qīng dài zuòzhělièbiǎo
qián lóng Qian Longyōng zhèng Yong Zhengkāng Kang Xi
shùn zhì Shun Chixián fēng Xian Fengtóng zhì Tong Chi
guāng Guang Xuxuān tǒng Xuan Tongjiā qìng Jia Qing
dào guāng Dao Guanghuáng tài Huang Taiji
xián fēng Xian Feng
qīng dài  (1831niánqīyuè17rì1861niánbāyuè22rì)
xìng: ài xīn jué luó
míng: zhǔ
wǎngbǐhào: qīng wén zōng
jíguàn: běi jīng
kāiduānzhōngjié
zàiwèi1851nián1861nián
咸丰1851nián1861nián

  qīng wén zōng 'ài xīn jué luó · zhǔ de nián hàoqīng cháo shǐ yòng nián hào gòng shí nián
  
   qīng wén zōng
  
   xián fēng huáng héng héng zhǔ
  
   qīng wén zōngmíng 'ài xīn jué luó · zhǔgōng yuán 1831 1861 nián), dào guāng huáng mǎn dào guāng bìng hòu wèizài wèi 11 niánbìng zhōng nián 31 suìzàng běi dìng língjīn běi shěng zūn huà xiàn běi)。
  
   xián fēng zhǔdào guāng shí nián( 1831 nián 7 yuè 17 shēng běi jīng yuán míng yuándào guāng 1850 nián zhēngyuè bǐng bìng hòu tóng yuè wèi wèi 'èr nián gǎi nián hào wéi xián fēng
  
  【 hòu fēi
  
   xiào wēn huì chéng shùn zhuāng shèn jiào gōng tiān zàn shèng xiǎn huáng hòu shìtài shǎo qīngzèng sān děng chéng 'ēn gōng tài zhī wén zōng huáng wèidào guāng 'èr shí nián 'èr yuèfèng xuān zōng zhǐ hūnmíng nián 'èr yuè wéi huáng jìnèr shí jiǔ nián yǒu shí 'èr yuè shí 'èr sān shí nián zhēngyuèwén zōng dēng zhào zhuī fēng wéi huáng hòushí yuè shì yuē xiào huáng hòushí gōng zàn 'ān tián cūn xián fēng shí nián zōng wèishí 'èr yuèjiā shàng zūn shì yuē xiào wēn huì chéng shùn zhuāng gōng tiān zàn shèng xiǎn huáng hòutóng zhì yuán nián jiǔ yuè gōng jìng 'ān zhuāng nián jiǔ yuè zàng dìng língshēng tài miàoguāng yuán nián liù yuèjiā shàng zūn shì shèn 'èr xuān tǒng yuán nián yuèjiā shàng huī 'èr jīn shì
  
   xiào zhēn 'ān qìng jìng chéng jìng tiān zuò shèng xiǎn huáng hòu niǔ shìguǎng yòu jiāng dàolěi zèng sān děng chéng 'ēn gōng yáng 'ā zhī dào guāng shí nián dīng yǒu yuè shí 'èr shēng xián fēng èr nián 'èr yuèzhào fēng zhēn pín yuèzhào jìn zhēn guì fēiliù yuè wéi huáng hòu pín fēi fēng diǎn jūn wèi xíngshí yuè wéi huáng hòushí nián shí liùshǎo wén zōng liù suìshí nián yuècóng chē jià chū shòu shí nián yuè zōng wèizūn wéi huáng tài hòujiǔ yuèhái gōngshí yuè chū xié xiào qīn xiǎn huáng hòu yǎng xīn diàn chuí lián xùn zhèngshí nián 'èr shí shì rén chēng wéi dōng tài hòutóng zhì yuán nián yuèshàng huī hào yuē 'ān huáng tài hòushí nián shí yuè zōng hūn chéngjiā shàng duān 'èr shí 'èr nián 'èr yuè zōng qīn zhèngjiā shàng kāng qìng 'èr shí sān nián shí yuè chū shí zōng bìng dòu xùn zhèngshí 'èr yuè chū zōng chéng tǒngxùn zhèng guāng 'èr nián yuè shí qìngjiā shàng huī hào zhāo zhuāng jìng zhì shì wéi 'ān duān kāng qìng zhāo zhuāng jìng huáng tài hòu nián xīn sān yuè chū jiǔ chū shí bēngshòu shí yòu yuèshàng zūn shì yuē xiào zhēn 'ān qìng jìng tiān zuò shèng xiǎn huáng hòujiǔ yuèzàng dìng líng dōng zhī xiáng yuē dìng dōng língshēng tài miàoxuān tǒng yuán nián yuèjiā shàng zūn shì chéng jìng 'èr jīn shì
  
   xiào qīn duān yòu kāng zhāo zhuāng chéng shòu gōng qīn xiàn chóng pèi tiān xīng shèng xiǎn huáng hòu shìdài yìn tuō táo zhíān huī huī níng chí tài guǎng dàozèng sān děng chéng 'ēn gōng huī zhēng zhī dào guāng shí nián wèi shí yuè chū shí shēng xián fēng yuán nián bèi xuǎn gōngchū hào wéi guì rén nián shí yuè fēng pínliù nián sān yuèshēng huáng zhǎngzǐshì wéi zōngxuán zhào jìn fēishí 'èr yuèxíng fēng nián shí 'èr yuèjìn guì fēishí nián yuèsuí shì chē jià chū shòu shí nián yuè zōng wèizūn wéi huáng tài hòujiǔ yuèhái gōngshí yuè chū suí xiào zhēn xiǎn huáng hòu yǎng xīn diàn chuí lián xùn zhèngshí nián 'èr shí shì rén chēng wéi tài hòutóng zhì yuán nián yuèshàng huī hào yuē huáng tài hòushí nián shí yuè zōng hūn chéngjiā shàng duān yòu 'èr shí 'èr nián 'èr yuè zōng qīn zhèngjiā shàng kāng 'èr shí sān nián shí yuè chū shí zōng bìng dòu xùn zhèngshí 'èr yuè chū zōng chéng tǒngxùn zhèng guāng 'èr nián yuèjiā shàng huī hào zhāo zhuāng chéng nián sān yuèxiào zhēn bēng shì hòu xùn zhèngshí sān nián zhēngyuè zōng qīn zhènghòu réng xùn zhèngshí nián 'èr yuèzhù yuán chéngshí nián 'èr yuè chū sān shǐ guī zhèngxuán zōng hūn chéngjiā shàng huī hào shòu gōng 'èr sān yuèzài yīn qīn zhèngjiā shàng qīn xiàn 'èr shí nián yuèxìng yuán zhù shì suì wéi chángèr shí nián yuèyīn shí yuè zhōng liù xún qìngjiā shàng huī hào chóng 'èr zhì shì wéi duān yòu kāng shùn zhāo zhuāng chéng shòu gōng qīn xiàn chóng huáng tài hòuèr shí nián yuè chū xùn zhèngshì wèi zhī zhèng biànèr shí nián shí yuèyǐn móu fèi xún chù rén yán guǒèr shí liù nián yuè quán jīng shī yuè guó lián jūn xiàn jīng shīhòu bēn tài yuánxuán bēn 'ānshí 'èr yuèmìng jiāngshì nián yuè 'èr shí hòu yuè 'èr shí qián zhǐ huǐ chúèr shí nián shí yuè zōng fèng zhī hái jīng shīsān shí nián shēn shí yuè 'èr shí xuān tǒng chéng tǒngzūn wéi tài huáng tài hòu wèi bēngshòu shí yòu xuān tǒng yuán nián zhēngyuèshàng zūn shì shàngjiǔ yuèzàng dìng líng dōng zhī tuó yuē dìng dōng líng
  
   shí yuèshēng tài miào
  
   zhuāng jìng huáng guì fēi shìzhù shì qìng hǎi zhī shēng dào guāng shí niánchū hào wéi guì rén xián fēng nián shí 'èr yuèzhào fēng pín nián yuèjìn fēixuán shēng huáng róng 'ān lún gōng zhùshí 'èr yuèxíng fēng fēi shí nián shí yuè zōng jìn zūn wéi huáng kǎo huáng guì fēitóng zhì shí sān nián shí yuèzài zhào jìn zūn wéi huáng guì tài fēiguāng shí liù nián gēng yín shí yuè shí shí nián shí yòu shì yuē zhuāng jìng huáng guì fēiguāng shí jiǔ nián yuè shí fèng 'ān
  
   duān huáng guì fēi tóng jiā shìdào guāng 'èr shí nián shí yuè 'èr shí shēng xián fēng nián shí 'èr yuè fēng pínshí nián shí yuè zōng jìn zūn wéi huáng kǎo fēitóng zhì shí sān nián shí yuèzài zhào jìn zūn wéi guì fēiguāng sān shí nián shí yuèxuān tǒng jìn zūn wéi huáng huáng guì tài fēixuān tǒng 'èr nián gēng sān yuè 'èr shí shí nián liù shí yòu sāngyí shì zhuāng jìng huáng guì fēi yuèshì yuē duān huáng guì fēi yuè shí 'èr fèng 'ān
  
   wǎn guì fēi suǒ chuò luò shìzuǒ shǐ kuí zhào zhī chū hào wéi wǎn guì rén xián fēng nián shí 'èr yuèzhào fēng wǎn pín nián shí 'èr yuèxíng fēng shí nián shí yuè zōng jìn zūn wéi huáng kǎo wǎn fēitóng zhì shí sān nián shí yuèzài zhào jìn zūn wéi wǎn guì fēiguāng 'èr shí nián jiá yuè shí èr shí sān nián yuè chū shí fèng 'ān
  
   méi guì fēi jiā shìlǐng cuī chéng zhī chū gōng hào méi cháng zài hào wéi méi guì rén xián fēng nián yuè 'èr shí jiàng wéi méi cháng zài yuè shí jiàng wéi guān yuè 'èr shí fēng wéi méi cháng zàihòu jìn méi guì rén xián fēng nián 'èr yuèshēng huáng 'èr zèng mǐn jùn wángshí 'èr yuè fēng méi pínshí nián shí yuè zōng jìn zūn wéi huáng kǎo méi fēitóng zhì shí sān nián shí yuèzài zhào jìn zūn wéi méi guì fēiguāng shí liù nián gēng yín shí yuè chū shí jiǔ nián yuè shí fèng 'ān
  
   fēi xián fēng liù nián liù yuè chū jiǔ hào wéi guì rénshí nián shí yuè zōng zūn fēng wéi huáng kǎo píntóng zhì shí sān nián shí yuèzài zhào jìn zūn wéi fēiguāng 'èr shí nián wèi yuè 'èr shí èr shí sān nián yuè chū shí fèng 'ān
  
   fēi wáng shìzhèng huáng wéi hàn zuǒ lǐng xià yuán qīng yuǎn zhī xián fēng nián yuè shí hào wéi guì rénshí nián shí yuè zōng zūn fēng wéi huáng kǎo píntóng zhì shí sān nián shí yuèzài zhào jìn zūn wéi fēiguāng sān shí nián shí yuè shí liù sān shí sān nián jiǔ yuè chū liù fèng 'ān
  
   fēi chá shì xián fēng jiǔ nián yuè shí hào wéi guì rénshí nián shí yuè zōng zūn fēng wéi huáng kǎo píntóng zhì shí sān nián shí yuèzài zhào jìn zūn wéi fēiguāng sān nián dīng chǒu yuè shí liù jiǔ yuè fèng 'ān
  
   qìng fēi zhāng shì xián fēng jiǔ nián jiǔ yuè chū jiǔ hào wéi qìng guì rénshí nián shí yuè zōng zūn fēng wéi huáng kǎo qìng píntóng zhì shí sān nián shí yuèzài zhào jìn zūn wéi qìng fēiguāng shí nián yǒu yuè chū sān shí nián fèng 'ān
  
   yún pín jiā shìchū shì wén zōng huáng xián fēng chū hào wéi yún guì rénèr nián shí yuè fēng yún pín nián mǎo zhēngyuè chū tóng zhì nián jiǔ yuè 'èr shí fèng 'ān
  
   róng pín 'ěr gēn jué luó shì xián fēng sān nián sān yuè wèiróng cháng zàihòu hào wèiróng guì rénshí nián shí yuè zōng zūn fēng wéi huáng kǎo róng píntóng zhì nián yuè shí 'èr shí 'èr nián 'èr yuè 'èr shí liù fèng 'ān
  
   shú pín shì xián fēng shí hào wéi shú guì rénshí nián shí yuè zōng zūn fēng wéi huáng kǎo shú píntóng zhì shí sān nián jiá sān yuè 'èr shí guāng yuán nián sān yuè shí 'èr fèng 'ān
  
   pín shì xián fēng shí hào wéi guì rénshí nián shí yuè zōng zūn fēng wéi huáng kǎo píntóng zhì yuán nián rén shí yuè shí liù nián jiǔ yuè 'èr shí fèng 'ān
  
   píng cháng zài 'ěr gēn jué luó shì xián fēng chū hào wéi yīng guì rénèr nián shí yuè fēng yīng pín xián fēng sān nián shí yuèjiàng wéi guì rén nián 'èr yuè 'èr shí jiàng wéi cháng zài jiàng wéi dāyìngliù nián yuè 'èr shí fēng wéi píng cháng zài yuè shí tóng zhì nián jiǔ yuè 'èr shí fèng 'ān
  
  【 táo zhī jūn
  
   xián fēngmíng 'ài xīn jué luó zhǔ, 20 suì dēng zài wèi 11 nián, 31 suì bìng xián fēng shì qīng cháo chǔ chéng huáng wèi de zuì hòu wèi huáng yīn wéi de 'ér tóng zhì shì shēng tóng zhì yòu méi yòu 'ér suǒ hòujiù méi yòu chǔ de wèn suǒ shuō xián fēng 20 suì wèizài wèi 11 nián de shí hòu 31 suìyīngdāng shuō suàn xiǎo liǎo xián fēng zài wèi de 11 niánzěn lái píng shuō xiǎng jiè yòng yóu de shǒu jiàochāi tóu fèng》,“ hóng shǒuhuáng téng jiǔmǎn chéng chūn gōng qiáng liǔdōng fēng 'èhuān qíng huái chóu nián suǒcuò cuò cuò jiù xiǎng jiè yòng yóuchāi tóu fèngzhè sān cuòcuòcuòcuòlái lùn shuō xián fēng zhè 11 nián de huáng shēng xián fēng zuò liǎo 11 nián huáng gěi gài kuò liǎo sān jiào zuò cuòcuòcuò
  
   xiàn zài shuō xián fēng de cuòjiù shì cuò zuò liǎo huáng de wèi de qīn dào guāngdào guāng yòu 9 'ér 'ā wěièr 'ā gāngsān 'ā 'ā zhǔjiù shì xián fēng 'ā jiào cóngliù 'ā jiào xīn 'ā jiào xuān 'ā jiào jiǔ 'ā jiào huìdào guāng zhè 9 'ér ràng 'ér chéng huáng wèidào liǎo dào guāng 26 niánzhè nián 65 suìnián lǎo liǎoshēn yòu hǎokǎo chǔ de wèn zhè shí hòu 'ā èr 'ā sān 'ā liǎo 'ā jiù shì zhǔnián líng zuì cháng 'ā cóng guò chū liǎoguò gěi chún qīn wángmián kǎiliù 'ā jiù shì xīn zhǔ zhè nián shì 16 suì xīn xiǎo 1 suì 15 suì 'ā xuān 7 suì 'ā 3 suìjiǔ 'ā huì 2 suìsuǒ kǎo huáng tài de shí shàng zhǐ yòu liǎng jiù shì zhǔ xīnshì qíng yòu yòu diǎn shū zhǔ de qīn hěn shòu dào guāng huáng de chǒng 'àidàn shì de jiào zǎo。 33 suì zhǔ qīn dezhè nián cái 10 suì suì 10 suìshuí yǎng zhào yóu jìng guì fēijiù shì xīn de qīn lái zhào suǒ zhǔ shì jìng guì fēi tóng shēng shì xīn tóng bāo zhǔ xīn guān dōuhěn hǎozhè jiù gèng zēng jiā liǎo dào guāng xuǎn huáng chǔ de kùn nándào guāng 26 niányào zhǔn bèi chǔ liǎozài zhǔ xīnzhè liǎng 'ér zhī jiān xuǎn yóu dìngzhè shí hòu shǐ chuán wén jiù fèi fèi yáng yáng gài yòu sān zhǒng shuō zhǒng shuō jiù shì huái niàn huáng hòu zhǔyīn wéi zhǔ de qīn de jiào zǎo,《 qīng gōng shuō de shí hòu bào yòu xiē shì qíng shì xuān dejiù sǐde yòu diǎn qīqiao néng dào guāng yòu duì zhù zhǔ qīn de fāngsuǒ huái niàn zhǔ de qīnshī 'ēn jiù xiǎng yào zhǔ zuò huáng jiù shì xián fēngjiù xiǎng zhǔ jiù shì xián fēng zuò huáng tài zhè shì zhǒng shuō 'èr zhǒng shuō jiù shì chū dìng xīnhòu dìng zhǔjiù dào guāng zài xiě chǔ de shí hòu xīn dexīnzuì hòu shì cháng shù zhǔ zhǔzuì hòu shì duǎn shù gòuchuán shuō zài xiě de shí hòutài jiān jiù yuǎn yuǎn kuī shì dàojiàn xià hěn chángjiù chuán chū liǎoyào xīndào guāng tīng shuō zhī hòu jiù hěn gāo xīngjiù gǎi liǎogǎi chéng zhǔ sān zhǒng shuō jiù shì”, huáng de”, dìng zhǔtiān dìng zhǔjiù shì dào guāng bìng zhòng liǎolín wēi de shí hòujiù zhāo liù 'ā xīn lín zhōng jiāo dài shì qíngqià hǎo xīn zhè shí hòu méi zài zhǔ jiù liǎo liǎo zhī hòu jiù shuō yào huáng tài shuō liǎo bàn jiù hūn guò liǎo zhǔ jiù shuō qīn shuō yào zuò huáng tài jiù dēng wèi jiù chéng liǎo huáng liǎozhè shì sān zhǒng shǐ chuán shuō xiǎng kào zhùyīn wéi dào guāng lín zhōng zhǔ de shí hòu zhèng shì yòu shū miàn de huì zhè cāng tuō kǒu shuō de zěn de zhǔ xīn yīn wéi zhǐ chā suìdōuzài shàng shū fáng shūxiǎo shí hòu de shí hòu shuāi liǎo tuǐ shuāi zhé liǎojīng guò zhè tuǐ zhì hǎo liǎodàn shì luò liǎo cán suǒ zhǔ shì qué zhǔ hái guò tiān huāliǎn shàng hái yòu gōng yòu xīn hǎo xīn gōng jiào hǎo shè dāo qiāng gōng dōuhǎonéng wén néng dào guāng zěn xuǎn jiù kǎo shì shì zhǔkǎo zhǔ dìng zhù jiù yào kǎo kǎo jiù tōng zhī men zài nán yuàn shè zhǔ de lǎo shī jiào shòu tián xīn de lǎo shī jiào zhuó bǐng tián men de lǎo shī fēn bié gěi de chū liǎo zhù dào shí hòujiù dào liǎo nán yuàn liǎo jiā zhī dào xīn de shè gōng hěn hǎodāo qiāng dōuhěn hǎosuǒ xīn jiù 'àn zhào lǎo shī de zhǐ shì jiù huī suǒ chángshè lièshè de dōng hěn duō zhe shōu huò pǐn jiàn qīn qīn hěn gāo xīngzhè hái hěn yòu běn shìjiù kǎo shì shì xīnzhè shí hòu jiù kàn zhǔjiù shì xián fēng xián fēng shì 'àn zhào lǎo shī de jiào dǎo shàng shèjiàn qīn de shí hòu liǎng shǒu kōng kōng de shí dōuméi yòu qīn jiù hěn mèn zěn huí shìjīn tiān dōuyào shè liè zěn suǒ huò jiù guì dào xià shuō huáng jiào dǎo yào rén 'àixiàn zài shì chūn tiān liǎo de shēng chù zhèng shì huái yùn de shí hòu yào shè liǎolián de méi yòu chū shēng de yòu chù shè liǎozhè shì rén rěn xīn zhè zuòsuǒ jiàn méi yòu shèzhè shì qíngqīng shǐ gǎo · shòu tián chuánzuò liǎo jìzǎiyīngdāng shì xìn deyòu rén gài kuò jiào zuòcáng zhuō shì rén”, de duǎn chù cáng láilái biǎo shì rén 'ài de rén”, dào guāng hěn gāo xīngjué zhǔ hěn jiā zhè rénde xiǎngdàn shì hái yào zài zài zhè liǎng hái yòu zhǎo dào lǎo shī liǎolǎo shī yòu fēn bié gěi men chū zhù yòu tiān dào guāng jiù zài qǐn gōng miàn zhào jiàn zhè hái xiān zhào jiàn liǎo liù 'ā jiù shì xīnwèn shuō shēn hǎoyòu yòu bìng néng jiǔ rén shì liǎozhè guó jiā zěn zhì xīn kǒu cái hěn hǎojiù tāo tāo jué jiǎng zhì guó de fāng lüè qīn hěn gāo xīngshuō zhè hái yòu chū shuō tuì chū zhè shí hòu zhǔ jiù shì xián fēng jìn lái liǎojìn lái de shí hòu yòu 'àn zhào de lǎo shī shòu tián de zhǐ dǎo lǎo shī jiù shuōlùn kǒu cái shàng liù 'ā yào cáng zhuōzěn cáng zhuō àn zhào lǎo shī de zhǐ shì jìn liǎo mén zhī hòu jiù gěi guì xià liǎo gāng cái huà yòu shuō liǎo biànwèn de zhì guó de fāng lüè jiù guì zài xià tóu tòng liú huà shuō qīn shuō wèn huà zěn shuō jiù wàng qīn jiàn kāng cháng shòu huì yòu shì qíng jiù yào xiào shùn qīn qīn hěn gǎn dòng kàn zhè hái yòu rén yòu xiàozhè diǎn yòu rén gěi gài kuò xiàjiàocáng zhuō shì xiào”, zhè shì shì shǐ jìzǎizhèng shǐ méi yòu jìzǎidàn shì zhè liǎng shì qián tóu de sān chuán shuō xiǎng shuō míng liǎo dào jiù shì xián fēng xīn men liǎng zhī jiān yīngdāng xīn yìng dāng xián fēngjiù shì yīnggāi zhǔdàn shì yīn wéi zhǔjiù shì xián fēng lǎo shī jiào dǎo bàn ,“ cáng zhuō shì rén”, yòucáng zhuō shì xiào”, zàirénxiàozhè liǎng shàng biǎo xiàn jiào chūsuǒ dào guāng jiù xuǎn zhǔ jiù shì xián fēng zuò huáng tài xián fēng zuò huáng cuò cuò zài cuò cuò zài dào guāngdào guāng zài xuǎn huáng tài de shí hòu cái liǎng tiáo jiànméi yòu kǎo cái jiān bèizhǐ kǎo dào liǎo 'ér méi kǎo liǎo cáishí shàng xián fēng hòu lái zài de wèn shàng zuò de shì hěn gòu de hòu miàn hái yào jiǎngjiù shuō dào guāng xuǎn huáng tài de shí hòuyīngdāng shuō xuǎn cuò liǎo rèn zài dào guāngdàn shì men jīn tiān jiǎng xián fēngsuǒ shuō xián fēng cuò zuò liǎo huáng de wèi
  
   xián fēng zhè rén yuǎn jiàn dǎn shí cái néng zuò wéishì wèi hěn chènzhí de huáng yīn wéi chènzhíyīn wéi gāng cái shuō zhè suǒ jiù jiē zhe shēng 'èr cuò jiù shì xián fēng huáng de 'èr cuòjiù shì yīng lián jūn qīn běi jīng shítáo liǎo huáng běi jīng xián fēng huáng dēng shàng bǎo zuò zhī hòumiàn lín zhe nèi yōuyáng jiǔ zhī yùn wài huàn míng zhī biàn
  
   jiàn jiù shì zài guó nèi tài píng tiān guó de dào guāng sān shí niánnián chūdào guāng jiù liǎo xián fēng wèi de dāng niántài píng tiān guó de hóng xiù quán zài guǎng guì píng xiàn jīn tián cūn zhé chéng gōng shì 1851 nián 1 yuè 11 àn zhào nián hào lái shuō zhè shí hòu hái shì dào guāng sān shí niánjiù shì xián fēng gāng wèi jiù pèng dào tài píng tiān guó de shì qíngtài píng tiān guó cóng guǎng zhī hòuhòu lái jiù zhàn lǐng hànzhàn lǐng liǎo 'ān qìngzhàn lǐng liǎo nán jīnggǎi nán jīng wéi tiān jīngdìng tiān jīngjiàn hào tài píng tiān guózhōng yuán de zhàn zhēngcóng kāng lái yòu sān de zhàn zhēng jiù shì píng dìng sān fān de zhàn zhēng 'èr shì jiā qìng shí de bái lián jiào de zhàn zhēng sān jiù shì xián fēngtóng zhì shí hòu detài píng tiān guó de zhàn zhēngzhè sān zhàn zhēngtài píng tiān guó zhè zhàn zhēng zhī guǎngshí jiān zhī chángguī zhī hào yín zhī duōyǐng xiǎng zhī shēn qīng lái suǒ méi yòu dezhè yīcháng zhàn zhēng duì qīng cháo lái shuōyuán shāngzhè shì duì nèi
  
   duì wài jiù shì yīng lián jūn qīn zhōng guó qīn běi jīngjiù shì 'èr piàn zhàn zhēng xián fēng niánjiù shì 1857 niányīng guó jūn duì gōng zhàn liǎo guǎng zhōu xián fēng niánjiù shì 1858 niányīng lián jūn běi shàng dào liǎo tiān jīn kǒugōng xiàn liǎo tóng qīng cháo qiān dìng liǎo sàng quán guó detiān jīn tiáo yuē》, dào xián fēng jiǔ niánjiù shì 1859 niányīng lián jūn yòu dào tiān jīn jiù yào qiú huàn yuándàn shì qīng cháo jūn duì liǎo xiǎo shèng xián fēng hěn gāo xīngtiān jīn tiáo yuē huǐ huǐ zhī hòuyīng lián jūn zhòng zhěng yòu lái dào tiān jīnzài běi táng dēng gōng zhàn tiān jīnzhè shí hòu qīng cháo pài chén tán pàn xián fēng zhè shí hòu shì zhàn juéyóu yóu xián fēng 10 nián, 1860 niányīng lián jūn cóng tiān jīn yán zhe yùn wǎng běi jīng dào tōng zhōu xián fēng pài chén tán pàntán pàn lièzài zài yuán yìn chén yòu qín liǎo yīng shǐ xià yòu dào běi jīngshì tài kuò yīng lián jūn dào qiáo dào běi jīng chéng wàizhè shí hòu xián fēng zěn bàn xián fēng jiù 'àn shì chéngěi shàng zòu zhāngràng lán qiū liè jiè zhè chá 'ér jiù dào liǎo chéng shǔ shān zhuāngliú xià gōng qīn wáng xīn zài běi jīng zhù chí zhè xiē shì qíngzhè jiàn shì qíng duì zhōng guó shǐduì qīng cháo shǐ tài zhòng yào liǎo
  
   shì 'èr péi kuǎnpéi yīng děng jūn fèi bái yín 1600 wàn liǎng sān zuì lìng rén tòng xīn de jiù shì yuán míng yuán xián fēng shí nián, 1860 niánjiǔ yuè chū sānyáng de 10 yuè 18, yīng lián jūn huǒ yuán míng yuán huǐ liǎo huǒ shù yuán míng yuán shì zhōng guó yuán lín shù de jīng huá jié zuòbèi zhī bié shì yuán miàn shōu cáng de zhōng huá qiān nián de wén bǎozàng huò zhě bèi fén huǐhuò zhě bèi qiǎng lüè jiā zhī dàoqián nián shōu huí liǎo 12 shēng xiào de hóu tóu hóu tóu jià zhí shù qiān wàn hěn duō de wén zhè hóu tóu guì zhòng duō liǎo shuō měi jiàn wén dōushì jià zhí lián chéngyuán míng yuán shōu cáng liǎo jǐn jǐn shì qīng dài wén shì zhōng huá yòu shǐ lái qiān nián wén míng de jīng huáshōu cáng zài miànyuán míng yuán bèi fén huǐbèi qiǎng lüèshì men zhōng huá qiān nián wén míng shǐ shàng zuì chén tòng de hào jié yīng lián jūn děng qīn lüè zhě jìn liǎo běi jīngjìn liǎo huáng gōngjìn liǎo tiān tánshèn zhì zuò shàng liǎo huáng de bǎo zuò pāi zhào liú yǐngzhōng guó rén mín bié shì běi jīng rén mín zāo shòu tàn men zhōng huá wén míng qiān niánwài guó qīn lüè zhě qīn huáng běi jīngzhè shì zhōng guó qiān nián shǐ shàng tiān huāng de shì zhōng huá qiān nián de chǐ shì zhōng huá mín qiān nián de kōng qián hào jié
  
   zhè shí hòu xián fēng zuò shí xián fēng shì huáng shì zhè guó jiā de jūn zhù shì zhè guó jiā jūn duì de zuì gāo tǒng shuài zuò shí zhè shí hòu xiǎng shǐ shàng jiàn shì qíng jiā zhī dào míng cháo yǒng huáng cóng nán jīng qiān běi jīngyuán yīn zhī jiù jiào zuòtiān shǒu guó mén”, shòu dào qīn liǎotiān qīn zài xiàn shǒu guó ménchóng zhēn huáng dāng niánběi jīng xíng shì hěn wēi yòu rén quàn qiān yòu rén quàn zǒutáo dào nán jīng táo dēng shàng méi shān 'ér zhōng shè xián fēng shǒu guó mén zuò shí zhè shí hòu xián fēng méi yòu xià zhàohào zhào jūn mín jìn xíng kàngwài guó qīn lüè jūn qīn dàotiān jīn qīn dào tōng zhōuqīn dào běi jīngyīngdāng hào zhào tiān xià jūn mín qín wáng lái bǎo wèi shǒu běi jīng 'èr méi yòu zhì dìng fǎn duì qīn lüè de móu lüèyīng lián jūn dào tiān jīn jūn duì shī bài liǎojiù qiān dìngtiān jīn tiáo yuē》, liǎo xiǎo shèngjiù tiān jīn tiáo yuē huǐ liǎo rén zài lái tán pàntán pàn de shí hòu yīng guó de shǐ chén yīng shǐ xià shè gěi zhuā zhù liǎodài dào běi jīngzhè shì zhèng zhì jiā jūn shì jiā de móu lüè sān méi yòu tiān shǒu guó ménquè dài zhe lǎo hái dài zhe chàng de bān táo dào měi míng yuēxún shòu”, tiān dào wài miàn shì chá biǎo xiàn chū 'ā Q jīng shén xián fēng dào chéng zuò shí me liǎodāng rán yòu xiē jūn de shì qíng shì diǎn méi chǔlǐ shuō jiàn shì qíng tān tān zài chéng shǔ shān zhuāng tān hòu gōng měi ràng men xiān táoxiān yùn dào chéng hái zài chéng huā tiān jiǔ 'èr tān zhú shēng píng shǔ bān nuó dào chéng shàng chàng jiàohuā chàng”, xià yàoqīng chàng”, tiān lěng zài yǎnxià tiān zài zhōuyǎn chū sān tān měi jiǔ xián fēng huáng hàohē jiǔjiàn jiǔ jiù jiù zuì zuì jiù shuǎ jiǔ fēng shēn biān de tàijiàngōng jiù zuì jiǔ zuì jiǔ hòushuō jiù shuō jiù shuō jiù jiǔ xǐng liǎo hòu yòu hòu huǐyòu hōng zhè xiē rénshǎng yín shǎng xiǎo de pǐnwán liǎo jiē zhe zhe zuìzuì liǎo jiù jiē zhe nào tān shí piànyōng zhèng huáng shì jìn yān deqián lóng huáng shì jìn yān dejiā qìng huáng shì jìn yān dedào guāng jìn yān xián fēng jìn yān hái chōu yān bié kàn dào tiáo cái liàoxīn hěn nán shòujiù shì yīng lián jūn qīn zhōng guó xián fēng guò 30 suì de shòuzài yuán míng yuán de zhèng guāng míng diàn xíng shèng de zhù shēng de diǎn bǎi guān cháo huáng jiā wáng gōng chén zhāo dào yuán míng yuányǎn tiān yòng zhè shí jiān hǎohǎo zhào chén huì cháo tíng huì zǎi yán jiū zěn fǎn kàng yīng de qīn lüèzěn hàn wèi mín guó jiā de zěn fāng guó zhù qīn lüè zhě gǎn chū méi yòutiáo yuē qiān dìng liǎo xīn děng shàng zòu zhé qǐng huí lái hái huí láihái lài zài shǔ shān zhuāng bié shì zuò guó zhī jūn dāng qián de shí hòu dài zhe lǎo hái xiān páo liǎozhè shì shǐ zhī zuìzuì 'è dezuì”。 suǒ shuō xián fēng de 'èr cuò jiù shì yīng lián jūn qīn běi jīng de shí hòutáo liǎo běi jīng guǎng rén mín diū shuǐ shēn huǒ zhī zhōng 'ér
  
   xià miàn jiǎng xián fēng de sān cuòcuò dìng liǎo mìng chén xián fēng 11 nián, 1861 nián 7 yuè 15 bìng zhòng, 7 yuè 16 bìng wēi, 7 yuè 17 liǎo zhī qián zhào chénzhè rén zài yuánduān huájǐng shòu shùn yìnkuāng yuán hànjiāo yòu yíng dào bìng qiánxuān zài chún wéi huáng tài yīn wéi jiù 'ér méi yòu xuǎn de wèn jiù shì tóng zhìràng zhè rén zuò mìng chén jìzǎi jiào zuò zàn xiāng zhèng chén yuè shí xián fēng jiù liǎo shuō de sān cuò jiù shì cuò dìng liǎo mìng chénshùn zhì yòu nián shè zhèng wáng liǎng jiù duō 'ěr ɡǔn 'ěr lǎngkāng chū zhèng de shí hòu zhèng chén shì suǒ è lóngáo bài dào liǎo tóng zhì de shí hòu mìng chén jiù biàn chéng liǎo zhè jiàn jiù hěn nán xié diào liǎowèn hái zài zhè 'érwèn zài zhè rén néng píng héng dāng shí cháo tíng de zhèng zhì liàngdāng shí cháo tíng de zhù yào zhèng zhì liàng yòu sān jiù shì cháo chén gāng cái jiǎng de chén men wéi dài biǎo de 'èr shì yìn shì huáng de”,“ yìnshì zhào kuāng yìn deyìn”, yìn shì sān shì jiù shì hòu shì men fēn xià zhè sān zhèng zhì shì
  
   xiān shuō jiù shì cháo chén shì zhè mìng chén jiù shì zài yuánzài yuán de xiān shì shuí shì kāng shí sān yǔn xiáng qīn wáng de hòu dàishuō zài yuán shì qīn wáng shì zōng rén de zōng zhèng qián chén 'èr jiù shì duān huáduān huá de xiān shì qīng tài 'ěr chì shū 'ěr shū 'ěr de 'ér 'ěr lǎng 'ěr lǎng fēng zhèng qīn wáng de hòu dàishuō duān huá shì zhèng qīn wáng dāng shí shì qián chén sān jiù shì shùn shùn shì duān huá de shì jǐng shòujǐng shòu shì dào guāng de xián fēng de mèi é zhè shì zōng shì shì guì jiā shàng huáng qīn guó lìng wài jiù shì yìnkuāng yuán hàn jiāo yòu yíng men shì jūn chéndāng shí jūn chén yòu rényòu rén jiào wén xiáng jiān zhe shì lángzài běi jīng chóu kuǎn jūn chén zài chéng shì wèizhè wèi suàn zuò mìng chén jiù shì zàn xiāng zhèng chénzhè rén cóng fēn pèi lái kànyòu zōng shì guì yòu huáng qīn guó yòu jūn chényòu mǎn rén yòu hàn réndàn shì zǒng lái shuō dài biǎo shì
  
   hái yòu 'èr shì 'èr zhèng zhì shì jiù shì yìn shì zhù yào de jiù shì huáng cóng guò gěi chún qīn wáng liǎohuáng liù gōng qīn wáng xīnhuáng chún jùn wáng xuānhái yòu huáng huáng jiǔ huìzhè men shì zōng shì guì bié shì xīndāng nián xīn yīnggāi chéng huáng wèi méi chénghòu lái zuò liǎo jūn chén xián fēng zhī qián xīn de jūn chén děng děng suǒ yòu zhí quán miǎn liǎojiù shì kōng tóu de xiánjiù shì kōng míng de gōng qīn wáng men dào chéng huā tiān jiǔ liǎoběi jīng de làn tān jiāo gěi shuí liǎojiāo gěi gōng qīn wáng chù gōng qīn wáng dāng rán liǎozhè shí hòu mìng chén yīngdāng shuō yīnggāi yòu xīn huò zhě zuò zhèng wánghuò zhě zuò zhèng wánghuò zhě mìng chénhuò zhě zàn xiāng zhèng chén dōukě zǒng yīnggāi xīn zuò 'ān zhìshì shì xián fēng kǎo dào dāng nián duō 'ěr ɡǔn xiào zhuāng shùn zhì shū sǎo shū zhí zhī jiān de máo dùn diǎn jīng yàn jiào xùn jiù qīng chǔ liǎoyīn wéi zhè nián xīn sān shí suì 'èr shí suìdàn shì hòu lái hái shì xīn shì jié lái liǎoduì men xiōng shì hěn qiáng de zhèng zhì liàngdàn shì xián fēng lín zhōng de shí hòu méi yòu kǎo
  
   sān jiù shì hòu shì jiù shì tóng zhìhòu jiù shì dōng tài hòu tài hòu 'ér guǎ sān rén bié kàn zhè sān réndāng shí shì zhì shí dàizhè sān rén shì fēng jiàn huáng quán de zhèng zhì xīn bié yòu liǎng méi zhāng shǎng tóng dào táng zhè liǎng méi zhāng huáng de zhǐ méi yòu zhè liǎng méi zhāng gài shàng shì néng shēng xiào de xián fēng lín zhōng de shí hòuyòu fēn kǎo dào liǎozhè liǎng méi zhāng kǎo dào guān bié shì méi yòu kǎo dào yìn xiōng wéi dài biǎo de zōng shì guì jiēguǒzhè liǎng shì jié lái hòu yìn zhè liǎng shì gòng tóng duì cháo chén de shí hòu chénzài zhèng zhì liàng duì shàngxiǎn rán chén de liàng guò hòu yìn jié lái de liàngjiēguǒ jiù chū xiàn liǎo xīn yǒu zhèng biànchū xiàn liǎo 'ān chuí lián tīng zhèngchū xiàn liǎo shí zhǎng cháo gāng jìn bàn shì zhī jiǔ jǐn yǐng xiǎng qīng cháo de mìng yùnér qiě yǐng xiǎng zhěng zhōng huá mín de mìng yùnjīhū bàn shì suǒ shuō zhè shì xián fēng de sān cuò xián fēng suī rán zài wèi 11 niándàn shì zhè sān cuò dōushì hěn yán zhòng xián fēng cuò zuò liǎo huáng de bǎo zuò 'èr xián fēng zài yīng guó lián jūn qīn běi jīng de shí hòutáo liǎo běi jīng sān lín zhōng de shí hòucuò dìng liǎo mìng chén bié shì zuì hòu cuòyǐng xiǎng dào qīng cháo hòu de zhèng zhì shǐ
  
  【 xián fēng tán
  
   zhǔ shì dào guāng de lǎo mǎn qīng dàoshǔ huáng
  
   zhǔzhè rén guǒ tiān shēng de zhì lái lùnmǎn qīng guān hòu de 10 huáng chú liǎo kāng zhǐ yòu qián lóng néng měi de cōng míng chéng yuǎn zài lǎo dào guāng zhī shàngrán 'ér gāo zōng tóng de shì jiē shǒu de shì làn tān zhǔ de zhì suī rán hǎo shìruò diǎn tài chūzhēn zhèng dào liǎo guān jiànfǎn 'ér chū liǎo qiè nuò de miàn 'èr piàn zhàn zhēng jiù shì hěn hǎo de guò zhǔ dào shì dàn xiàn liǎo shùnyòu tōng guò shùn zhòng yòng liǎo zēngguófān lín zuǒ zōng táng děng rénshǐ tài píng jūn zuì zhōng méi néng xiàng chuǎng wáng yàng cháng zhí zài yòuzǒng yòu rén shì de shì de liù gōng wáng zài yòu xiē fāng miàn yào qiáng de duōsuī ránliǎng rén zuì zhōng dōushì bàn jīn duì liǎng
  
   zài xiāng huái tǒng de shǐ yòng shàng zhǔ shǐ zhōng shì shǐ yòng 'ér fēi zhòng yòngzhí dào qiáncéng lǎo tóu cái zuò dào liǎng jiāng zǒng shěng jūn zhǔ duì zhuān zhèng zhī zhōng yāng quán shì dòng ruò guān huǒ dezài zhè diǎn shàng lùn shì hái shì gōng lǎo liù dōubù shì de duì shǒukàn méi yòu shēn chéngōng lǎo liù duì zēngguófān děng rén jīhū děng zòng róng wèile rén wàngduì hóng zhāng huái běi yáng de shì de zhǎn shì zhēng yǎn yǎn zhì zuì hòu zuò xíng chéng wěi diào zhī shì
  
   dàn shìmǎn qīng zuì zhōng shì ràng zhǔ gěi dài jìn liǎo shēn yuāngèng shì yīn wéi de yōu róu guǎ duànwàng shǐ 'ān děng rén shùn děng chén xíng chéng dǐng zhī shì shǐ rèn fāng wēi de 'ér de shàng de jūn quánjìng ránbái bái piányí liǎo shì tīng xìn shùn děng rén de hūn zhāoméi yòu shí de huà jiě lǎo liù de máo dùnjiēguǒchuí lián tīng zhènghuài liǎo zōng jiā suǒ zhǔ jué hòu shì 'ài / xīn / jué / luó jiā de chéng
  
   xián fēng gāng gāng wèijiù xián fēng yuán nián( 1851 niányuán yuè bào liǎo tài píng tiān guó nóng mín hóng xiù quán bài shàng huìwéi míngzài guǎng guì píng xiàn jīn tián cūn dòng shìzài liǎng nián de shí jiān tài píng jūn xiān hòu gōng liǎo hàn yángyuè zhōuhàn kǒunán jīng děng nán fāng zhòng zhèn sān nián dìng nán jīngbān tiān cháo tián zhì 》, zhì dìng guān zhìjiàn liǎo tài píng tiān guóyóu tài píng jūn méi yòu zhōng liàng quán jìn xíng běi xián fēng liù nián( 1856 niántài píng tiān guó nèi detiān jīng shì biànshǐ qīng wáng cháo huò liǎo chuǎn de huì xián fēng kào hàn zhù zēngguófānzuǒ zōng táng děng rén wài guó qīn lüè zhě de yuán zhùzhèn tài píng tiān guó yùn dòng
  
   zhèng zài xián fēng zhèn tài píng tiān guó zhī shíyīng liǎng guó xián fēng liù nián( 1856 niánzài duì huá xuān zhànshǐ chēng 'èr piàn zhàn zhēng”。 ér 'é guó què chéng huǒ jiécán shí zhōng guó lǐng duì yīng 'é děng guó de qīn lüè jūn xián fēng yòu tuǒ xié qiú bèi tóng qīn lüè guó qiān dìng liǎotiān jīn tiáo yuē》、《 běi jīng tiáo yuē》、《 ài huī tiáo yuēděng píng děng tiáo yuē shǐ qīng zhèng jìn duì wài kāi fàng guó ménbìng ràng liǎo piàn shǐ zhōng guó jìn lún wéi bàn zhí mín shè huì
  
   xián fēng miàn duì guó kōng , jūn fèi chí , zhì bài , tiān zāi duàn , mín zhòng luò , fāng liè qiáng shì dān dān zhè yàng de làn tān . chóu zhǎn shì chén miǎn shēng zòng qiāng wèi de 'èr niánjiù xià lìng tiǎo xuǎn xiù gōng yóu chǒng 'ài zhōng míng · lán de niànjiù shì hòu de )。 hòu yòu cóng mǎnméng liǎng de guān huàn rén jiā tiǎo xuǎn xiù bìng chú zōng guī zhìxuǎn hàn xiù gōng zhōng zuì shòu chǒng 'ài de shì dān chūnxìng huā chūn lín chūnhǎi táng chūn rénshí rén chēng zhī wéi chūn niàn niàn”, yuán míng yuán
  
   xián fēng shí nián( 1860 niánjiǔ yuèyīng lián jūn yóu tiān jīn dēng jìn běi jīng xián fēng huāng máng xié dài huáng hòu shì chūn niàn niàn děng gōng juàn bǎi duō réntáo wǎng shǔ shān zhuāng jiǔyīng lián jūn gōng běi jīngbìng zòng huǒ shāo huǐ liǎo yòuwàn yuán zhī yuánzhī chēng de yuán míng yuánshì hòu xián fēng pài gōng qīn wáng xīn qīn lüè jūn tán pàn péi kuǎn de dài jià qiú dàn shì réng rán gǎn huí jīngchí chí kěn dòng shēn xián fēng shí nián( 1861 nián yuè xián fēng kāi shǐ shēng bìngér qiě bìng qíng yán zhòng xuān zhào zài yuánduān huá shùnjǐng shòu děng wèi chén jìn qǐn shì jiē shòu mìngxià lìng zhǎngzǐ zài chún wéi huáng tài yīn huáng tài nián yòu xián fēng yào men jìn xīn zuǒ 'èr tiān xián fēng zài nèi yōu wài huàn zhōng bìng zài shǔ shān zhuāng de xíng diàn qǐn gōng nèi
  
   xián fēng hòu de miào hào wéi wén zōng xiǎn huáng shǐ chēng xián fēng huáng
  
   qīng wén zōng xián fēng huáng 'ài xīn jué luó · zhǔ (1831 héng 1861 nián ), qīng cháo guān hòu wèi huáng dào guāng huáng dào guāng sān shí nián( 1850 niánzhēngyuè wèi nián wéi xián fēng yuán niánshí nián 20 suìzài wèi 11 niánzài wèi jiānzhèng féng qīng cháo luàn shìguó kōng wēi wèi dào niántài píng tiān guó zài jīn tián qiě sān nián zuǒ yòu jiù wēi běi jīng xián fēng pài bīngjiàng zhèn tài píng tiān guó nóng mín zhàn huǒ wèi yīng lián qīn lüè jūn yòu xùn gōng zhàn tiān jīnběi jīng zhǔ cóng yuán míng yuán táo wǎng shǔ shān zhuāngzhǐ mìng xīn liú běi jīng yīng jiǎng qīn lüè jūn jìng mán fén lüè liǎo yuán míng děng yuán zhǔ yīng děng guó qiān dìng liǎo shù zōng píng děng tiáo yuē zhǔ zòng yòu zhòng zhěng jiāng shān zhī xīn huí tiān zhī
  
   zhǔ wèi hòumiàn lín nèi yōu wài huàn de tǒng zhì wēi shítài píng tiān guó bào guǎng jiǔjìn jūn nán běi xián fēng sān nián (1853 nián ) sān yuè gōng nán jīng jiàn qīng zhèng fēn tíng kàng fāng liè qiáng xiū yuēwéi míngzhǔn bèi duì zhōng guó dòng xīn de qīn lüè zhàn zhēngshā huáng 'é guó zài zhōng guó dōng běi xīng shī dòng bīngqiáng zhàn zhōng guó hēi lóng jiāng běi piàn lǐng
  
   wèile wǎn jiù tǒng zhì wēi xián fēng chú qiú zhì rèn xián xié zhòng zhèn gāng zhòng yòng hàn guān liáo zēngguófān kào xùn liàn zhǐ huī de hàn zhù zhuāng zhèn tài píng tiān guó niǎn jūn gǎn rèn shì de shùnzhī chí shùn děng chú zhèngtóng shí chì liǎo dào guāng cháo rèn jūn chén 'èr shí niántān wèi bǎo róngfáng xián bìng guó de zhāng 'āchǔjué liǎo piàn zhàn zhēng zhōng zhù chí chòu míng zhāo zhù de tóu jiàng pài guān yuán yīng
  
   xián fēng liù nián (1856 nián ), yīng duì zhōng guó dòng 'èr piàn zhàn zhēnggōng zhàn guǎng zhōu xián fēng nián (1858 nián ), yīng jiàn duì gōng xiàn pào táijìn tiān jīn xián fēng pài guì liánghuā shā wǎng tiān jīn yīngměié fēn bié qiān dìngzhōng yīng tiān jīn tiáo yuē》、《 zhōng měi tiān jīn tiáo yuē》、《 zhōng tiān jīn tiáo yuēzhōng 'é tiān jīn tiáo yuē》。 liè qiáng mǎn tiān jīn tiáo yuēguī dìng de quán chóngxīn tiǎo zhàn zhēng xián fēng mìng qīng jūn jiā qiáng kǒu fáng xián fēng jiǔ nián (1859 nián ), zài yīng guó tiǎo de kǒu chōng zhōngyīng qīn lüè jūn bèi bài xián fēng shí nián (1860 nián ), yīng liǎng guó zài chéng qīn huá lián jūn qīnyīng lián jūn jìn gōng běi táng xián fēng zài qīng jūn yīng lián jūn zhàn zhī shíjìng lìng qīng jūn tǒng shuài yíng chè tuì zài lún xiànyīng lián jūn gōng zhàn tiān jīnsuí xiàng běi jīng jìn fàn xián fēng pài qiǎn qīn wáng zài yuánbīng shàng shū yìn wéi qīnchāi chénwǎng tōng zhōu yīng yīng lián jūn tán wéi yǎn zhì duì běi jīng de jìn gōngzài tōng zhōu qiáo bài qīng jūn hòujìn gōng běi jīngyuán míng yuánqīng yuán děng chù bèi fén lüè xián fēng yuán míng yuán cāng huáng táo wáng ( jīn chéng shì ), mìng gōng qīn wáng xīn liú jīng xīn dài biǎo qīng zhèng yīngé qiān dìng liǎozhōng yīng běi jīng tiáo yuē》、《 zhōng běi jīng tiáo yuē》、《 zhōng 'é běi jīng tiáo yuē》, bìng zhǔn liǎo zhōng yīngzhōng tiān jīn tiáo yuē》。 zàizhōng 'é běi jīng tiáo yuēzhōngchéng rèn liǎo xián fēng nián (1858 nián ) shā 'é shǐ qīng hēi lóng jiāng jiāng jūn shān qiān dìng deài huī tiáo yuē》。
  
   xián fēng shí nián (1861 nián ) yuè xián fēng huáng bìng shì xié tiān yùn zhí zhōng chuí mào zhèn shèng xiào yuān gōng duān rén kuān mǐn zhuāng jiǎn xiǎn huáng miào hào wén zōngzàng běi zūn huà qīng dōng líng zhī dìng líng


  The Xianfeng Emperor (Chinese: 咸豐帝, pinyin: Xiánfēngdì, Wade-Giles: Hsien-feng; 17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), born Aisin-Gioro I Ju, was the ninth Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861.
  
  Family and early lifeYizhu was born in 1831 at the Imperial Summer Palace Complex, 8 kilometers northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was the fourth son of the Daoguang Emperor. His mother was the Imperial Consort Quan (全貴妃), of the (Manchu) Niuhuru clan, who was made Empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoquancheng (孝全成皇后). Yizhu was reputed to have an ability in literature and administration which surpassed most of his brothers, which impressed his father Daoguang Emperor who therefore decided to make him his successor.
  
   Early reignYizhu succeeded the throne in 1850, at age 19, and was a relatively young Emperor. He inherited a dynasty that faced not only internal but also foreign challenges. Yizhu's reign title, Xianfeng (咸丰/咸豐), which means "Universal Prosperity", did not reflect the situation. In 1850 the first of a series of popular rebellions began that would nearly destroy the dynasty. The Taiping Rebellion began in December 1850, when Hong Xiuquan, a Hakka leader of a syncretic Christian sect, defeated local forces sent to disperse his followers. Hong then proclaimed the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the rebellion spread to several provinces with amazing speed. The next year the Nien Rebellion started in North China. Unlike the Christian Taipings', the Nien movement lacked a clear political program, but they became a serious threat to Beijing with the mobility of their cavalry-based armies. Fixed between two powerful forces the Qing suffered repeated defeats.
  
  In 1853 the Taiping captured Nanjing and for a while it seemed that Beijing would fall next; but the Taiping northern expedition was defeated and the situation stabilized. Xianfeng dispatched several prominent mandarins, like Zeng Guofan, and Imperial relatives, like the Mongol general Sengge Rinchen, to crush the rebellions, but they only obtained limited success. The biggest revolt of the Miao people against Chinese rule in history started in 1854, and ravaged the region until finally put down in 1873. In 1856 an attempt to regain Nanjing was was defeated and the Panthay Rebellion broke out in Yunnan.
  
  
  
  Portrait of the Emperor in his gardensMeanwhile, an initially minor incident on the coasts triggered the Second Opium War. Anglo-French forces, after inciting a few battles (not all victories for them) on the coast near Tianjin, attempted "negotiation" with the Qing Government. Xianfeng, under the influence of the Concubine Yi (懿貴妃, later the Empress Dowager Cixi), believed in Chinese superiority and would not agree to any colonial demands. He delegated Prince Gong for several negotiations but relations broke down completely when a British diplomatic envoy, Sir Harry Parkes, was arrested during negotiations on 18 September.
  
  The Anglo-French invasion clashed with Sengge Rinchen's Mongolian cavalry on 18 September near Zhangjiawan before proceeding toward the outskirts of Beijing for a decisive battle in Tongzhou District, Beijing. On 21 September, at the Battle of Palikao, Sengge Rinchen's 10,000 troops, including élite Mongolian cavalry, were completely annihilated after several doomed frontal charges against the concentrated firepower of the Anglo-French forces, which entered Beijing on 6 October.
  
  On 18 October 1860, the western forces went on to loot and burn the Imperial Summer Palaces of Qīngyī Yuán (清漪园/清漪園) and Yuánmíng Yuán (圆明园/圓明園). Upon learning about this news, Xianfeng's health quickly deteriorated.
  
  While negotiations with the European powers were being held, Emperor Xianfeng and his Imperial entourage fled to the northern palace in Jehol in the name of annual Imperial hunt. As his health worsened, Xianfeng's ability to govern also deteriorated, and competing court ideologies in court led to the formation of two distinct factions — one under the rich Manchu Sushun, Princes Yi and Zheng, and the other under the Concubine Yi, supported by Gen. Ronglu and Yehenala Bannermen.
  
   DeathXianfeng died on 22 August 1861, at the imperial summer resort (行宮 xinggong) in Jehol, 230 kilometers northeast of Beijing. His successor was his one surviving son, Zaichun, who was barely 6 years old. A day before his death, Xianfeng had summoned Sushun and his group to his bedside, and gave them an Imperial Edict that dictated the power structure during the young Emperor's minority. The edict appointed four members of the Imperial line (Zaiyuan, the Prince Yi; Duanhua, the Prince Zheng; Duke Jingshou; and Sushun) and four Ministers (Muyin, Kuangyuan, Du Han, and Jiao Youying) as the eight members of a new regency council to aid the young Emperor. By tradition, after the death of an Emperor, the body was to be accompanied to the Capital by the regents. Concubine Yi and the Empress, who were now both given titles of Empress Dowager, traveled to Beijing ahead of time, and planned a coup that ousted Sushun from the regency. The Concubine Yi would subsequently rule China for the next 47 years, as the Empress Dowager Cixi.
  
  Emperor Xianfeng was interred in the Eastern Qing Tombs (清東陵), 125 kilometers/75 miles east of Beijing, in the Dingling (定陵 "Tomb of Quietude") mausoleum complex.
  
   LegacyXianfeng's reign saw the continued decline of the Qing dynasty. Rebellions in the country, which began the first year of his reign, would not be quelled until well into the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor and resulted in millions of deaths. Xian Feng also had to deal with the English and French and their ever growing appetite to expand trade further into China. Xianfeng, like his father, the Daoguang Emperor, understood very little about the Europeans and their mindset. While westerners saw different nations as equals deserving mutual respect as an international norm
  , Xian Feng viewed non-Chinese Europeans as inferior and regarded the Europeans' repeated requests to be treated as equal as an offence. When the Europeans introduced the long held concept of an exchanged consular relationship, Xianfeng quickly rebuffed the idea.
  
  During the Second Opium War, repeated requests by Europeans to meet with Xianfeng were also denied. At the time of Xianfeng's death, he had not even once met any foreign dignitaries.
  
  
  
  Yanbozhishuang Hall – Emperor Xianfeng died in this Hall on 22 August 1861
   FamilySee also: Qing Dynasty nobility and Ranks of Imperial Consorts in China#Qing
  
  Father: Daoguang Emperor (1782–1850)
  
  Mother: Empress Xiaoquancheng – Imperial Consort Quan, of the (Manchu) Niuhuru clan, who was made Empress in 1834, and is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoquancheng.
  
  Consorts:
  
  1.Empress Xiaodexian (孝德显皇后萨克达氏) (d. January 1850). Entered the Forbidden City as Lady Sakda of the Sakda clan, raised to the rank of Empress after her death when Yizhu became the Xianfeng Emperor. She was granted the posthumous title of Empress Xiaodexian.
  
  2.Empress Dowager Ci'an (慈安太后) of the Niuhuru clan (1837–1881).
  
  3.Empress Dowager Cixi (Noble Consort Yi 懿貴妃) (1835–1908).
  
  4.Consort Li, posthumously known as Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing (庄靜皇貴妃) (1837–1890).
  
  5.Imperial Noble Consort Duanke (端恪皇貴妃) of the Tunggiya clan (1844–1910).
  
  6.Noble Consort Mei (玫貴妃) (1837–1890), she gave birth to the emperor's second son who died young.
  
  7.Noble Consort Wan (婉貴妃) (d. 1894) of the Manchu Sujiro clan.
  
  8.Consort Lu (璷妃) (d. 1895) of the Manchu Nara clan.
  
  9.Consort Ji (吉妃) (d. 1905) of the Wang clan.
  
  10.Consort Xi (禧妃) (d. 1877) of the Chahala clan.
  
  11.Consort Qing (慶妃) (d. 1885) of the Han Chinese Zhang clan.
  
  12.Imperial Concubine Yun (雲嬪) (d. 1855) of the Wugiya clan.
  
  13.Imperial Concubine Rong (容嫔) (d. 1869) of the Manchu Irgen-Gioro clan.
  
  14.Imperial Concubine Shu (璹嫔) (d. 1874) of the Manchu Yehenara clan.
  
  15.Imperial Concubine Yu (玉嫔) (d. 1862) younger sister of Imperial Concubine Shu.
  
  16.First Class Female Attendant Ping (玶常在) (d. 1857) of the Manchu Irgen-Gioro clan. She entered the palace as a concubine of the fourth rank but for unknown reason she was demoted by three rank. In 1856 she was promoted by one rank but she died the following year.
  
  17.First Class Female Attendant Chun (瑃常在) (d. 1859).
  
  18.First Class Female Attendant Xin (鑫常在) (d. 1859).
  
  Children:
  
  1.Zaichun, (son of Empress Dowager Cixi) who became the Tongzhi Emperor after the Xianfeng Emperor's death.
  
  2.Second son (1858) by Noble Consort Mei. He was posthumously given the title of Prince Min of the Second Rank (悯郡王).
  
  3.Kurun Princess Rong'an (榮安固倫公主)(1855–1875), daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing.
  
  1.Adoptive daughter: Kurun Princess Rongshou (荣壽固伦公主) (1854–1924) was the oldest daughter of Prince Gong.
  
  The Xianfeng Emperor had a large sexual appetite. He was a lover of opera and alcohol, and often became violent with his servants. He was known to smoke opium.
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