. Hong Chengchou, Zuda Shou such surrender. Wu Sangui only first-line pain pluggin in Ningyuan Shanhaiguan situation. Wu Sangui extremely difficult conditions in exile under the protection offered to revitalize the Military. Soon they organized an army of tens of thousands of people, adhere to Ningyuan Shanhaiguan and cities such as foreign relations. Liaodong war will or death in the same or lower case, the only remaining resist the Qing Wu Sangui become famous. Taiji has launched the following year the Battle of Horse. Send Aba Tai, tolg shuaibing away from the Wu Sangui defensive Shanhaiguan, typical agricultural village by the yellow line into the side. Burning and looting, Jiangsu, Shandong direct military front. Zhu Ming Kwan will all Wangfengertao inside. Only Wu Sangui still dare shuaibing Entering Yao Ji Qing, and quite frequently gains. And then to 1643, as noted earlier, Wu Sangui strong resistance to the Qing invincible Ningyuan City, third in the bitter taste of defeat.
In order to solve more than it difficult for Shanhaiguan this barrier, the Qing court to summon somebody to surrender Wu Sangui launched a powerful offensive. As the uncle Zuda Shou Wu Sangui and mentor Hong Chengchou and numerous brothers, colleagues, such as Wu Sanfeng, ancestral to law, such as have been surrendered to the Qing Chang Tsun-jen, Huang Taiji himself has written so summon somebody to surrender to him, but also told them there are all kinds of relations with Wu Sangui down to write to him to capitulate. But Wu Sangui end unmoved. Of course, this is because his father to stay in the capital appeared to be hostages, on the other hand when the awareness against the Qing Dynasty and Wu Sangui inseparable.
Face the facts of inquiry, should be recognized that the objective factors contributed to Wu Sangui degenerated into a traitor of the important reasons. This is Li Zi Cheng objective factors into the Beijing adopted a series of errors after the practice.
On the whole, Dashun approach is discarded in the stability of the regime itself so clearly the importance of bureaucratic co-operation, from the local point of view, is forced against the Wu Sangui. This is prompted Wu Sangui surrendering, but also to move from prosperity to Dashun the final destruction of critical failure. For those 10 days - just a moment in history - in the case of various historical records has a slightly different records. Dramatic changes in the face of Wu Sangui emotional behavior stricken. Documented that he had accepted the summon somebody to surrender Li Zicheng. Only when not fully open, then the father was detained after another copy to be swept and dominated the news love Kyi. There is, he reluctantly to accept his father's distress, but must not accept the love Kyi humiliated. He knew that he was the Manchu and the Rereading the two major forces in the slit. Whether stranded in the capital of the consideration for the father, or from his ten years of the Qing Dynasty and flame of hatred of view, his clique are surrendering Dashun is logical. But the 30-year-old flower of their youth generals cut a Rereading of envoys in parallel out of, "Lee from sending head thief," the obscurity, the respect from this should go cut off, and had been intended to take. Nevertheless he was surrendering, but there are still concerns, and even raise an army in the informed Rereading to a break after all wanted to Commit Suicide. But when he faced the reality, the only out of tricks to call in the Qing Dynasty. And this move took the capital of the Qing Dynasty moved to Beijing from Shenyang, Wu Sangui not regret it later to eat.
Envisaged, if the move to win over Dashun including Wu Sangui it out, including bureaucrats, the situation may be another round of situation. Rereading Instead of thousands of troops to suppress the Wu Sangui, but this military assistance to the North against the Manchu. Unity to stabilize the situation in the south after the Hui Ge. To the corruption of Hongguang Administration of Nanming to discretion, it is rational to be. Or because the northern tight Dashun considerable time, unable to move south in the cutting, which to a large number of Ming Li Zi Cheng and Wu Sangui and down the court, such as Datong Chief General Qin Xiang is enough strength to resist the sum of Manchus. Ming court once so difficult, was due to the Manchu, farmers combat troops on both sides, loss, hard-pressed. But if the situation simplified for large shun the Qing Dynasty, Qing ride that aspect of North China, Central China will no longer see the status. After a period of stable interest-bearing, the new uniform will also Dashun South China. As a unified force Dashun complex it is clear whether there is outside the customs territory, which is open to question. Unified Dashun Song will be a replica of the weak? Will actually lead to today's China territory south of the Great Wall? These problems have left the title of this article, do not make redundant.
Folk historians do not start more than that is Ming Wu Sangui Panchen, but because of the Manchu banner of "revenge for the Jun Fu" in the name of knocking at the gate, with a death sentence for the capture of Beijing's Li Zi Cheng Chong Zhen Emperor was Ming had canonized Jianzhou Jurchen Department (later King) but it was people. Rereading the Joint bowls together to fight the Dashun regime, at the time seemed reasonable, but again. Ming when the Chinese national consciousness is not strong, as long as the rulers of the country ways to the Han Chinese to accept, Han rule does not exclude the Alien. This is either the Xianbei Northern, or Western Xia, Liao, Jin until the Yuan and Qing Dynasty, mixed in the initial stages of the founding of the Han Chinese are usually not met strong resistance.