| xìng： | ài xīn jué luó | |||||||||
| míng： | fú lín | |||||||||
| wǎngbǐhào： | qīng shì zǔ | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
shēng píng
chóng dé bā nián（ 1643 nián） èr yuè shí liù rì chéng xí fù wèi， shí nián liù suì， yóu shū fù ruì qīn wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn jí zhèng qīn wáng jì 'ěr hā lǎng fǔ zhèng。 1644 nián gǎi yuán
zǐ nǚ
huáng zhǎngzǐ： niú niǔ（ yāo zhé）， mǔ wéi shù fēi bā shì
huáng cì zǐ： yù xiàn qīn wáng fú quán， mǔ wéi níng què fēi dǒng 'è shì
huáng sān zǐ： shèng zǔ rén huáng dì xuán yè， mǔ wéi xiào kāng zhāng huáng hòu tóng jiā shì
huáng sì zǐ： cì róng qīn wáng（ yāo zhé）， mǔ wéi xiào xiàn duān jìng huáng hòu dǒng 'è shì
huáng wǔ zǐ： gōng qīn wáng cháng níng， mǔ wéi shù fēi chén shì
huáng liù zǐ： qí shòu（ yāo zhé）， mǔ wéi shù fēi táng shì
huáng qī zǐ： chún jìng qīn wáng lóng xǐ， mǔ wéi shù fēi niǔ shì
huáng bā zǐ： yǒng gān（ 8 suì shāng）， mǔ wéi shù fēi mù kè tú shì
dà gōng zhù：（ yāo zhé）， mǔ wéi shù fēi chén shì
èr gōng zhù： hé shuò gōng què cháng gōng zhù， 15 suì shí xià jià gěi guā 'ěr jiā shì nè 'ěr dù， mǔ wéi shù fēi yáng shì
sān gōng zhù：（ yāo zhé）， mǔ wéi shù fēi bā shì
sì gōng zhù：（ yāo zhé）， mǔ wéi shù fēi wū sū shì
wǔ gōng zhù：（ yāo zhé）， mǔ wéi shù fēi wáng shì
liù gōng zhù：（ yāo zhé）， mǔ wéi shù fēi nà lá shì
yǎng nǚ yī： hé shuò hé shùn gōng zhù， 13 suì shí xià jià shàng zhī lóng， chéng zé qīn wáng shuò sài zhī 'èr nǚ， qí mǔ wéi nà lá shì
yǎng nǚ 'èr： hé shuò róu jiā gōng zhù， 12 suì shí xià jià gěng jù zhōng， ān jùn wáng yuè lè zhī dì 'èr nǚ
yǎng nǚ sān： gù lún duān mǐn gōng zhù， 18 suì shí xià jià bó 'ěr jì jí chí shì bān dì， jiǎn qīn wáng jì dù zhī dì 'èr nǚ
zhì yú shì zǔ zhāng huáng dì dào dǐ shì zěn me lí wèi de chuán tǒng shàng yòu liǎng zhǒng shuō fǎ。
dì yī zhǒng jiù shì shì zǔ zhāng huáng dì zài
lìng yī zhòngmín jiān chuán shuō jiù shì shuō yīn 'ài fēi dǒng 'è fēi yīn bìng qù shì， ài zōng jiào de fú lín kàn pò hóng chén， chū jiā dāng liǎo hé shàng， ér qiě zhè zhǒng shuō fǎ yī bān hái bǎ dǒng 'è fēi yǔ dǒng xiǎo wǎn（ qín huái míng jì） dāng zuò tóng yī rén。 dàn shì， gēn jù shǐ xué jiè de kǎo zhèng， dǒng xiǎo wǎn 25 suì sǐ shí， dǒng 'è fēi yě zhǐ yòu 13 suì， hái wèi rù gōng， suǒ yǐ yǐ jīng jī běn fǒu dìng zhè zhǒng shuō fǎ。
zuì jìn lì shǐ xué jiā yòu tí chū liǎo dì sān zhǒng shuō fǎ， jí pào jī zhì sǐ shuō， rèn wéi
1663 nián zàng rù hé běi zūn huà qīng dōng líng de xiào líng nèi。 yòu 8 zǐ、 6 nǚ
chóng dé bā nián（ 1643 nián） bā yuè， shèng jīng huáng gōng zhōng fā shēng liǎo yī jiàn dà shì： tài zōng huáng dì zài duān zuò zhōng tū rán wú jí 'ér zhōng！ jīng guò yī fān bīng róng xiāng chí de jiào liàng， tài zōng huáng tài jí dì jiǔ zǐ fú lín， zài shū fù shè zhèng ruì qīn wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn fǔ zuǒ xià jí liǎo dì wèi， gǎi yuán
6 suì dēng shàng wáng wèi de fú lín shì zài duō zhì duō yǒng yòu dú duàn zhuān xíng de shū fù duō 'ěr ɡǔn yǔ shēn míng dà yì de guǎ mǔ xiào zhuāng wén huáng hòu jiào dǎo zhī xià chéngzhǎng qǐ lái de huáng dì。 duō 'ěr ɡǔn shè zhèng 7 nián jiān， qīng tíng zài yǐ wǔ lì tǒng yī quán guó de guò chéng zhōng， fā bīng zhuī jiǎo lǐ zì chéng、 zhāng xiàn zhōng de nóng mín qǐ yì jūn hé nán míng kàng qīng shì lì， tuī xíng tì fā yì fú、 juàn dì děng mín zú gāo yā zhèng cè。 duō 'ěr ɡǔn bìng shì hòu，
zhèng zhì shàng de shī yì， shǐ
qīng dài gōng tíng dà shì biǎo
chóng dé bā nián (1643 nián guǐ wèi míng chóng zhēn shí liù nián )
zhēngyuè tài zōng yòu bìng， mìng hé shuò qīn wáng yǐ xià， fù dū tǒng yǐ shàng， yì táng zǐ xíng lǐ。
bā yuè tài zōng zuò shì yú qǐn gōng qīng níng gōng， wú jí 'ér zhōng。 lǐ qīn wáng dài shàn jí zhū wáng wén wǔ qún chén dìng yì， yōng lì tài zōng dì jiǔ zǐ fú lín wéi sì huáng dì， yǐ zhèng qīn wáng jì 'ěr hā lǎng、 ruì qīn wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn fǔ zhèng， míng nián gǎi yuán
jiǔ yuè zàng tài zōng yú shèng jīng zhāo líng。
shí yuè shàng tài zōng zūn shì wéi yìng tiān xīng guó hóng dé zhāng wǔ kuān wēn rén shèng ruì xiào wén huáng dì， miào hào tài zōng。
zhēngyuè
èr yuè fù zàng tài fēi bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì yú fú líng。 gǎi zàng yǐ zuì cì sǐ zhī fēi fù chá shì yú líng wài。
sān yuè dà xué shì xī fú děng jìn shān yì《 liáo shǐ》、《 jīn shǐ》、《 yuán shǐ》。 lǐ zì chéng gōng xiàn běi jīng。 míng chóng zhēn dì zì yì。
sì yuè gù shān 'é zhēn hé luò huì gào sù qīn wáng háo gé bèi wàng zuì， fèi wéi shù rén。 jìn fēng duō luó ráo yú bèi lè 'ā bā tài wéi duō luó ráo yú jùn wáng。 dà xué shì fàn wén chéng qǐ ruì qīn wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn wǎng dìng zhōng yuán。 yǐ dà jūn nán fá jì gào tài zǔ、 tài zōng。
wǔ yuè duō 'ěr ɡǔn shuài dà jūn dǐ dá yàn jīng， míng wén wǔ zhū chén shì shù jiāo yíng qīng jūn rù chéng。 duō 'ěr ɡǔn jìn rù huáng chéng， jū huǒ hòu yú shēng de wǔ yīng diàn lǐ shì。 lìng guān lì jūn mín yǐ dì lǐ wéi míng dì fā sàng。 lìng gù míng nèi gé、 bù yuàn zhū chén yǐ yuán guān tóng mǎn zhōu guān yī tǐ bàn shì。 àn zhì zàng míng zhuāng liè dì huáng hòu zhōu shì、 fēi yuán shì， xī zōng huáng hòu zhāng shì、 shén zōng fēi liú shì。 míng fú wáng zhū yóu sōng jí wèi yú jiāng nán， gǎi yuán hóng guāng， yǐ shǐ kě fǎ wéi dà xué shì， zhù shǒu yáng zhōu dū shī。
liù yuè duō 'ěr ɡǔn jí zhū wáng、 bèi lè、 bèi zǐ、 dà chén děng dìng yì qiān dū yàn jīng， qiǎn fǔ guó gōng tún qí kā、 hé tuō、 gù shān 'é zhēn hé luò huì qián wǎng shèng jīng yíng jià。 qiān míng tài zǔ shén zhù yú lì dài dì wáng miào。 zhù gè guān yìn jiān yòng guó shū。
qī yuè kǎo dìng lì fǎ， wéi shí xiàn lì。 yǐ qiān dū jì gào shàng dì、 líng miào。 duō 'ěr ɡǔn yù lìng， yīn jūn shì fāng yīn， xīn bǔ gè guān kě zàn fú yòng míng shì yī guān。 shè gù míng cháng líng yǐ xià shí sì líng guān lì。 duō 'ěr ɡǔn zhì shū shǐ kě fǎ， quàn qí zhù xuē hào guī fān， shǐ kě fǎ yán cí jù jué。 shǐ xiū qián qīng gōng。
bā yuè
jiǔ yuè yú zǐ jìn chéng dōng nán jiàn táng zǐ。
shí yuè
shí yī yuè shè mǎn zhōu sī yè、 zhù jiào， guān yuán zǐ sūn yòu yù xí guó shū、 hàn shū zhě， bìng rù guó zǐ jiān jiù dú。 bà míng dìng líng shǒu zhě， qí shí 'èr líng réng shè tàijiàn 'èr rén， liàng gěi suì shí jì pǐn。 rù guān nèi shǒu cì sì tiān yú huán qiū。
shí 'èr yuè chū míng fǔ kù cái wù， shǎng bā qí jiàngshì jí měnggǔ guān yuán。 yǐ tài zōng dì liù nǚ gù lún gōng zhù xià jià gù shān 'é zhēn 'ā shān zǐ kuā zhā。 yǐ hé luò huì、 gǒng 'ā dài fēn bié jì sì fú líng、 zhāo líng， gào wèi jìn jūn guān nèi gōng chéng。 jiǎ mào gù míng tài zǐ 'àn fā， zhū shā xiāng guān rén yuán 15 rén。 rù guān hòu dì yī cì dà guī mó juàn dì。
qīng cháo zài bān bù tì fā lìng yào qiú jiāng tóu lú sì zhōu de tóu fā dū tì diào， zhǐ liú yī dǐng rú qián dà， jié biàn xià chuí。 zài tóu dǐng liú fā yī qián dà， dà yú yī qián yào chù sǐ！ qīng dìng：“ tì fā bù rú shì zhě yì zhǎn。”
qín shì zhēn《 fǔ zhè xí cǎo》：“ xiǎo dǐng biàn fā” bǎ tóu fā tì qù， zhǐ liú xià tóng qián dà yī diǎn， shū chéng yī gēn xiǎo biàn， jiào“ jīn qián shǔ wěi” shì。 jiāng sì zhōu tóu fā quán bù tì qù， jǐn liú tóu dǐng zhōng xīn de tóu fā， qí xíng zhuàng yī rú jīn qián， ér zhōng xīn bù fēn de tóu fā， zé bèi jié biàn xià chuí， xíng rú shǔ wěi .
1647 nián guǎng zhōu tì fā yì fú lìng：“ jīn qián shǔ wěi， nǎi xīn cháo zhī yǎ zhèng； é guān bó dài， shí wáng guó zhī lòu guī。”
fú zhōu yí mín suǒ zhuàn《 sī wén dà jì》：“ shí tì tóu lìng xià， lǘ zuǒ wú yī miǎn zhě。 jīn qián shǔ wěi， jǐ chéng biàn dì xīng shān。”
zhēngyuè mìng duō luó ráo yú jùn wáng 'ā bā tài wéi dū tǒng， dài háo gé zhēng shān dōng。 yǐ tài zōng dì qī nǚ gù lún gōng zhù xià jià nèi dà chén 'è qí 'ěr sāng zǐ lá mǎ sī。 mìng fáng shān xiàn suì yǐ tài láo jì jīn tài zǔ、 shì zōng líng。
èr yuè shǐ xiū《 lǜ lì》。 yù yù qīn wáng duō duó yí shī dìng jiāng nán， yīng qīn wáng 'ā jì gé zhēng tǎo lǐ zì chéng。
sān yuè shǐ sì liáo tài zǔ、 jīn tài zǔ、 shì zōng、 míng tài zǔ yú lì dài dì wáng miào， bìng dìng cóng sì dà chén。
sì yuè zàng gù míng xùnnàn tàijiàn wáng chéng 'ēn yú míng dì líng cè， gěi jì tián、 jiàn bēi。 yù qīn wáng duō duó shī zhì yáng zhōu， yù nán míng shǐ kě fǎ tóu jiàng， shǐ kě fǎ jù jiàng bèi shā， qīng bīng duì chéng nèi rén mín chí xù jìn xíng liǎo shí tiān dà tú shā， shǐ chēng“ yáng zhōu shí rì”。 yǐ tài zōng dì bā nǚ gù lún gōng zhù xià jià kē 'ěr qìn tǔ xiè tú qīn wáng bā dá lǐ zǐ bā yǎ sī hù lǎng。 chū xíng wǔ xiāng shì。
wǔ yuè mìng nèi sān yuàn dà xué shì féng quán、 hóng chéng chóu、 lǐ jiàn tài、 fàn wén chéng、 gāng lín、 qí chōng gé děng zuǎn xiū《 míng shǐ》。 cì zhū wáng yǐ xià bǎi guān bīng， zhù wéi lìng。 duō duó shī zhì nán jīng， gù míng fú wáng zhū yóu sōng jí dà xué shì táo dùn tài píng， xīn chéng bó zhào zhī lóng、 dà xué shì wáng duó、 lǐ bù shàng shū qián qiān yì yǐ chéng tóu jiàng。 mìng mǎn zhōu zǐ dì jiù xué， shí yuè yī rì fù jiān kǎo kè， chūn qiū wǔ rì yī yǎn shè。 dìng shū fù shè zhèng wáng yí zhù， fán wén yí jiē yuē huáng shū fù shè zhèng wáng。 miǎn huáng hòu zū， bìng chóng wén mén mǐ mài yuàn。 xuān zhào píng dìng jiāng nán jié yīn。 qián qīng gōng xiū shàn jùn gōng， kāi shǐ xiū shàn tài hé diàn、 zhōng hé diàn、 wèi yù gōng（ jí bǎo hé diàn）。
liù yuè zài cì qiáng zhì tuī xíng tì fā lìng， huáng tài fēi shì。 fā bù zhào gào： qīng tíng xīng bīng， běn wú yì jiān bìng， zhǐ wéi míng qīng hé hǎo； dàn yīn lǐ zì chéng xīng bīng dǎo zhì liǎo míng guó zuò miè wáng； qīng jūn zì guān wài zhěng lǚ rù guān， nǎi shì dài míng xuě hèn …… yǐ cǐ lái xiāo mǐ hàn zú de fǎn mǎn qíng xù。 bìng mìng yú shí yuè zài jiāng nán jǔ xíng xiāng shì， yǐ lǒngluò hàn zú shì rén。 cè fēng kǒng zǐ wéi“ dà chéng zhì shèng wén xuān xiān shī”， duō 'ěr ɡǔn qīn zì yè bài kǒng zǐ miào。
rùn liù yuè lǐ zì chéng táo wáng hú běi jiǔ gōng shān， zì yì 'ér sǐ。 dìng qún chén gōng yǐ xià jí shēng yuán qí lǎo dǐng dài pǐn jí。 zhào yù yán jìn jiàn guān péng dǎng xiāng zhēng。 dìng mǎn zhōu wén wǔ guān pǐn jí。 dìng zhū wáng、 bèi lè、 bèi zǐ、 zōng shì gōng dǐng dài shì。 míng táng wáng zhū yù jiàn zài fú zhōu jiàn lóng wǔ zhèng quán， lǔ wáng zhū yǐ hǎi zài shào xīng jiàn lǔ wáng jiān guó zhèng quán。
qī yuè xiǎng tài miào。 shàng tài zǔ wǔ huáng dì、 xiào cí wǔ huáng hòu、 tài zōng wén huáng dì yù cè yù bǎo yú tài miào。 shè míng tài zǔ shǒu líng tàijiàn sì rén， gěi sì tián 'èr qiān qǐng。 jìn zhōng wài jūn mín yī guān bù zūn guó zhì。 qīng bīng jìn zhì jiā dìng， jìn xíng sān cì dà tú shā， shǐ chēng“ jiā dìng sān tú”。
bā yuè yǐ yīng qīn wáng 'ā jì gé chū shī yòu zuì， jiàng jùn wáng， áo bài děng yì fá yòu chā。
shí yuè yù qīn wáng duō duó shī hái，
shí 'èr yuè gēngdìng cháo yí， kāi shǐ bà nèi jiān cháo cān。
zhēngyuè yǐ sù qīn wáng háo gé wéi jìng yuǎn dàjiàng jūn， shuài shī xī zhēng sì chuān。 zēng dìng fèng gěi zhī zhì： zuì gāo shè zhèng wáng nián fèng yín 2000 liǎng， zuì dī xiāo qí xiào 30 liǎng。 zhèng chéng gōng zài fú jiàn yán hǎi yī dài kàng qīng。
èr yuè bà jiāng nán jiù shè bù yuàn， chā zài jīng hù、 bīng、 gōng sān bù mǎn hàn shì láng gè yī rén zhù jiāng níng， fēn lǐ bù wù。
sān yuè fān yì wán chéng《 hóng wǔ bǎo xùn》。 cì fù yǐ jiàn děng jìn shì jí dì chū shēn yòu chā。 duō luó ráo yú jùn wáng 'ā bā tài shì。
sì yuè shè zhèng wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn yù tíng zhū wáng dà chén qǐ běn。 xiū shèng jīng kǒng zǐ miào。
wǔ yuè duō 'ěr ɡǔn zhù xìn fú yú ruì wáng fǔ。 chóngshēn yán jìn nú pú táo wáng de“ táo rén fǎ”。
shí yuè hé shuò dé yù qīn wáng duō duó hái shī， shàng jiāo láo zhī。 tài hé diàn、 zhōng hé diàn xiū shàn wán chéng。 dìng huáng dì xíng xìng yíng sòng lǐ。
shí yī yuè míng táng wáng zhū yù zài guǎng zhōu jiàn lì shào xīng zhèng quán。 míng guì wáng zhū yóu láng zài guǎng dōng zhào qìng jiàn yǒng lì zhèng quán。
shí 'èr yuè wèi yù gōng xiū shàn wán chéng。 dìng zhū wáng rù cháo jiàng yú jí liè cháo zuò cì yí zhù。 zhèng chéng gōng zài hǎi shàng qǐ bīng kàng qīng。
zhēngyuè yīn fǔ zhèng zhèng qīn wáng jì 'ěr hā lǎng fǔ dǐ diàn táng tái jī yú zhì jí shàn yòng tóng shī tóng hè， fá yín 2000 liǎng。 dìng qīn wáng shì zǐ lì， qí jué zhì shì jùn wáng， yí zhàng zhào qīn wáng lì。
sān yuè cì lǚ gōng děng jìn shì jí dì yòu chā。 yù jīng guān sān pǐn yǐ shàng jí dū、 fǔ、 tí、 zhèn gè sòng yī zǐ rù cháo shì wèi， chá cái rén shǐ， wú zǐ zhě yǐ dì jí cóng zǐ dài zhī。 mìng jiāo shè tài láo réng yòng xīng。《 dà qīng lǜ》 chéng。 tíng zhǐ juàn dì。
qī yuè jiā fēng hé shuò dé yù qīn wáng duō duó wéi fǔ zhèng shū dé yù qīn wáng。 jiàn shè diàn（ jí jiàn tíng） yú zuǒ yì mén wài。 duō 'ěr ɡǔn bà zhèng qīn wáng tīng zhèng， zhǐ lìng yù qīn wáng cānyù。
shí yuè gēngdìng luán yí wèi pǐn jí， měi jí guān yuán gè jiàng yī jí。
shí 'èr yuè lǐ bù zūn yù xīn dìng fú zhì。 dìng shè zhèng wáng duì huáng dì tíng zhǐ xíng guì bài lǐ。 shì nián， zài jīng jī dà guī mó juàn dì。
zhēngyuè hé shuò sù qīn wáng háo gé shī hái， yǎn xǐ jùn wáng luó luò hóng zú yú jūn， zhì shì sàng guī， chuò cháo sān rì。
sān yuè hé shuò zhèng qīn wáng jì 'ěr hā lǎng yīn zuì jiàng wéi duō luó jùn wáng。 hé shuò sù qīn wáng háo gé yòu zuì lùn sǐ，
rùn sì yuè fù jì 'ěr hā lǎng jué wéi hé shuò qīn wáng。
liù yuè tài miào chéng。
qī yuè chū shè liù bù hàn shàng shū、 dū chá yuàn zuǒ dū yù shǐ。 dìng zhū wáng、 bèi lè、 bèi zǐ、 gōng、 gōng zhù、 hé shuò gé gé děng yìng yòng jīn qì shù mù。
bā yuè yǔn xǔ mǎn hàn guān mín hù xiāng jià qǔ。
shí yī yuè sì tiān yú huán qiū， yǐ tài zǔ wǔ huáng dì pèi xiǎng。 zhuī zūn tài zǔ yǐ shàng sì shì wéi huáng dì， bìng fèng cè bǎo yú tài miào。
zhēngyuè dìng nèi sān yuàn guān zhì。
sān yuè fǔ zhèng hé shuò dé yù qīn wáng duō duó hōng， shè zhèng wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn shī cì jū yōng， hái jīng lín sàng。
sì yuè huáng tài hòu（ jí tài zōng zhōng gōng huáng hòu bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì） shì。
liù yuè yīng qīn wáng 'ā jì gé xiàng shè zhèng wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn zhēng shū wáng xián， lùn qí wéi jiāo wàng zuì bìng jìn yì bù shì。
shí 'èr yuè duō 'ěr ɡǔn qī yuán fēi sǐ， lìng liǎng qí niú lù zhāng jīng yǐ shàng guān yuán jí qī jiē yī gǎo sù， liù qí niú lù zhāng jīng guān yuán yǐ shàng jiē qù yīng。
zhēngyuè duō 'ěr ɡǔn nà sù qīn wáng háo gé qī。
èr yuè shàng tài hòu shì wéi xiào duān zhèng jìng rén yì zhuāng mǐn fǔ tiān xié shèng wén huáng hòu， hé zàng zhāo líng。
wǔ yuè duō 'ěr ɡǔn zhì lián shān qīn yíng cháo xiān guó zhī nǚ， shì rì chéng hūn。
qī yuè
shí yī yuè shè zhèng wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn yòu jí， liè yú biān wài。
shí 'èr yuè chū jiǔ rì， shè zhèng wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn shì yú kā lá chéng。
zhēngyuè hé shuò yīng qīn wáng 'ā jì gé móu luàn， yōu jìn zhī。 shí rì， lǐ bù shàng
èr yuè shàng zhāo shèng cí shòu huáng tài hòu zūn hào。 sū kè sà hā、 zhān dài、 mù qí lún shǒu gào shè zhèng wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn nì jié jiē shí， jí qí jiā， zhū shā qí dǎng yǔ； zhuī zuì duō 'ěr ɡǔn， xuē qí zūn hào jí qí mǔ qī zhuī fēng， chè miào xiǎng。
rùn 'èr yuè yōu jìn 'ā jì gé yú bié shì， jí qí jiā。 dìng 'ēfù duō 'ěr ɡǔn zhū chén zuì， gāng lín、 qí chōng gé jù huò zuì。
sān yuè mìng zhū wáng、 bèi lè、 bèi zǐ fēn guǎn liù bù、 lǐ fān yuàn、 dū chá yuàn shì。 dìng wáng gōng cháo jí lì。 dìng zhāi jiè lì。 xǔ mǎn zhōu、 měnggǔ、 hàn jūn zǐ dì kē jǔ， yǐ jiá dì chú shòu。
sì yuè qiǎn guān jì sì yuè zhèn hǎi dòu、 dì wáng líng qǐn、 xiān shī kǒng zǐ jué lǐ。 dìng yuán dàn、 dōng zhì、 huáng dì wàn shòu wéi sān dà jié jí qí yí zhù。 dìng zhū wáng dà chén péi jì、 hù cóng、 jiē jià、 sòng jià yí zhù jí jià chū xún xìng， bié zào xiāng bǎo suí xíng， bìng zhù hù cóng gè yìn， jiā“ xíng zài” èr zì。
liù yuè dìng zhū líng tán miào sì diǎn。 zhào míng shén zōng líng rú qí tā shí 'èr líng， yǐ shí zhì jì， shè shǒu líng hù。 mìng xiū shàn zǔ líng， shè shǒu líng hù， dìng jì lǐ。 fù zhāorì、 xī yuè lǐ。 dìng huáng hòu dà hūn yí jí huáng hòu yí zhàng zhì。
bā yuè dìng shùn tiān fǔ xiāng shì mǎn zhōu、 měnggǔ wéi yī bǎng， hàn jūn、 hàn rén wéi yī bǎng， huì shì、 diàn shì rú zhī。 wù wǔ， cè lì kē 'ěr qìn zhuó lǐ kè tú qīn wáng qīn wáng wú kè shàn nǚ bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì wéi huáng hòu。
jiǔ yuè dìng cháo yí。 gǎi chéng tiān mén wéi tiān 'ān mén。 jiàn zhāorì tán yú cháo yáng mén wài， xī yuè tán yú fù chéng mén wài。
shí yuè cì 'ā jì gé sǐ。 fēng zhào zǔ、 xīng zǔ líng shān yuē qǐ yùn shān， jǐng zǔ、 xiǎn zǔ líng shān yuē jī qìng shān， fú líng shān yuē tiān zhù shān， zhāo líng shān yuē lóng yè shān。
èr yuè bān bù liù yù bēi wén yú tiān xià。 jiā fēng zhèng qīn wáng jì 'ěr hā lǎng wéi shū hé shuò zhèng qīn wáng。
sān yuè bà zhū wáng、 bèi lè、 bèi zǐ guǎn lǐ bù wù。 cì mǎn zhōu、 měnggǔ gòng shì má lè jí， hàn jūn jí hàn gòng shì zōu zhōng yǐ děng jìn shì jí dì chū shēn yòu chā。
sì yuè dìng zhū wáng yǐ xià guān yuán yú fú zhì。 yǔn lǐ bù yì， yī yuè sān cháo， chūn qiū yī jǔ jīng yán。 dìng cháng cháo yí zhù。 shè zōng rén fǔ guān。
wǔ yuè gēngdìng zhān shì fǔ guān pǐn jí。 dìng huáng hòu、 huáng fēi nà cǎi lǐ zhì。
qī yuè dìng míng huáng chéng běi mén wéi dì 'ān mén。
bā yuè gēngdìng wáng gōng yǐ xià hūn qǔ lǐ。
jiǔ yuè gēngdìng wáng yǐ xià jì zàng lǐ。 xìng tài xué shì diàn。 nǐ dìng qīn wǎng wài biān yíng dá lài lá má。
shí yuè zūn tài zōng dà guì fēi wéi yì jìng dà guì fēi， shū fēi wéi kāng huì shū fēi。
shí 'èr yuè
zhēngyuè yù lìng gǎi biàn jǐn yòu mǎn chén zòu shì de jú miàn， cǐ hòu， fán zhāng zòu， lìng mǎn hàn shì láng、 qīng yǐ shàng huì tóng zòu jìn。 gēngdìng duō luó bèi lè yǐ xià suì fèng。
sān yuè xìng nán tái jiào shè。 cì tài cháng qīng tānɡ ruò wàng hào tōng xuán jiào shī。 mìng gè bù yuàn zòu shì tíng yòng lǜ tóu pái。
sì yuè qīn shì hàn lín guān chéng kè gǒng děng。 chén míng xià shì jiàn fā shēng， 28 míng hàn guān zāo dào xùn chì。
wǔ yuè zhuī fēng shū 'ěr hā qí wéi hé shuò qīn wáng， é 'ěr ɡǔn、 jiè kān、 yǎ 'ěr hā qí、 hù sài wéi duō luó jùn wáng。
liù yuè zhuī fēng tǎ chá piān gǔ、 mù 'ěr hā qí wéi duō luó bèi lè。 cí níng gōng chéng。 zēng zhì nèi sān yuàn hàn dà xué shì， yuàn gè 'èr rén。 shè lì shí sān yá mén， yù jiè huàn guān gān zhèng， suǒ shè tàijiàn jí bù guò sì pǐn。
qī yuè yǐ huáng tài hòu yù， fā nèi tíng jié shěng yín bā wàn liǎng zhèn jì yù shuǐ zāi mín。
bā yuè yǐ tài zōng shí sì nǚ hé shuò gōng zhù xià jià píng xī wáng wú sān guì zǐ wú yìng xióng。 èr shí sì rì yù nèi yuàn， chá lì dài fèi hòu shì lì jù wén。 èr shí liù rì， yù lǐ bù， yǐ huáng hòu wéi ruì wáng suǒ dìng， wèi jīng xuǎn zé wéi yóu， fèi chú huáng hòu wéi jìng fēi。 èr shí qī rì， zhū chén shàng shū， fèi huáng hòu zhī shì yào shèn zhòng xiáng shěn。
shí yuè mìng dà xué shì、 xué shì yú tài hé mén nèi gēngfān rù zhí。
zhēngyuè bà zhì zào guān。
èr yuè zhāorì yú dōng jiāo。 shǐ xíng gēng jí lǐ。 dìng měi nián zhòng chūn hài rì xíng gēng jí lǐ。
sān yuè huáng sān zǐ xuán yè（ jí kāng xī huáng dì） shēng。 yǐ duō luó huì zhé jùn wáng 'é 'ěr ɡǔn、 duō luó xuān xiàn jùn wáng jiè kān、 duō luó tōng dá jùn wáng yǎ 'ěr hā qí pèi xiǎng tài miào。
sì yuè yǐ huáng tài hòu mìng， tíng mìng fù gēngfān rù shì hòu fēi jiù lì。
wǔ yuè dìng huáng hòu、 pín fēi、 qīn wáng fú jīn、 gù lún gōng zhù yǐ xià， fǔ guó gōng fū rén yǐ shàng zhī dǐng zhū fú shì lì。 xìng xī yuàn， cì dà chén yàn。
liù yuè lì kē 'ěr qìn zhèn guó gōng chuò 'ěr jì nǚ bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì wéi huáng hòu。 tíng zōng shì zǐ dì xí hàn zì zhū shū。 dìng luán yí wèi zhì dù。
shí 'èr yuè hé shuò chéng zé qīn wáng shuò sài hōng。
zhēngyuè xiū《
sān yuè bān bù zhòng shì wén jiào shàng yù。 shè rì jiǎng guān。
sì yuè zhào xiū《 tài zǔ shèng xùn》、《 tài zōng shèng xùn》。
wǔ yuè zhèng qīn wáng jì 'ěr hā lǎng shì。 chuò cháo qī rì。
liù yuè fēng bó guǒ duó wéi hé shuò zhuāng qīn wáng。 mìng míng gōng jìn wéi zǐ jìn chéng， hòu shān wéi jǐng shān， xī yuàn nán tái wéi yíng tái。 mìng nèi shí sān yá mén lì tiě pái， yán jìn nèi jiān gān zhèng。
jiǔ yuè dìng wǔ huì shì zhōng shì zhě diàn shì rú wén jìn shì。
shí yuè dìng zuǎn xiū《 yù dié》 zhī zhì。
zhēngyuè xiū《 tōng jiàn quán shū》、《 xiào jīng yǎn yì》。
sān yuè chū xìng yíng tái。
rùn wǔ yuè qián qīng gōng、 kūn níng gōng、 jiāo tài diàn jí jǐng rén gōng、 yǒng shòu gōng、 chéng qián gōng、 zhōng cuì gōng、 chǔ xiù gōng、 yì kūn gōng xiū shàn wán chéng。
liù yuè yù shàn dài mǎn zhōu bāo yī jiā rén。
qī yuè hé shuò xiāng qīn wáng bó mù bó guǒ 'ěr shì。
bā yuè chéng huáng tài hòu xùn shì， biān《 nèi zé yǎn yì》 shū chéng，
jiǔ yuè zhuī fēng hé shuò sù qīn wáng háo gé wéi hé shuò wǔ sù qīn wáng。 yù lǐ bù， jìn nèi dà chén 'è shuò zhī nǚ xián fēi dǒng 'è fēi wéi huáng guì fēi。
shí yī yuè xīng jīng líng chéng。
shí 'èr yuè cè nèi dà chén 'è shuò nǚ dǒng 'è shì wéi huáng guì fēi， bān 'ēn shè。 jiā shàng huáng tài hòu zūn hào wéi zhāo shèng cí kāng gōng jiǎn 'ān yì zhāng qìng huáng tài hòu。 mìng lǐ bù chóu jiàn fèng xiān diàn。 zhǔn kāi yù dié guǎn zuǎn xiū《 yù dié》， měi shí nián yī kāi guǎn。 dìng sān nián jǔ xíng yī cì dà yuè lǐ。
zhēngyuè qí gǔ yú shàng dì， yǐ tài zǔ wǔ huáng dì pèi xiǎng。 yù lìng tíng zhǐ bā qí jǔ xíng xiāng huì liǎng shì。
èr yuè jì shè jì。
sān yuè fèng tài zōng wén huáng dì pèi xiǎng huán qiū jí qí gǔ tán。 yǐ tài zǔ wǔ huáng dì、 tài zōng wén huáng dì pèi xiǎng fāng zé。 yǐ pèi xiǎng lǐ chéng， dà shè tiān xià。 shùn tiān、 jiāng nán děng dì fā shēng kē chǎng wǔ bì 'àn。
sì yuè shè zhì shèng jīng fèng tiān fǔ。
jiǔ yuè chū yù jīng yán。
shí yuè yǐ kāi rì jiǎng jì gào xiān shī kǒng zǐ yú hóng dé diàn。 xìng nán yuàn。 shǐ xíng yuè wǔ。 xiū kǒng zǐ miào。 zhāo shì diàn、 fèng xiān diàn chéng。 zhào jiàn hǎi huì sì sēng hān pú cōng。
shí yī yuè fèng xiān diàn xiū chéng， fèng liè cháo dì hòu shén wèi， dìng yuán dàn、 dōng zhì、 wàn shòu、 cè fēng、 yuè shuò wàng， fèng dì wèi yú qián diàn， dì qīn xíng lǐ。
shí 'èr yuè yǐ huáng tài hòu jí yù， lái qí bīng， zhèn pín mín。
shì nián biān zhì《 fù yì quán shū》
zhēngyuè yīn huáng hòu yú huáng tài hòu bìng zhōng yòu shī dìng shěng zhī yí， mìng tíng qí jiān zòu， zhǐ cún huáng hòu zhī hào， cè bǎo zhào jiù。
èr yuè yīn nèi jiān jiāo jiē wài tíng， mìng nèi dà chén yán xùn。
sān yuè tí shěn nèi jiān wú liáng fǔ jiāo jié wài guān， shòu huì zuānyíng， nǐ zhǎn。 zhuī fēng kē 'ěr qìn bā tú lǔ wáng nǚ wéi dào fēi。 zhuī fēng huáng sì zǐ wéi hé shuò róng qīn wáng， jiàn fén yuán rú zhì。
wǔ yuè cái chè zhān shì fǔ。
liù yuè tíng zhū wáng yǐ xià shuāng jū fú jīn suì gěi fèng lù yín mǐ， zhào bā qí shuāng jū mìng fù lì gè bàn fèng yī nián。
qī yuè gǎi nèi sān yuàn dà xué shì wéi diàn gé dà xué shì。 shè hàn lín yuàn jí zhǎng yuàn xué shì guān。
jiǔ yuè yǐ nèi yuàn dà xué shì jué luó bā hā nà、 jīn zhī jùn wéi zhōng hé diàn dà xué shì， é sè hēi、 chéng kè gǒng wéi bǎo hé diàn dà xué shì， jiǎng hè dé、 liú zhèng zōng wéi wén huá diàn dà xué shì， hóng chéng chóu、 fù yǐ jiàn、 hú shì 'ān wéi wǔ yīng diàn dà xué shì， wèi zhōu zuò wéi wén yuān gé dà xué shì， lǐ wèi wéi dōng gé dà xué shì。
shí yī yuè dìng gōng zhōng nǚ guān yuán 'é pǐn jí。
èr yuè yǐ yún guì dàng píng， mìng jīn qiū jǔ hánghuì shì。
wǔ yuè fā nèi tǎng yín sān shí wàn， yǐ qí bàn zhèn jì yún guì pín mín， yī bàn dāng zuò bīng xiǎng。
jiǔ yuè zūn xīng jīng zǔ líng wéi yǒng líng。
shí yī yuè
shí 'èr yuè dìng shì zhí chéng xí lì。 jiā gōng zhù fēng hào。
zhēngyuè jīng shī wén miào chéng。 yǐ yù jí shí qī nián yǐ lái， tiān xià wèi zhì， xià zhào， běn nián zhēngyuè jì gào tiān dì、 tài miào、 shè jì， shū chén yǐn zé， zì jīn 'ér hòu， yuán dàn、 dōng zhì、 shòu lìng jié qìng tíng zhǐ suǒ shàng biǎo zhāng， bìng bān 'ēn shè。
èr yuè dìng měi nián mèng chūn hé jì tiān dì rì yuè jí zhū shén yú dà xiǎng diàn。 yù lǐ bù：“ xiàng lái mèng chūn qí gǔ lǐ yú dà xiǎng diàn jǔ xíng， jīn jì xíng hé jì tiān dì rì yuè yú dà xiǎng diàn， yǐ hòu qí gǔ yú huán qiū jǔ xíng”。
sān yuè yù lǐ bù：“ zhèn zài jī jiù zhì， suì zhōng xiá jì zhī wài， yòu fèng xiān diàn hé jì zhī lǐ。 zì hòu yuán dàn、 huáng tài hòu wàn shòu jí zhèn shòu jié， hé jì yú fèng xiān diàn。 qí xiáng yì lǐ yí yǐ wén”。 dìng wáng、 bèi lè、 bèi zǐ、 gōng qī nǚ fēng hào。 gēngdìng wáng gōng、 hóu、 bó yǐ xià， zhāng jīng yǐ shàng kuī yīng zhì。
liù yuè shǐ mìng hàn lín guān yú jǐng yùn mén rù zhí。 zēng sì shāng zhōng zōng、 gāo zōng、 zhōu chéng wáng、 kāng wáng、 hàn wén dì、 sòng rén zōng、 míng xiào zōng yú lì dài dì wáng miào。 bà liáo tài zǔ miào sì jí sòng chén pān měi、 zhāng jùn cóng sì。 yǐ qí yǔ bù zhì nán jiāo zhāi sù。 sì tiān yú huán qiū。 mìng xiū jǔ tiān xià míng shān dà chuān、 dì wáng shèng xián sì diǎn。 yǐ
bā yuè shí jiǔ rì， huáng guì fēi dǒng 'è fēi hōng， chuò cháo wǔ rì， yǐ gōng nǚ duō rén xùn zàng， sānglǐ yú zhì。 èr shí yī rì， zhuī fēng dǒng 'è fēi shì wéi huáng hòu。
jiǔ yuè shí rì， huǒ huà dǒng 'è fēi。 xìng chāng píng， guān gù míng zhū líng。
shí yuè dà jué chán shī yù lín xiù quàn zǔ
zhēngyuè chū 'èr rì，
èr yuè yí
sān yuè wéi
sì yuè yǐ yī děng 'ā dá hā hā fān shì wèi fù dá lǐ suí zàng
liù yuè bà nèi gé， fù nèi sān yuàn。
shí yī yuè kāng xī dì qīn sì yú huán qiū。 shì zǔ zhāng huáng dì shēng fù tài miào。
shí 'èr yuè píng xī wáng wú sān guì shuài dà jūn rù miǎn， miǎn diàn rén zhí míng yǒng lì dì zhū yóu láng yǐ xiàn。 zōng rén fǔ jìn《 yù dié》。
shì nián wéi fáng nèi dì mín zhòng yǔ zhèng chéng gōng kàng qīng shì lì lián xì， shí xíng hǎi jìn， lè lìng jiāng nán、 zhè jiāng、 fú jiàn、 guǎng dōng yán hǎi jū mín fēn bié nèi qiān sān shí lǐ zhì wǔ shí lǐ， bìng jìn shāo chuán zhǐ， piàn bǎn bù zhǔn xià hǎi， cǐ jí“ qiān hǎi lìng”。
zhù： cǐ biǎo 'àn nián hào jì nián pái dìng， gōng yuán jì nián zhǐ kuò zhù dào nián。
qīng chū , tǒng zhì zhě bān bù tì tóu lìng： tóu dǐng zhǐ liú fā yī qián dà , dà yú yī qián yào chù sǐ。
qīng chū de mǎn rén jiē shì cǐ fēng sú： tóu dǐng zhǐ yòu jīn qián dà xiǎo yī piāntóu fā， xù zuò shǒu zhǐ cū xì de xiǎo biàn zǐ， xū dé néng chuān guò qīng tóng qián de fāng kǒng cái suàn hé gé。 mǎn rén chēng zhī wéi jīn qián shǔ wěi。 hòu lái jīng guò liǎo 200 nián， cái zhú jiàn yǎn huà chéng qīng mò shí qī de tì bàn guāng tóu。
qīng bīng gōng xiàn guǎng zhōu shí , qīng bān bù tì fā yì fú lìng shuō：“ jīn qián shǔ wěi， nǎi xīn cháo zhī yǎ zhèng； é guān bó dài， shí wáng guó zhī lòu guī。”
qīng yī dài nán zǐ de fā shì jīng lì liǎo shù cì yǎn biàn： jiā qìng yǐ qián wéi jīn qián shǔ wěi， jiā qìng chū nián jìn rù zhōng qī， kāi shǐ liú xíng zhū wěi， qīng mò yǎn biàn wéi bàn guāng tóu。 qí shí mǎn zú nǚ rén yě tì fā， yào dào chéng nián hūn jià hòu cái kě xù fā。
nà zhǒng qīng mò cái yòu de、 xiàn zài bù hé shì shí dì lǒng duàn liǎo suǒ yòu qīng zhuāng xì de yīn yáng tóu fā shì， fàng zài qīng chū jiù shì sǐ zuì， yīn wéi qīng chū guī dìng：“ tì fā bù rú shì zhě yì zhǎn。”
1、 hòu jīn shí qī yǐ tì fā wéi hàn rén guī jiàng de biāo zhǔn， nán rén de dà bù fēn tóu fā bèi tì diào， zhǐ liú nǎo hòu xiǎo shǒu zhǐ xì de yī liǔ， níng chéng shéng suǒ yī yàng xià chuí， chēng jīn qián shǔ wěi shì。 pèi hé zhè yàng de fā shì， hú xū zhǐ liú shàng chún zuǒ yòu shí yú gēn。
2、 qīng chū shí qī yǐ tì fā wéi zhì guó zhī cè， zì liáo dōng dì qū guǎng dà hàn zú mín zhòng de fǎn kàng zhì qīng rù guān hòu de wú shù cì fǎn tì fā dǒu zhēng， chéng qiān shàng wàn de hàn rén wéi zhī fù chū liǎo jù dà xī shēng。 ér cǐ shí de xù fā bù wèi yǐ qiǎo rán wú shēng dì zhú bù yóu nǎo hòu yí dào liǎo tóu dǐng， dàn réng kě chēng jīn qián shǔ wěi shì。
3、 qīng dài zhōng yè， jīng guò qīng chū dà tú shā yǐ hòu， fā shì yuē zì jiā qìng chū nián qǐ yòu suǒ biàn huà。 tóu dǐng zhe fā de bù wèi suī méi yòu biàn， dàn miàn jī yǐ yuǎn bù zhǐ yú yī gè jīn qián dà， ér shì zú yòu sì huò wǔ gè jīn qián dà， xiāng dāng yú yī zhǎng xīn de miàn jī， xù fā shù liàng míng xiǎn zēng jiā。 hú xū yì cóng zhǐ liú shàng chún zuǒ yòu jǐ gēn biàn chéng bāo kuò xià bā zài nèi de quán bù。
4、 qīng dài hòu qī， jí jiā qìng yǐ hòu nán zǐ de fā shì zhú bù yǎn biàn wéi jiāng dǐng fā sì zhōu biān yuán zhǐ tì qù cùn xǔ， ér zhōng jiān bǎo liú cháng fā、 fēn sān liǔ biān chéng biàn zǐ yī tiáo chuí zài nǎo hòu， míng wéi biàn zǐ huò chēng fàbiàn。
5、 qīng dài mò qī， zài jué wù liǎo de zhī shí qīng nián hé xué shēng xiān qǐ de gé mìng dǒu zhēng zhōng， bǎ jiǎn biàn zǐ zuò wéi yī xiàng zhòng yào nèi róng。 cóng qīng mò kāi shǐ， dào qīng cháo miè wáng zhī shí， jiǎn biàn zǐ chéng liǎo quán guó fàn wéi cóng xià dào shàng yòu cóng shàng dào xià de gé mìng yùn dòng。
dǐ kàng hàn zú rén mín wéi bǎo hù shì dài xiāng chéng de wén wù yī guān jìn xíng liǎo cǐ qǐ bǐ fú de dǒu zhēng。 mǎn qīng rù qīn zhě duì cǐ jìn xíng liǎo bào lì zhèn yā。 1645 nián fā shēng de jiā dìng sān tú jí yǔ“ tì fā yì fú” yòu guān
tì fā yì fú zào chéng de shè huì máo dùn
“ tì fā yì fú” shì qīng chū zhù yào de shè huì máo dùn zhī yī。 zhēn duì dāng shí gè dì hàn rén de kàng zhēng cǐ qǐ bǐ fú de qíng kuàng， dāng shí de chén míng xià céng shuō guò：“ liú fā fù yī guān， tiān xià jí kě tài píng。” rán 'ér bù jiǔ tā jiù yīn wéi shuō liǎo zhè jù huà 'ér bèi mǎn mén chāo zhǎn。
yǐng xiǎng quán guó píng dìng hòu， qīng cháo mǎn zú tǒng zhì zhě qǔ dé shèng lì， hàn zú nán zǐ pǔ biàn jiē shòu tì fā jié biàn， gǎi chuān mǎn zú yī guān。 yě yòu bù yuàn gǎi huàn yī guànzhě táo dào hǎi wài， huò dùn rù kōng mén dài fā xiū xíng。
xīn hài gé mìng tuī fān qīng cháo hòu， tì fā lìng fèi chú， bù shǎo rén（ bāo kuò mǎn rén， yóu yú pà shòu dào hàn rén bào fù， yīn cǐ yě gǎi biàn fàxíng） suì jiǎn qù biàn zǐ， dàn réng yòu rú zhāng xūn děng bǎo huáng rén shì， jiān chí liú biàn zǐ bìng shuài lǐng biàn zǐ jūn， yǐ biǎo shì duì qīng cháo de xiào zhōng。 ér dāng shí zài rì běn zhí mín tǒng zhì xià de tái wān， tì fā yǔ chán zú、 xī shí yā piàn bìng liè wéi tái wān sān dà lòu xí zhī yī， dàn yǔ hòu liǎng zhě bù tóng， rì běn rén wèi duì tái wān rén de fàxíng jìn xíng qiáng zhì guī fàn， ér tái wān rén zài shòu dào rì běn tǒng zhì yǐng xiǎng hòu， duō wéi zì fā xìng zhù dòng jiǎn qù biàn zǐ。
ér jīng guò liǎng bǎi duō nián yǐng xiǎng， gǎi liáng guò de mǎn rén fú shì， qǔ dài liǎo hàn fú chéng wéi duō shù zhōng guó rén rèn zhī de dài biǎo zhōng guó rén gè mín zú fú shì huò chuán tǒng fú shì。 zhū rú qí páo、 cháng páo mǎ guà děng děng。 2001 nián zài shàng hǎi jǔ xíng de APEC huì yì， huì hòu lǐng xiù dài biǎo suǒ chuānzhuó de chuán tǒng fú shì， suī chēng wéi táng zhuāng dàn shí jì shàng jí shì mǎ guà。
dāng jīn zhōng guó shè huì yòu bù fēn rén shì zhù zhāng“ huí fù hàn fú” de yùn dòng， xī wàng tuī guǎng gǔ lì hàn rén chóngxīn chuānzhuó chuán tǒng hàn fú， bù guò zài xiàn dài zhōng guó fú zhuāng gāo dù xī huà yǐng xiǎng xià， wèi néng chéng wéi cháo liú。 tì fā yì fú， shì zhǐ zhōng guó míng mò qīng chū shí qī mǎn zú tǒng zhì zhě yòng bào lì shǒu duàn qiǎngpò quán guó hàn zú rén gǎi tì mǎn zú fàxíng、 gǎi chuān mǎn zú fú zhuāng de zhèng lìng。
hàn zú zì gǔ yǐ lái jiù fēi cháng zhòng shì yī guān fú shì。《 xiào jīng》 yòu yán：“ shēn tǐ fā fū， shòu zhī fù mǔ， bù gǎn huǐ shāng， xiào zhī shǐ yě。” hàn rén chéng nián zhī hòu jiù bù kě tì fā， nán nǚ dū bǎ tóu fā wǎn chéng fā jì pán zài tóu dǐng。 mǎn zú de fàxíng yǔ hàn rén jiǒng yì， gāi zú nán zǐ bǎ qián lú tóu fā tì guāng， hòu nǎo tóu fā biān chéng yī tiáo cháng biàn chuí xià。 hàn rén de fú zhuāng hàn fú yǐ jiāo lǐng、 yòu rèn、 wú kòu děng wéi zhù yào tè sè， mǎn zhuāng de zhù yào tè diǎn shì lì lǐng、 duì jīn、 pán kòu děng。
qīng cháo yóu jū yú zhōng guó dōng běi de mǎn zú rén jiàn lì。 zài rù guān zhī qián， mǎn zú tǒng zhì zhě zài guān wài yǐ rán tuī xíng“ tì fā yì fú” zhèng cè。 duì bèi zhēng fú de hàn rén yī lǜ qiáng lìng gǎi biàn fā shì、 gēnghuàn fú zhuāng， tóu jiàng de míng cháo jiàngshì yě bì xū tì fā yì fú， zuò wéi chén fú de biāo zhì。
qīng jūn yú 1644 nián（ míng chóng zhēn shí qī nián） rù guān shí céng bān fā“ tì fā lìng”， yīn yǐn qǐ hàn rén de bù mǎn hé fǎn kàng， yú shì gōng kāi fèi chú cǐ lìng。 1645 nián qīng bīng jìn jūn jiāng nán hòu， hàn chén sūn zhī xiè shòu dào qí tā hàn dà chén de pái jǐ， nǎo xiū chéng nù zhī xià xiàng shè zhèng wáng duō 'ěr ɡǔn tí chū chóngxīn bān fā“ tì fā lìng”。 yú shì， duō 'ěr ɡǔn xià lìng zài cì bān fā“ tì fā lìng”， guī dìng qīng jūn suǒ dào zhī chù， wú lùn guān mín， xiàn shí rì nèi jìn xíng tì tóu， xuē fā chuí biàn， bù cóng zhě zhǎn。 qí zhí xíng kǒu hào shì：“ liú tóu bù liú fā， liú fā bù liú tóu”。 hàn zú rén mín wéi bǎo hù shì dài xiāng chéng de wén wù yī guān jìn xíng liǎo cǐ qǐ bǐ fú de dǒu zhēng。 qīng cháo tǒng zhì zhě duì cǐ jìn xíng liǎo bào lì zhèn yā， lì rú 1645 nián fā shēng de jiā dìng sān tú shì jiàn jí yǔ“ tì fā yì fú” yòu guān。 cǐ qǐ bǐ fú de dǒu zhēng lì jīng 37 zhī nián jiǔ， zuì zhōng jiēguǒ shì mǎn zú fēng jiàn tǒng zhì zhě qǔ dé shèng lì， hàn zú dà bù fēn shēng zhě dū tì fā jié biàn， gǎi chuān mǎn zú yī guān； jiān chí bù yuàn gǎi huàn yī guànzhě yào me bèi shā， yào me táo dào hǎi wài， yào me dùn rù kōng mén， dài fā xiū xíng。
qīng cháo mǎn zú tǒng zhì zhě tuī xíng“ tì fā yì fú” de yuán yīn： yī bān rèn wéi， mǎn zú tǒng zhì zhě xī wàng tōng guò tì fā yì fú lái dǎ jī、 cuī kuǎ guǎng dà hàn zú rén mín yóu qí shì shàng céng rén shì de mín zú jīng shén； bǎo chí mǎn zú de tǒng zhì dì wèi， bǎo chí mǎn zú bù bèi hàn zú tóng huà。 hòu lái de lì shǐ biǎo míng， mǎn zú tǒng zhì zhě de zhè yī cuò shī jī běn dá dào liǎo yù qī xiào guǒ。 hàn rén zhú jiàn dàn wàng běn mín zú fú shì， xí guàn liǎo mǎn zú de fā shì hé fú zhuāng。 dào xīn hài gé mìng tuī fān qīng dì guó， hào zhào mín zhòng jiǎn qù biàn zǐ shí， réng rán yòu xǔ duō rén bù yuàn yì jiǎn， qí zhōng yuán yīn zhī yī jiù shì hài pà jiǎn qù biàn zǐ hòu bèi guān fǔ shā tóu， kě jiàn“ liú tóu bù liú fā， liú fā bù liú tóu” de“ tì fā yì fú” zhèng cè duì hàn zú yǐng xiǎng jí shēn。
“ tì fā yì fú” shì qīng chū zhù yào de shè huì máo dùn zhī yī。 zhēn duì dāng shí gè dì hàn rén de kàng zhēng cǐ qǐ bǐ fú de qíng kuàng， dāng shí de chén míng xià céng shuō guò：“ miǎn tì tóu fù yī guān， tiān xià jí kě tài píng”。 rán 'ér bù jiǔ tā jiù yīn wéi shuō liǎo zhè jù huà 'ér bèi mǎn mén chāo zhǎn。
“ 1644 nián， zhè shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng“ tiān bēng dì liè” de yī nián， zhè nián 3 yuè， lǐ zì chéng běi shàng gōng qǔ yàn jīng， chóng zhēn dì zì yì xùn guó， lǐ zì chéng pài táng tōng zhāo fǔ shān hǎi guān zǒng bīng wú sān guì。 wú sān guì jīng guò kǎo lǜ， jué dìng guī shùn xīn cháo， bìng huí jīng cháo jiàn“ xīn jūn” lǐ zì chéng， zài huí jīng tú zhōng， yīn tīng wén jiā chǎn bèi chāo， ài qiè bèi lǔ， suǒ yǐ gǎi biàn chū zhōng， huí shī shān hǎi guān， xí jī táng tōng bù。 lǐ zì chéng wén xùn， jué dìng zhēng jiǎo wú sān guì， 21 rì， shuāng fāng jī zhàn shān hǎi guān， 22 rì chén， wú sān guì qíng shì wēi jí， dài suí cóng chōng chū chóngwéi， zhì guān wài xiàng zhù zhā zài guān wài jì yú yǐ jiǔ de duō 'ěr gǔn bù tì fā chēng chén， guī jiàng mǎn zhōu jūn， shuāng fāng hé bīng。 26 rì， lǐ zì chéng bài tuì huí běi jīng， xuán jí xī chè， qīng jūn rù guān，“ dìng dǐng yàn jīng”。
bàn suí zhe mǎn zhōu rù guān 'ér lái jiù shì tì fā yì fú lìng
cǐ qián， liáo dōng hàn mín zǎo yǐ shēn shòu tì tóu zhī shū。 zǎo zài mǎn zhōu jiàn guó shí qī， mǎn zhōu tǒng zhì zhě jiù qiáng lìng tóu jiàng de hàn rén xiào fǎ mǎn zhōu rén de fā shì， bǎ tì fā zuò wéi guī shùn de biāo zhì， rú tiān cōng wǔ nián（ 1631 nián） qīng tài zōng zài dà líng hé zhī yì shèng lì shí lìng“ guī jiàng jiàngshì děng tì fā”， chóng dé sān nián（ 1638 nián） yòu xià lìng：“ ruò yòu xiào tā guó yī mào jí lìng fù rén shùfà guǒ zú zhě， shì shēn zài běn cháo， ér xīn zài tā guó。 zì jīn yǐ hòu， fàn zhě jù jiā zhòng zuì。”
qīng jūn rù guān， jì xù tuī xíng zhè gè zhèng cè。
dàn shì zhè yī zhèng cè zāo dào hàn zú rén mín de qiáng liè fǎn duì， zài cháo hàn zú guān yuán zūn lìng tì fā de wéi shù liáo liáo， bù guò sūn zhī xiè děng zuì wú chǐ de jǐ gè rén。 bù shǎo guān yuán guān wàng bù chū， shèn zhì hù fā nán táo， jī fǔ dì qū de bǎi xìng yě cháng jiē gān 'ér qǐ。 duō 'ěr gǔn jiàn mǎn zhōu guì zú de tǒng zhì hái bù wěn gù， zì zhī cāo zhī guò jí， bèi pò xuān bù shōu huí chéng mìng。
rán 'ér， zhè yī zhèng cè bìng wèi jiù cǐ wán jié。 dāng mǎn zhōu tǒng zhì zhě rèn wéi tiān xià dà dìng zhī shí， lì kè yǐ mín zú zhēng fú zhě de zī tài， hàn rán xià lìng quán guó nán xìng guān mín yī lǜ tì fā。
tì fā lìng zài qīng chū gè dì yǐn qǐ de zhèn dòng jí wéi zhòng dà， tā jī qǐ liǎo hàn zú gè jiē céng rén shì de fǎn duì， fǎn kàng yǐ zhì yú dà guī mó de wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng jīhū biàn jí quán guó， dǎo zhì liǎo cháng qī de zhèng jú bù wěn， yǐ zhì shēng líng tú tàn。
qīng dài huáng dì de zì wǒ pī píng héng héng sān dú
zuò zhě： féng bó qún
fèng tiān chéng yùn， huáng dì zhào yuē：
zhèn yǐ liáng dé chéng sì pī jī， shí bā nián yú cí yǐ。 zì qīn zhèng yǐ lái， jì gāng fǎ dù、 yòng rén xíng zhèng， bù néng yǎng fǎ tài zǔ、 tài zōng mó liè， yīn xún yōu hū， gǒu 'ān mù qián， qiě jiàn xí hàn sú， yú chún pǔ jiù zhì rì yòu gēngzhāng， yǐ zhì guó zhì wèi zhēn， mín shēng wèi suì， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
zhèn zì ruò líng jí yù huáng kǎo tài zōng huáng dì shàng bīn， jiào xùn fǔ yǎng， wéi shèng mǔ huáng tài hòu cí yù shì yǐ， dà 'ēn wǎng jí， gāo hòu mò chóu， wéi zhāoxī qū chéng， jì jìn xiào yǎng， jīn bù xìng zǐ dào bù zhōng， chéng kǔn wèi suì， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
huáng kǎo bīn tiān shí， zhèn zhǐ liù suì， bù néng shuāi jīng xíng sān nián sàng， zhōng tiān bào hèn， wéi shì fèng huáng tài hòu， shùn zhì chéng yán， qiě jì wàn nián zhī hòu， shù jìn zǐ zhí， shǎo shū qián hàn， jīn yǒng wéi xī xià， fǎn shàng jǐn shèng mǔ 'āi tòng， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
zōng huáng zhū wáng bèi lè děng， jiē xì tài zǔ、 tài zōng zǐ sūn， wèiguó fān hàn， lǐ yìng yōu yù， yǐ shì zhǎn qīn。 zhèn yú zhū wáng bèi lè děng， jìn jiē jì zhèng dōng， ēn huì fù xiān， yǐ zhì qíng yì kuí gé， yǒu 'ài zhī dào wèi zhōu， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
mǎn zhōu zhū chén， huò lì shì jié zhōng， huò lěi nián xiào lì， xuān jiā yǐ tuō， jìn jué yóu wéi， zhèn bù néng xìn rèn， yòu cái mò zhǎn。 qiě míng jì shī guó， duō yóu piān yòng wén chén， zhèn bù yǐ wéi jiè， fǎn wěi rèn hàn guān， jí bù yuàn yìn xìn， jiān yì lìng hàn guān zhǎng guǎn， yǐ zhì mǎn chén wú xīn rèn shì， jīng lì xiè chí， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
zhèn sù xìng hàogāo， bù néng xū jǐ yán nà， yú yòng rén zhī jì， wù qiú qí dé yú jǐ xiāng móu， wèi néng suí cái qì shǐ， yǐ zhì měi tàn fá rén。 ruò shěduǎn lù cháng， zé rén yòu wēi jì， yì huò jiàn yòng， qǐ suì zhì yú jǔ shì wú cái， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
shè guān fēn zhí， wéi dé shì yòng， jìn tuì chù zhì bù kě hū shì， zhèn yú tíng chén zhōng， yòu míng zhī qí bù xiào， dāo bù jí xíng bà chì， réng fù yōu róng gū xī， rú liú zhèng zōng zhě， piān sī zào jì， zhèn yǐ dòng xī yú xīn， nǎi róng qí jiǔ rèn zhèng dì， chéng kě wèi jiàn xián 'ér bù néng jǔ， jiàn bù xiào 'ér bù néng tuì， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
guó yòng hào fán， bīng xiǎng bù zú， rán jīn huā qián liáng， jìn gěi gōng zhōng zhī fèi， wèi cháng jié shěng fā shī， jí dù zhī gào kuì， měi lìng huì yì， jí zhū wáng dà chén huì yì， qǐ néng bié yòu qí cè， zhǐ dé yì jí cái jiǎn fèng lù， yǐ shàn jūn xū， hòu jǐ bó rén， yì shàng sǔn xià， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
jīng yíng diàn yǔ， zào zuò qì jù， wù jí jīng gōng， qiú wéi qián dài hòu rén suǒ bù jí， wú yì zhī dì， méi fèi shèn duō， nǎi bù zìxǐng chá， wǎng tǐ mín jiān， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
duān jìng huáng hòu yú huáng tài hòu kè jìn xiào dào， fǔ zuǒ zhèn gōng， nèi zhèng yù xiū， zhèn yǎng fèng cí guān， zhuī niàn xián shū， sàng jì diǎn lǐ gài cóng yōu hòu， rán bù néng yǐ lǐ zhǐ qíng， zhū shì tài guò， qǐ làn bù jīng， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
zhèn xìng xián jìng， cháng tú 'ān yì， yàn chù shēn gōng， yù cháo jué shǎo， yǐ zhì yǔ tíng chén jiē jiàn xī shū， shàng xià qíng yì fǒu sài， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
rén zhī men shì， shú néng wú guò， zài zhèn rì yù wàn jǐ， zì rán duō yòu wéi cuò， wéi kěn tīng yán nà jiàn， zé yòu guò bì zhī。 zhèn měi zì shì cōng míng， bù néng tīng yán nà jiàn。 gǔ yún， liáng jiǎ shēn cáng ruò xū， jūn zǐ shèng dé， róng mào ruò yú。 zhèn yú sī yán， dà xiāng wéi bèi， yǐ zhì chén shì jiān rán， bù kěn jìn yán， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
zhèn jì zhī guò， měi zì kēi zé shēng huǐ， nǎi tú shàng xū wén， wèi néng zhě gǎi， yǐ zhì guò duān rì jī， qiān lì yú duō， shì zhèn zhī zuì yī yě。
tài zǔ、 tài zōng chuàng chuí jī yè， suǒ guān zhì zhòng， yuán liáng chǔ sì， bù kě jiǔ xū， zhèn zǐ xuán yè， tóng shì fēi suǒ shēng yě， nián bā suì， qí yí yíng huì， kè chéng zōng tiāo， cí lì wéi huáng tài zǐ， jí zūn diǎn zhì， chí fú 'èr shí qī rì， shì fú， jí huáng dì wèi。 tè mìng nèi dà chén suǒ ní、 sū kè sà hā、 è bì lóng、 áo bài wéi fǔ chén， yī děng jiē xūn jiù zhòng chén， zhèn yǐ fù xīn jì tuō， qí miǎn tiān zhōng jìn， bǎo yì chōng zhù， zuǒ lǐ zhèng wù， ér gào zhōng wài， xián shǐ wén zhī。
ài xīn jué luó · fú lín， shì mǎn qīng wáng cháo rù guān hòu de dì yī dài huáng dì， nián hào wéi
zhè wèi
zài jūn shì shàng， miàn duì quán guó fēng qǐ de zhàn luàn， tā guǎng fàn tīng qǔ gè fāng miàn yì jiàn， zhì dìng liǎo zhòng fǔ qīng jiǎo de cè lüè， dà dǎn fàng shǒu dì rèn yòng hàn zú jiàng guān， bù duàn qǔ dé jūn shì shàng de shèng lì， wěn dìng liǎo guó nèi jú shì。 zài zhèng zhì shàng， tā zhěng dùn lì zhì、 yán chéng tān guān， lì qiú jiàn lì lián jié、 gāo xiào de xíng zhèng jī gòu。 zài jīng jì shàng， tā zhāo fǔ liú mín， gǔ lì kāi huāng， miǎn chú zì míng mò yǐ lái duì bǎi xìng de zhǒng zhǒng kē pài， lián gè dì xiàng huáng shàng jìn gòng tǔ tè chǎn pǐn yě xià lìng miǎn chú， jiù zāi jiù huāng， dà lì fā zhǎn shēng chǎn。
qián miàn suǒ lù de zhào shū， shì
yí zhào chú zuì hòu jiāo dài liǎo dì wèi de jì chéng rén hé fǔ zhèng dà chén míng dān wài， qí yú nèi róng quán bù shì
dì yī tiáo，
dì 'èr tiáo， shuō zì jǐ xiān mǔ qīn qù shì， bù néng xiào yǎng mǔ qīn， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì sān tiáo， zài qiáng diào fù qīn qù shì shí， zì jǐ yīn shàng nián yòu， wèi jìn xiào yí， běn yìng zài mǔ qīn qù shì shí jǐyǔ mí bǔ， dàn jīn bù néng chéng huān mǔ hòu， fǎn gěi mǔ qīn dài lái tòng kǔ， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì sì tiáo shuō， duì zōng shì zhū wáng bèi lè děng mǎn zhōu qīn guì wèi néng zhào yìng zhōu quán， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì wǔ tiáo shuō， zài shī zhèng zhī zhōng piān xiàng rèn yòng hàn zú dà chén， shū yuǎn liǎo mǎn zhōu guān yuán， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì liù tiáo shuō， zì jǐ yòng rén suǒ chí biāo zhǔn guò gāo， méi néng hěn hǎo dì fā xiàn rén cái、 shǐ yòng rén cái， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì qī tiáo shuō， zì jǐ duì bù chènzhí de guān yuán wèi néng jí shí chè huàn， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì bā tiáo shuō， zì jǐ zài gōng zhōng huā fèi guò duō， yǐng xiǎng liǎo guān yuán de fèng lù， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì jiǔ tiáo shuō， zì jǐ zài gōng diàn jiàn zào hé qì jù shǐ yòng shàng huā qián tài duō， wèi néng tǐ liàng bǎi xìng shēng huó de jiān xīn， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì shí tiáo shuō， zì jǐ chǒng 'ài de dǒng 'è fēi qù shì shí， zì jǐ bù néng kòng zhì zì jǐ de gǎn qíng， sāngzàng zhī lǐ wéi fǎn dìng zhì， guò yú pū zhāng， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì shí yī tiáo， shuō zì jǐ guòfèn xìn yòng tàijiàn， zhì shǐ qí yíng sī wǔ bì， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì shí 'èr tiáo， shuō zì jǐ tú qīng xián， hěn shǎo shàng cháo， zhì shǐ yǔ dà chén men quē shǎo lián xì， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì shí sān tiáo， shuō zì jǐ zì yǐ wéi cōng míng， tīng bù dé bù tóng yì jiàn， yǐ zhì dà chén men bù kěn jìn yán， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
dì shí sì tiáo， shuō zì jǐ zhī cuò 'ér wèi néng gǎi cuò， yǐ zhì guò cuò yuè lái yuè duō， shì zì jǐ de zuì guò。
shí shì qiú shì dì shuō，
dì 'èr tiáo、 dì sān tiáo shì bǐ jiào dòng qíng de huà， fú lín de mǔ hòu， jí xiào zhuāng huáng tài hòu， zài
dì sì tiáo、 dì wǔ tiáo suǒ shuō de duì mǎn zhōu qīn guì、 mǎn zhōu dà chén wèi néng yǐ zhòng yōu yù de huà yòu diǎn yán bù suí xīn。 è zhì mǎn zhōu qīn guì de shì lì， dà dǎn rèn yòng hàn guān， zhèng shì
dì liù、 qī、 bā、 jiǔ、 shí yī、 shí 'èr、 shí sān、 shí sì tiáo suǒ shè jí zhī shì， yīnggāi shuō
zhēn zhèng yīnggāi jiǎn tǎo yī xià de shì dì shí tiáo，
yuàn， yǔ qí tā hòu fēi hé mù xiāng chù， tài hòu、 huáng hòu jí qí tā fēi zǐ shēng bìng， dǒng fēi kě yǐ jǐ tiān jǐ yè bù lí bìng tà， jìn xīn fú shì， yǐ zhì zì jǐ yóu yú chāo fù hé de shēn tǐ tòu zhī 'ér duō cì bìng dǎo。 dǒng fēi de zì wǒ xī shēng， bǎo zhàng liǎo hòu gōng de 'ān níng， wéi
dì yī cì dú dào
dì 'èr cì dú zhè piān wén zhāng， shì 1985 nián zài huáng shǐ cān guān qīng gōng mì dàng zhēn jì zhǎn lǎn shí， jiàn dào liǎo dāng nián zhāng guà gōng bù， gōng jūn mín rén děng yī tǐ guān kàn de yí zhào zhēn jì。 tí tú zhōng de zhè zhāng zhào piàn jiù shì dāng shí pāi shè xià lái de。 huáng dì de zì wǒ pī píng jū rán shì guà zài qiáng shàng ràng lǎo bǎi xìng suí biàn kàn de， zhè què shí ràng wǒ chī liǎo yī jīng。
dì sān cì yǔ zhè fèn yí zhào xiāng jiàn， shì zuì jìn de shì liǎo。 tā suǒ yǐn dòng rén men suǒ zuò de sī kǎo réng yī rú jì wǎng。 jìn guǎn yòu rén rèn wéi zhè fèn yí zhào zài
qián bù jiǔ， yī gè 'ǒu rán de jī huì， wǒ zài zhōng guó dì yī lì shǐ dàng 'àn guǎn kù fáng jiàn dào yī fèn biāo míng wéi“ shàng chuán gǎo” de dàng 'àn， shàng shū wén zì rú xià：
nèi sān yuàn yú
cóng zhè fèn dàng 'àn kàn， nián qīng de
hái yòu yī cì tā xià zhào shuō guó jiā méi yòu zhì lǐ hǎo， bǎi xìng shēng huó bù 'ān dìng， biān jiāng zhàn shì bù duàn， lǚ lǚ zhēng bīng zhēng liáng， zhè dū shì zì jǐ lǐng dǎo wú fāng suǒ zào chéng de， bìng xià lìng zì jí rì qǐ gěi tā shàng de zòu zhāng dōubù xǔ chēng shèng。 jǐ nián hòu， yī wèi zài gōng kē rèn jǐshìzhōng de mǎ pì jīng yáo yán qǐ shàng shū dà shì zàn měi tā de wén zhì wǔ gōng， qǐng qiú huī fù chēng shèng， jiēguǒ
《
cháo rén“ yán lùn zì yóu zhī rén quán” de dì yī cì 'è huà， qǐ yú
A committee of Manchu princes chose the young Fulin to succeed his father Hong Taiji in September 1643 when he was only five. Two co-regents were also appointed: Nurhaci's fourteenth son Dorgon, and Nurhaci's nephew Jirgalang. From 1643 until Dorgon's death on the last day of 1650, political power lay mostly in the hands of Dorgon. After the young emperor started to rule personally in 1651, he tried, with mixed success, to fight corruption and to reduce the political influence of the Manchu nobility. He died of smallpox, a lethal disease that was endemic in China, but against which the Manchus had no immunity. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who had already survived smallpox, and who subsequently reigned for sixty years as the Kangxi Emperor.
Under the leadership of Dorgon and the Shunzhi Emperor, the Qing dynasty conquered most of the territory of the fallen Ming and its last claimants and established the basis of Qing rule over China despite highly unpopular policies like the "haircutting command" of 1645, which forced Qing subjects to shave their forehead and braid their remaining hair into a queue. Because the Shunzhi reign is not well documented, it constitutes a relatively little-known period of Qing history.
When Hong Taiji, the second Qing Emperor, died on 9 September 1643 without having named a successor, the fledgling Qing state faced a possibly serious crisis. Several contenders started to vie for the throne. With his uterine brothers Dodo and Ajige, Dorgon controlled the Plain and Bordered White Banners, whereas Hong Taiji's eldest son Hooge had the loyalty of his father's two Yellow Banners.
The decision about who would become the new Qing emperor fell to the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers, which was the Manchus' main policymaking body until the emergence of the Grand Council in the 1720s. Many Manchu princes advocated that Dorgon, a proven military leader, should become the new emperor, but Dorgon refused and insisted that one of Hong Taiji's sons should succeed his father. To recognize Dorgon's authority while keeping the throne in Hong Taiji's descent line, the members of the council named Hong Taiji's ninth son Fulin as the new Emperor, but decided that Dorgon and Jirgalang (a nephew of Nurhaci who controlled the Bordered Blue Banner) would act as the five-year-old child's regents.
On 8 October 1643, Fulin was officially crowned Emperor of the Qing dynasty; it was decided that he would reign under the era name "Shunzhi."
Dorgon's regency (1643–1650)
Prince Regent Dorgon in imperial regalia. He reigned as a quasi emperor from 1643 to his death in 1650, a period during which the Qing conquered almost all of China.
A quasi emperorOn 17 February 1644, Jirgalang, who was a capable military leader but looked uninterested in managing state affairs, willingly yielded control of all official matters to Dorgon. After an alleged plot by Hooge to undermine the regency was exposed on 6 May of that year, Hooge was stripped of his title of Imperial Prince and his co-conspirators were executed. Dorgon soon replaced Hooge's supporters (mostly from the Yellow Banners) with his own, thus gaining closer control of two more Banners. By early June 1644, he was in firm control of the Qing government and its military.
The fall of the Ming and the Qing takeoverJust as Dorgon and his advisors were pondering how to attack the Ming, peasant rebellions were ravaging northern China and dangerously approaching the Ming capital Beijing. In February 1644, rebel leader Li Zicheng had founded the Shun Dynasty in Xi'an and proclaimed himself king. In March his armies had captured the important city of Taiyuan in Shanxi. Seeing the progress of the rebels, on 5 April the Ming Chongzhen Emperor requested the urgent help of any military commandant in the Empire. But it was too late: on 24 April Li Zicheng breached the walls of Beijing, and the Emperor hanged himself the next day on a hill behind the Forbidden City. He was the last Ming emperor to reign in Beijing.
Soon after the emperor had called for help, powerful Ming general Wu Sangui had left his stronghold of Ningyuan north of the Great Wall and started marching toward the capital. On 26 April, his armies had moved through the fortifications of Shanhai Pass (the eastern end of the Great Wall) and were marching toward Beijing when he heard that the city had fallen. He returned to Shanhai Pass. Li Zicheng sent two armies to attack the Pass but Wu's battle-hardened troops defeated them easily on 5 May and 10 May. Then on 18 May, Li Zicheng personally led 60,000 of his troops out of Beijing to attack Wu. At the same time, Wu Sangui wrote to Dorgon to request the Qing's help in ousting the bandits and restoring the Ming dynasty.
An old Chinese map of the complex of fortifications of Shanhai Pass. After Wu Sangui let Qing troops through the pass on 27 May 1644, Wu and the Qing defeated rebel troops led by Li Zicheng in the decisive Battle of Shanhai Pass.Meanwhile Wu Sangui's departure from the stronghold of Ningyuan had left all territory outside the Great Wall under Qing control. Dorgon's Chinese advisors, the two most illustrious of which were Hong Chengchou and Fan Wencheng (范文程), urged the Manchu prince to seize the opportunity of the fall of Beijing to claim the Mandate of Heaven for the Qing dynasty. When Dorgon received Wu's letter, he was already leading an expedition to attack northern China and therefore had no intention to restore the Ming. When Dorgon asked Wu to work for the Qing instead, Wu had little choice but to accept.
After Wu formally surrendered to the Qing in the morning of 27 May, his elite troops charged the rebel army repeatedly, but were unable to break the enemy lines. Dorgon waited until both sides were weakened before ordering his cavalry to gallop around Wu's right wing to charge Li's left flank. Li Zicheng's troops were quickly routed and fled back toward Beijing. After their defeat at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, the Shun troops looted Beijing for several days until Li Zicheng left the capital on 4 June, one day after he had defiantly proclaimed himself Emperor of the Great Shun.
The circular mound of the Altar of Heaven, where the Shunzhi emperor conducted sacrifices on 30 October 1644, ten days before being officially proclaimed Emperor of China. The ceremony marked the moment when the Qing dynasty seized the Mandate of Heaven.After six weeks of mistreatment at the hands of rebel troops, the Beijing population sent a party of elders and officials to greet their liberators on 5 June. They were startled when, instead of meeting Wu Sangui and the Ming heir apparent, they saw Dorgon, a horseriding Manchu with his shaved forehead, present himself as the Prince Regent. In the midst of this upheaval, Dorgon installed himself in the Wuying Palace (武英殿), "the only reasonably undamaged structure" after Li Zicheng had set fire to the palace complex on 3 June.
Just two days after entering the city, Dorgon issued special proclamations to officials around the capital, assuring them that if the local population accepted to shave their forehead and surrender, the officials would be allowed to stay at their post. He had to repeal this command three weeks later after several peasant rebellions erupted around Beijing, threatening Qing control over the capital region.
Dorgon greeted the Shunzhi Emperor at the gates of Beijing on 19 October 1644. On 30 October the young emperor performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth at the Altar of Heaven. A formal ritual of enthronement for Fulin was held on 8 November, during which the merits of Dorgon as regent were compared to those of the Duke of Zhou. During the ceremony, Dorgon's official title was raised from "Prince Regent" to "Uncle Prince Regent" (Shufu shezheng wang 叔父攝政王), in which the Manchu term for "Uncle" (ecike) represented a rank higher than that of imperial prince. Three days later Dorgon's co-regent Jirgalang was demoted from "Prince Regent" to "Assistant Uncle Prince Regent" (Fu zheng shuwang 輔政叔王). In June 1645, Dorgon eventually decreed that all official documents should refer to him as "Imperial Uncle Prince Regent" (Huang shufu shezheng wang 皇叔父攝政王), which left him one step short of claiming the throne for himself.
The conquest of ChinaHistorian Dai Yingcong has called Dorgon "the mastermind of the Qing conquest." Under his reign, the Qing subdued the capital area, received the capitulation of Shandong local elites and officials, and conquered Shanxi and Shaanxi, then turned their eyes to Jiangnan as they were also pursuing the last remnants of regimes established by Li Zicheng (killed in 1645) and Zhang Xianzhong (Chengdu taken in early 1647). The Qing also eliminated remnants of the loyalist Southern Ming regime in Nanjing (1645), Fuzhou (1646), and Guangzhou (1647), and chased Zhu Youlang, the last monarch of the Southern Ming, into the far southwestern reaches of China.
Suppressing the banditsSee also: Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng
Very soon after entering Beijing in June 1644, Dorgon despatched Wu Sangui and his troops to pursue Li Zicheng, the rebel leader who had driven the last Ming emperor to suicide, but had been defeated by the Qing in late May at the Battle of Shanhai Pass. Wu managed to engage Li's rearguard many times, but Li still managed to cross Gu Pass (故關) into Shanxi; Wu then broke pursuit to return to Beijing. Li Zicheng then reestablished a power base in Xi'an (Shaanxi province), where he had declared the foundation of his Shun dynasty in February 1644. After repressing revolts against Qing rule in Hebei and Shandong in the Summer and Fall of 1644, in October of that year Dorgon sent several armies to extirpate Li Zicheng from his Shaanxi stronghold. Qing armies led by Ajige, Dodo, and Shi Tingzhu (石廷柱) won consecutive engagements against Shun forces in Shanxi and Shaanxi, forcing Li Zicheng to leave his Xi'an headquarters in February 1645. Li retreated through several provinces until he was killed in September 1645, either by his own hand or by a peasant group that had organized for self-defense in this time of rampant banditry.
In early 1646 Dorgon sent two expeditions to Sichuan to try to destroy Zhang Xianzhong's regime: the first expedition did not reach Sichuan because it was caught up against remnants; the second one, under the direction of Hooge (the son of Hung Taiji who had lost the succession struggle of 1643) reached Sichuan in October 1646. Hearing that a Qing army led by a major general was approaching, Zhang Xianzhong fled toward Shaanxi, splitting his troops into four divisions that were ordered to act independently if something were to happen to him. Before leaving, he ordered a massacre of the population of his capital Chengdu. Zhang Xianzhong was killed in a battle against Qing forces near Xichong in central Sichuan on 1 February 1647. Hooge then easily took Chengdu, but found it in a state of desolation he had not expected. Unable to find food in the countryside, his soldiers looted the area, killing resisters, and even resorted to cannibalism as food shortages grew acute.
Jiangnan
A late-Qing woodblock print representing the Yangzhou massacre of May 1645. Dorgon's brother Dodo ordered this massacre to scare other southern Chinese cities into submission, but by the late nineteenth century the massacre was used by anti-Qing revolutionaries to arouse anti-Manchu sentiment among the Han Chinese population.A few weeks after the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide in Beijing in April 1644, some descendants of the Ming imperial house started arriving in Nanjing, which had been the auxiliary capital of the Ming dynasty. Agreeing that the Ming needed an imperial figure to rally support in the south, the Nanjing Minister of War Shi Kefa and the Fengyang Governor-general Ma Shiying (馬士英) agreed to form a loyalist Ming government around the Prince of Fu, Zhu Yousong, a first cousin of the Chongzhen emperor who had been next in line for succession after the dead emperor's sons, whose fates were still unknown. The Prince was crowned as emperor on 19 June 1644 under the protection of Ma Shiying, who had arrived in Nanjing two days earlier with a large war fleet. It was decided that the next lunar year would be the first year of the Hongguang (弘光) reign. This Hongguang regime was ridden with factional bickering that facilitated the Manchu conquest of Jiangnan, which was launched from Xi'an in April 1645. Greatly aided by the surrender of Southern Ming commanders Li Chengdong (李成東) and Liu Liangzuo (劉良佐), the Qing army took the key city of Xuzhou north of the Huai River in early May 1645, leaving Shi Kefa in Yangzhou as the main defender of the Southern Ming's northern frontiers.
A man in San Francisco's Chinatown around 1900. The Chinese habit of wearing a queue came from Dorgon's July 1645 edict ordering all men to shave their forehead and tie their hair into a queue like the Manchus.Several contingents of Qing forces converged on Yangzhou on 13 May 1645. Shi Kefa's small force refused to surrender, but could not resist Dodo's artillery: on 20 May Qing cannon breached the city wall and Dodo ordered the "brutal slaughter" of Yangzhou's entire population, probably to instill fear in the population of other Jiangnan cities so that they would surrender to the Qing instead of fighting on. On 1 June Qing armies crossed the Yangzi River and easily took the garrison city of Zhenjiang, which protected access to Nanjing. The Qing arrived at the gates of Nanjing a week later, but the Hongguang emperor had already fled. The city surrendered without a fight on 16 June after its last defenders had made Dodo promise he would not hurt the city's inhabitants. Within less than a month, the Qing had captured the fleeing Ming emperor (he died in Beijing the following year) and seized Jiangnan's main cities, including Suzhou and Hangzhou; by then the frontier between the Qing and the Southern Ming had been pushed south to the Qiantang River.
On 21 July 1645, after the Jiangnan region had been superficially pacified, Dorgon issued "the most untimely promulgation of his career." He ordered all Chinese men to shave their forehead and to braid the rest of their hair into a queue just like the Manchus. The punishment for non-compliance was death. To the Manchus this policy might both be a symbolic act of submission and in practical terms an aid in telling friend from foe, however for the Han Chinese it went against their traditional Confucian values. The haircutting command united Chinese of all social backgrounds into resistance against Qing rule, and thus "broke the momentum of the Qing conquest." Hundreds of thousands of people were killed before all of China was brought into compliance.
The Southern MingMain article: Southern Ming Dynasty
The Longwu Emperor of the Southern Ming, whom Qing troops captured and killed in Fujian in October 1646.Meanwhile the Southern Ming had not been eliminated. When Hangzhou fell to the Qing on 6 July 1645, Prince of Tang Zhu Yujian, a ninth-generation descendant of Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang, retreated up the Qiantang River and proceeded to Fujian from a land route that went through northeastern Jiangxi and mountainous areas in northern Fujian. Crowned as the Longwu Emperor in the coastal city of Fuzhou on 18 August, he depended on the protection of Zheng Zhilong (known in many western sources as "Nicholas Iquan"), a seatrader with exceptional organizational skills who had surrendered to the Ming in 1628. The childless emperor adopted Zheng's eldest son, granted him the imperial surname, and gave him a new personal name: Chenggong. The name Koxinga by which this adopted son is known to Westerners is a distortion of his title "Lord of the Imperial Surname" (Guoxingye 國姓爺). Only in October 1645 did the Longwu emperor hear that another Ming pretender, the Prince of Lu Zhu Yihai, had named himself regent in Zhejiang, and thus represented another center of loyalist resistance. But the two regimes failed to cooperate, making their chances of success even lower than they already were. In February 1646, Qing armies seized land west of the Qiantang River from the Lu regime and defeated a ragtag force representing the Longwu emperor in northeastern Jiangxi. In May of that year Qing forces besieged Ganzhou, the last Ming bastion in Jiangxi. In July, a new Southern Campaign led by Manchu Prince Bolo sent the Zhejiang regime of Prince Lu into disarray and proceeded to attack the Longwu regime in Fujian. Zheng Zhilong, the Longwu emperor's main military defender, fled to the coast. On the pretext of relieving the siege of Ganzhou in southern Jiangxi, the Longwu court left their base in northeastern Fujian in late September 1646, but the Qing army caught up with them. Longwu and his empress were summarily executed in Tingzhou (western Fujian) on 6 October. After the fall of Fuzhou on 17 October, Zheng Zhilong surrendered to the Qing and his son Koxinga fled to the island of Taiwan with his fleet.
A cannon cast in 1650 by the Southern Ming. (From the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence.)
Portrait of Shang Kexi by Johan Nieuhof (1655). Shang recaptured Guangzhou from Ming loyalist forces in 1650 and organized a massacre of the city's population. Known to the Dutch as the "Old Viceroy" of Guangdong, he was one of the Three Feudatories who rebelled against the Qing in 1673.The Longwu Emperor's younger brother Zhu Yuyue, who had fled Fuzhou by sea, soon founded another Ming regime in Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong province, taking the reign title Shaowu (紹武) on 11 December 1646. Short of official costumes, they had to purchase robes from local theater troops. On 24 December, Prince of Gui Zhu Youlang established the Yongli (永曆) regime in the same vicinity. The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647, when a small Qing force led by former Southern Ming commander Li Chengdong (李成東) captured Guangzhou, killing the Shaowu Emperor and sending the Yongli Emperor fleeing to Nanning in Guangxi. Li Chengdong suppressed more loyalist resistance in Guangdong in 1647, but mutinied against the Qing in May 1648 because he resented having been named only regional commander of the province he had conquered. The concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli regime to retake most of southern China, leaving the Qing in control of only a few enclaves in Guangdong and southern Jiangxi. This resurgence of loyalist hopes was short-lived. New Qing armies managed to reconquer the central provinces of Huguang (present-day Hubei and Hunan), Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650. The Yongli emperor fled to Nanning and from there to Guizhou. Finally on 24 November 1650, Qing forces led by Shang Kexi––one of the "Three Feudatories" who would rebel against the Qing in 1673––captured Guangzhou after a ten-month siege and massacred the city's population, killing as many as 70,000 people.
The northwest
"Moghul embassy" (actually emissaries from a Mughal prince who ruled Turfan in Central Asia) as portrayed in 1656 by Dutch visitors to Shunzhi's Beijing.In 1646 sultan Abu al-Muhammad Haiji Khan, a Mughal prince who ruled Turfan, sent an embassy requesting the resumption of trade with China, which had been interrupted by the fall of the Ming dynasty. The mission was sent without solicitation, but the Qing accepted to receive it, allowing it to conduct tribute trade in Beijing and Lanzhou (Gansu). Later in 1646, forces assembled by a Muslim leader known in Chinese sources as Milayin (米喇印) revolted against Qing rule in Ganzhou (Gansu). He was soon joined by another Muslim named Ding Guodong (丁國棟). Proclaiming that they wanted to restore the fallen Ming, they occupied a number of towns in Gansu, including the provincial capital Lanzhou. Morris Rossabi sees these rebels' willingness to collaborate with non-Muslim Chinese as a sign that they were "not motivated solely by religious considerations and did not plan to establish a purely Muslim state." To pacify the rebels, the Qing government quickly despatched Meng Qiaofang (孟喬芳), governor of Shaanxi, a former Ming official who had surrendered to the Qing in 1631. Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed in 1648, and by 1650 the Muslim rebels had been crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties. Tribute and trade with Hami and Turfan, which had aided the rebels, were resumed in 1656. In 1655, however, the Qing court had announced that tributary missions from Turfan would be accepted only once every five years.
Transition and personal rule (1651–1661)
Portrait of the Shunzhi Emperor in adulthood.Dorgon's sudden death triggered a period of fierce factional struggles and opened the way for deep political reforms. Because Dorgon's supporters were still influential at court, Dorgon was given an imperial funeral and posthumously elevated to imperial status as the "Righteous Emperor" (yi huangdi 義皇帝). On the same day of mid-January 1651, however, several officers of the White Banners led by former Dorgon supporter Ubai arrested Dorgon's brother Ajige for fear he would name himself as the new regent; Ubai and his officers named themselves as presidents of several Ministries and prepared to take charge of the Qing government. Meanwhile Jirgalang, who had been stripped of his title of regent in 1647, gathered support among Banner officers who had been disgruntled during Dorgon's rule. Oboi, who would become the main regent for the Kangxi Emperor in 1661, was among these officers, and Jirgalang appointed him to the Council of Deliberative Princes to reward him for his support. On 1 February, Jirgalang announced that the emperor, who was about to turn thirteen, would now assume personal power. After building up more support, Jirgalang moved to the attack. In late February or early March 1651 he accused Dorgon of usurping imperial prerogatives: Dorgon was found guilty and all his posthumous honors were removed. Jirgalang continued to purge former members of Dorgon's clique and to bestow high ranks and nobility titles upon a growing number of followers in the Three Imperial Banners (shang san qi 上三旗), so that by 1652 all of Dorgon's former supporters had been either killed or effectively removed from government.
The Shunzhi Emperor in his mature years.The Emperor stripped both Dorgon and Dorgon's brother Dodo of their titles and assumed full imperial authority.
To counteract the power of the Imperial Household Department and the Manchu nobility, in July 1653 Shunzhi established the Thirteen Offices (十三衙門), which were manned by Chinese eunuchs rather than Manchu bondservants. Eunuchs had been kept under tight control during Dorgon's regency, but the young emperor used them to counter the influence of other power centers like the Empress Dowager and former regent Jirgalang. By the late 1650s eunuch power became formidable again: they handled key financial and political matters, offered advice on official appointments, and even composed edicts. Because eunuchs isolated the emperor from the bureaucracy, Manchu and Chinese officials feared a return to the abuses of eunuch power that had plagued the late Ming. Despite the emperor's attempt to impose strictures on eunuch activities, Shunzhi's favorite eunuch Wu Liangfu (吳良輔), who had helped the young emperor defeat the Dorgon faction in the early 1650s, was caught in a corruption scandal in 1658. The fact that Wu only received a reprimand for his accepting bribes did not reassure the Manchu elite, which saw eunuch power as a degradation of Manchu power. The Thirteen Offices would be eliminated (and Wu Liangfu executed) by Oboi and the other regents of the Kangxi Emperor in March 1661 soon after Shunzhi's death.
A portrait of Johann Adam Schall von Bell, a Jesuit missionary the Shunzhi Emperor affectionately called mafa ("grand'pa" in Manchu).During his short reign, the Shunzhi emperor encouraged the Han Chinese to participate in government activities. He was a scholar and employed Han Chinese to teach his children. He was also an open minded emperor and relied on the advice of Johann Adam Schall von Bell 湯若望, a Jesuit missionary from Cologne in Germany, for guidance ranging from astronomy, technologies, to tips for governing an empire. In late 1644, Dorgon had put Schall in charge of preparing a new calendar because his eclipse predictions had proven more reliable than those of the official astronomer. After Dorgon's death Schall also developed a personal relationship with the young emperor, who called him "grand-father" (mafa in Manchu). At the height of his influence in 1656 and 1657, Schall reports that Shunzhi often visited his house and talked to him late into the night. He was excused from prostrating himself in the presence of the emperor, was granted land to build a church in Beijing, and was even given imperial permission to adopt a son (because the emperor worried that Schall did not have an heir), but the Jesuits' hope of converting the emperor to Christianity was crushed when Shunzhi became a devout follower of Chan Buddhism in 1657.
The Emperor married his mother's niece, but demoted the Empress several years later.
Because of power issues in the Qing's ancestors' way, Shunzhi ultimately took another step to consolidate the power of the emperor. According to the old way, the 8 Banners were passed with succession much like how Nurhaci decided to give his Yellow Banners to Dorgun, but could potentially be controlled by someone like Huang Taji who switched the Banners. To solve this problem, Shunzi ordered the Upper 3 Banners- Plain Yellow, Striped Yellow, and Plain White to be under the control of the emperor. This would be maintained until Yongzheng and Qianlong's reign when they took the last step and controlled all 8 Banners.
After he assumed personal rule in 1651, the Emperor tried to root out corruption in the realm, but with little success.
Death and succession
Electron micrograph of the smallpox virus. Because they had no immunity to this highly contagious and lethal disease, the Manchus were particularly fearful of it. The Shunzhi emperor died of smallpox, and Kangxi was chosen to succeed him because he had already survived the disease.In September 1661, Shunzhi's favourite concubine Donggo suddenly died as a result of grief over the loss of a child. Overwhelmed with grief himself, the emperor fell into dejection for months, until he contracted smallpox on 2 February 1661. On 4 February, officials Wang Xi (王熙) and Margi (the latter a Manchu) were called to the emperor's bedside to record his last will. On the same day, his seven-year-old third son Xuanye was chosen to be his successor, probably because he had already survived smallpox. The emperor died on 5 February 1661 in the Forbidden City at the age of twenty-two.
An official court portrait of Oboi, who in 5 February 1661, was named as the main regent to the newly enthroned Kangxi Emperor.The emperor's last will, which was made public on the evening of 5 February, appointed four regents for his young son: Oboi, Soni, Suksaha, and Ebilun, who had all helped Jirgalang to purge the court of Dorgon's supporters after Dorgon's death on the last day of 1650. It is difficult to determine whether Shunzhi had really named these four Manchu nobles as regents, because they and Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang clearly tempered with the emperor's testament before promulgating it. His will expressed the emperor's regret about his Chinese-style ruling (his reliance on eunuchs and his favoritism toward Chinese officials), his neglect of Manchu nobles and traditions, and his headstrong devotion to his concubine rather than to his mother. Though the emperor had often issued self-deprecating edicts during his reign, the policies his will rejected had been central to his government since he had assumed personal rule in the early 1650s. The will as it was formulated gave "the mantle of imperial authority" to the four regents, and served to support their pro-Manchu policies during the period known as the Oboi regency, which lasted from 1661 to 1669.
Because court statements did not clearly announce the cause of the emperor's death, rumors soon started to circulate that he had not died but in fact retired to a Buddhist monastery to live anonymously as a monk, either out of grief for the death of his beloved consort, or in a coup by the Manchu nobles his will had named as regents. These rumors were not so incredible, because the emperor had become a fervent follower of Chan Buddhism in the late 1650s, even letting monks move into the imperial palace. But much circumstantial evidence––including an account by one of these monks that the emperor's health greatly deteriorated in early February 1661 because of smallpox, and the fact that a concubine and an Imperial Bodyguard committed suicide to accompany the emperor in burial––suggests that Shunzhi's death was not staged.
Contrary to Manchu customs at the time, which usually dictated that a deceased person should be cremated, the Shunzhi Emperor was buried. He was interred in what later came to be known as the Eastern Qing Tombs, 125 kilometers/75 miles northeast of Beijing, one of two Qing imperial cemeteries. His tomb was part of the Xiaoling (孝陵) mausoleum complex, known in Manchu as the Hiyoošungga Munggan.
Family
AncestorsHis father was the previous Qing emperor Hong Taiji; his mother was Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang.
Father: Hong Taiji (1592–1643), emperor of the Qing dynasty (of whom Fulin was the 9th son).
Mother: Bumbutai (1613–1688), or concubine Zhuang; daughter of a Mongol prince of the Borjigit clan (the descendants of Genghis Khan's brother Hasar); known posthumously as Empress Xiaozhuangwen (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Ambalinggū Genggiyenšu Hūwanghu).
Paternal grandfather: Nurhaci (1559–1626), founder of the Qing dynasty.
Paternal grandmother: Monggo (1573–1603), of the Yehenara clan; posthumously known as Empress Xiaocigao.
Empresses and consortsAlthough only nineteen Empresses and Consorts are recorded for Shunzhi in the Aisin Gioro genealogy made by the Imperial Clan Court, burial records show that he had at least thirty-two of them. Eleven bore him children. There were two Empresses in his reign, both relatives of Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang from the Borjigit clan. After the 1644 conquest, Imperial Consorts and Empresses were usually known by their titles and by the name of their patrilineal clan.
First Empress: the Demoted Empress Suoerna, from the Borjigit clan; niece of Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang. She was made Empress in 1651, but the monarch disliked her so much that he had her demoted in 1653.
Second Empress: Empress Xiaohuizhang (d. 1718) from the Borjigit clan. She was named Empress in 1654.
Concubine from the Tunggiya clan (1640–1663). Her family was of Jurchen origin but had lived among Chinese for generations. It had Chinese family name Tong (佟) but switched to the Manchu clan name Tunggiya. She was made Empress Dowager Cihe in 1661 when Kangxi became emperor. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaokangzhang.
Imperial Noble Consort from the Donggo clan (1639–1660), posthumously raised to Empress Xiao Xian Duan Jing. She had a Han Chinese mother. The Emperor was deeply in love with her and was very grieved when she died soon after their first son (Shunzhi's fourth) had died in infancy. He died of smallpox shortly thereafter.
ChildrenEleven of Shunzhi's thirty-two spouses bore him a total of fourteen children, but only four sons (Fuquan, Xuanye, Changning, and Longxi) and one daughter (Princess Gongyi Chang) lived old enough to marry. Unlike later Qing emperors, the names of Shunzhi's sons did not include a generational character.
Sons1.Niuniu 牛鈕 (13 December 1651 – 9 March 1652). Born to Consort Ba 巴.
2.Fuquan 福全 (8 September 1653 – 26 January 1706). Born to Consort Ningyi 寧懿 from the Donggo clan. Became Prince Yu (裕親王) in 1667.
3.Xuanye 玄燁 (Manchu: Hiowan Yei) (4 May 1654 – 20 December 1722), later became the Kangxi Emperor. Born to Empress Xiaokangzhang.
4.4th son (5 November 1657 – 25 February 1658), who died before he was given a name. Born to Imperial Noble Consort Donggo. Posthumously granted the title of Prince Rong (榮親王).
5.Changning 常寧 (8 December 1657 – 20 July 1703). Born to Consort Chen 陳. Became Prince Gong (恭親王) in 1671.
6.Qishou 奇授 (3 January 1660 – unknown date, at the age of seven sui). Born to Consort Tang 唐.
7.Longxi 隆禧 (30 May 1660 – 20 August 1679). Born to Consort Niu 鈕. Became Prince Chun (純親王) in 1674; posthumouly called Prince Chun Jing (純靖親王). He fathered a son who died heirless.
8.Yonggan 永幹 (23 January 1661 – unknown date, at the age of eight sui). Born to Consort Muktu 穆克圖.
Daughters1st Daughter (1652–1653). Born to Consort Chen 陳.
2nd Daughter (1653–1685): second-rank Princess (M.: hošoi gungju) Gongyi Chang (Ch.: heshuo Gongyi Chang gongzhu 和碩恭懿長公主). Married in 1667. Born to Consort Yang 楊.
3rd Daughter (1653–1658). Born to Consort Ba 巴.
4th Daughter (1654–1661). Born to Consort Usu 烏蘇.
5th Daughter (1654–1660). Born to Consort Wang 王.
6th Daughter (1657–1661). Born to Consort Nala 那拉.
Adopted daughtersPrincess Heshun (1648–1691). Married to Shang Zilong in 1660.
Princess Roujia (1652–1673). Married to Guan Juzhong in 1663.
Princess Duanmin (1653–1729). Married to Bandi in 1670.
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