| 姓： | 愛新覺羅 | |||||||||
| 名： | 玄燁 | |||||||||
| 網筆號： | 清聖祖 | |||||||||
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出生年月：1654年 卒年：1722年
(1661—1722) 清朝入關後的第二代皇帝即清聖祖(愛新覺羅·玄燁)的年號
俗稱清聖祖為康熙皇帝、康熙帝。因為明清之帝王時多衹有一個年號，因而往往以年號代稱帝王。
清聖祖康熙，名愛新覺羅•玄燁（1654年5月4日順治十一年三月十八日—1722年12月20日康熙六十一年十一月十三日），清朝皇帝，康熙的稱謂來自其年號。是在位時間最長的皇帝。
順治十一年三月十八日（1654年5月4日）生於北京紫禁城景仁宮，佟妃之子。康熙六十一年十一月十三日（公元1722年12月20日）卒於北京暢春園清溪書屋。終年69歲。在位61年（1661年-1722年），是中國歷史上在位時間最長的皇帝。
康熙繼位時衹有八歲，是順治的第三子。順治接受湯若望的意見因其出過天花最有可能不夭折而把他選為繼承人。康熙六年（1667年）七月初七在太和殿舉行親政儀式。在其祖母太皇太後孝莊文皇后的幫助下，在康熙八年贏得了與顧命大臣鰲拜的鬥爭，開始真正親政的階段。
康熙執政期間，撤除吳三桂等三藩勢力（1673年），統一臺灣（1684年），平定準噶爾汗噶爾丹叛亂（1688年-1697年），並抵抗了當時沙俄對我國東北地區的侵略，簽定了中俄《尼布楚條約》，維持了東北邊境一百五十多年的邊界和平。在雅剋薩戰役，康熙派遣黑竜江將軍薩布素成功驅逐沙俄對黑竜江流域的侵略(此戰清兵三千多人,在中國東北與遠離後方的俄羅斯數百哥薩剋作戰,然而久戰不下,最後以圍困戰術迫使沙皇同意和談,一定意義上顯示出了清朝在軍事科技上與西方的差距)，收復了雅剋薩城（現俄羅斯聯邦斯科沃羅丁諾）和尼布楚城。他在承德修建了避暑山莊，將其作為蒙古、西藏、哈薩剋等部王公貴族覲見的場所,但是也為清朝大規模的修建皇傢園林開了先河,增加了人民的痛苦。
他曾多次舉辦博學鴻儒科，創建了南書房制度，並親臨麯阜拜謁孔廟。康熙帝還組織編輯與出版了《康熙字典》、《古今圖書集成》、《歷象考成》、《數理精藴》、《康熙永年歷法》、《康熙皇輿全覽圖》等圖書、歷法和地圖。康熙帝還褒封道教白雲觀方丈王常月，並依於門下。
康熙嚮來華傳教士學習代數、幾何、天文、醫學等方面的知識，並頗有着述。對基督教也很有好感，後來卡康熙逐漸發現羅馬教廷試圖過多的幹預清朝的政治，並且皇子皈依基督後以此作為爭權奪利的工具，遂開始有所抵製基督教,但是,康熙在推廣西方學術上無所作為,從而使中國科技遠落後於西方。康熙自幼習武，精於騎射。多倫會盟他開硬弓命中很遠的靶子令到場的蒙古王公驚駭不已；每每圍場狩獵康熙總是所獲野獸甚多。頭天晚上還在作幾何證明題，第二天一早盡興馳騁以至纍垮兩三匹馬，足見康熙精力旺盛,康熙曾經自稱一天打死了三百衹兔子,可見其對自身武力的自信(今天人民也非常懷疑,以弓箭在一天內獵殺如此之多的兔子，是否可能)。
康熙在收復臺灣後在開放了海禁但是不久沒有繼續，後來此政策持續了整個清朝歷史（利用“文字獄”這種殘酷的方式打擊了江南一帶的文化學者, 例如康熙五十年發生過戴名世的南山案文字獄事件。
4、親徵朔漠，和善蒙古
蒙古曾經分為三個大部分就是（漠南蒙古，漠西蒙古，漠北蒙古）。漠南蒙古努爾哈赤和皇太極經過兩代人的努力完全臣服了漠南蒙古也就是內蒙古。漠西蒙古就是準噶爾蒙古。準噶爾的噶爾丹率領軍隊南進威脅了中央王朝。康熙决定親徵，打敗了噶爾丹。漠北蒙古，康熙通過一係列的籠絡的措施全完解决了喀爾喀蒙古也就是外蒙古。所以康熙說：“昔秦興土石之工，修築長成，我朝施恩於喀爾喀，使之防備朔方，較長城更為堅固。”中國從秦漢時的匈奴到明朝，蒙古這個歷史難題兩千年來沒有解决，康熙把這個問題解决了，這是一個很大歷史貢獻。
5、重農治河，興修水利
明未清初經過長期的戰亂，農業生産遭到嚴重的破壞，康熙采取了一係列措施恢復和發展農業生産。他下命停止圈地，他六次下江南巡察黃河和水利，修黃河、淮河、永定河。康熙的重農治河，興修水利,取得了前無古人的成就。
6、移天縮地，興修園林
康熙修建了暢春園、承德避暑山莊、熱河木蘭圍場，他的孫子乾隆又繼續興修三山五園（三山：香山、玉泉山、萬壽山五園：暢春園、圓明園、靜明園、靜宜園、清漪園也就是頤和園）這樣就把中國古典園林的藝術，推到了一個最高峰，清朝園林的興修是中華民族的一份寶貴的遺産。承德避暑山莊這座比北京的頤和園大一倍的皇傢園林，决不衹是一般意義上的休息場所，它與木蘭圍場一樣是康熙政治大棋盤上的一顆至關重要的棋子。這些按照蒙古西藏等民族風格修建的宮殿廟宇，它更重要的意義在於讓蒙藏等各種上層人物進入山莊能有一種賓至如歸的感受，透過這一片片幽靜淡雅的山水人們似乎又回到了二百多年以前。
六世班禪為乾隆祝壽就住在這裏，派遣駐藏大臣，明確靈童轉世和金瓶掣簽制度也在這裏。蒙古王爺們朝見皇帝住在這裏，皇帝接見外國史臣也在這裏。捲秩浩繁的《四庫全書》存放在這裏，嘉慶和鹹豐兩位皇帝先後死在這裏，它見證了清王朝所經歷的風風雨雨。
7、興文重教，編纂典籍
康熙重視文化教育]。。親自主持編纂了許多重要的典籍譬如說《康熙字典》《佩文韻府》《清文鑒》《康熙全覽圖》《古今圖書集成》康熙主持編纂的典籍有六十多種，大約有二萬卷是中華民族文化中的重要精神財富。康熙朝使清帝國屹立於世界東方。當時俄國有彼得大帝，法國有路易十四，康熙與他們比有偉大過人之處，康熙時候人口最衆多，經濟最富裕，文化最繁榮，疆域最開闊，國力最為強盛。康熙時候清朝的疆域，東起大海，西到蔥嶺，南至曾母暗少，北跨外興安嶺，西北到巴爾喀麽湖，東北到庫葉島，總的面積大約有一千三百萬平方公裏。
8、對自己講學習，對朝政講勤慎
他可以說在帝王當中，他是最勤奮學習的一個，可是他在幼年時的不幸，激勵着他努力學習。康熙八歲時父親死了，10歲母親也死了，兩年之間父母雙亡。一個孤兒形影相吊，實在是可憐。他祖母負責撫養他，康熙身上有三種血統，有三種文化，有三種品格，康熙的三種血統，他父親是滿州人，他祖母是蒙古人，他母親是漢人，他又受了三種文化的影響，他的滿族師傅給他講滿語，較他寫滿文，教給他騎射，他的漢族師傅給他講四書五經他又受到儒傢文化的教育。康熙對朝政講勤慎，康熙的親政就是從他14歲的時候開始的，當時親政叫“禦門聽政”什麽叫禦門聽政呢？就是皇帝親自主持朝廷會議，議商和决定軍國大事。禦門聽政在乾清門前，參加禦門聽政的主要是：九卿（禮、吏、戶、兵、刑、工）六部的尚書，和左都御使，通政使，大理寺卿，還有大學士，參加禦門聽政的還有起居註官。什麽時候開始呢？就是早上晨時開始（七點－九點）晨時是八點，每天早上晨時開始與大臣們討論奏報，議商一些軍國的大事，無論寒暑無一例外。北京的鼕天是很冷很冷的，就在乾清門前，舉行最高朝廷會議，這個實在是不容易。而且清朝的皇帝禦門聽政從康熙一直到光緒堅持下來，以上這時康熙勤政的“勤”，底下就說以下，康熙第二個就是“慎”，康熙這個人在處理軍國大事的時候非常的謹慎，可以說慎之又慎，不是腦門一熱一排板就這麽辦了。不是這樣的，我想舉一個例子來說明康熙慎政的情況，我就舉治河的例子，康熙早年在他宮廷的柱子上寫了什麽呢？寫了三藩及河務，漕運三件大事。康熙親自派侍衛逆黃河而上一直到黃河源頭星宿海往返行程兩萬裏，繪製了黃河全圖這是中國歷史上第一次，經過實際踏勘繪製成的黃河圖，把黃河的來竜去脈搞清楚了，任用賢能的官員來治河，那庸他治不好河還貪污啊！他任用了兩個重要官員，一個叫靳輔，一個叫陳潢，他任用靳輔做河道總督，靳輔每天給康熙上八個奏章，陳述自己對治河的意見。治河當時發生了意見分歧，主要有兩個問題，第一治了黃河以後就多出了一些土地，靳輔的意見就是把這些土地屯田，收入的錢再續繼治河。多出的土地給當時的豪坤。第二黃河的河口部分水流入海不暢，靳輔的意見是把河堤加高，讓河水衝沙，泥河衝入海中，他的對立一面，於成竜不同意，把黃河入海中那裏挖瀎挖深，沙子不就流下去了嗎。靳輔說不行，說你那樣的話就海水倒灌。於成竜說你那不行，河堤高的話，那房子在河堤底下，那河堤一泛濫人不就跑到魚肚子裏去了嗎。康熙呢怎麽辦呢，讓他們倆個人禦門前辯論，開朝廷會議到康熙面前各抒已見，互相駁難，都各說各的道理，康熙還是不能决定，他沒有支持一方，反對一方集思廣益。下令在京的大臣，凡是你的家乡在黃河有關地方，你們每人要寫一個意見你的看法，上奏於康熙，康熙看了各個方面的意見後就支持於成竜的意見，免去了靳輔河道總督的職位。
康熙是清朝歷史上在位時間最長的皇帝。他文武雙全，既精通傳統文化，又涉獵西方科學；既能上馬左右開弓，御驾親徵擊退噶爾丹，又能治國安邦善於管理。他運籌帷幄，决勝千裏，坐鎮北京取得了對三藩，沙俄的戰爭勝利，收復臺灣，顯示了康熙卓越的軍事指揮才能。另一方面，康熙有着過人的政治眼光和手腕。康熙創立“多倫會盟”取代戰爭，聯絡蒙古各部；以條約確保了國傢在黑竜江的領土不被侵犯；康熙還特別重視教育，包括自己子女，奠定了持續100多年的“康乾盛世”。
傳位的爭議
康熙十三年（1674年），康熙帝立皇后所生的一歲的皇次子胤礽為太子，但數十年後由於太子本身的素質問題及其在朝中結黨而廢太子。廢太子後衆皇子覬覦皇位，矛盾更加尖銳，故太子廢而復立，但康熙仍無法容忍其結黨，三年後再廢太子。最終在康熙六十一年臨終時傳位於皇四子胤禛。傳位給胤禛的理由衆說紛紜，有人認為康熙是希望精明幹練的胤禛能大力改革康熙末年的寬縱積弊，也有人認為康熙是因為鐘愛胤禛之子弘歷（未來的乾隆帝）而傳位於他，還有傳說是顧命大臣隆科多和胤禛矯篡遺詔，故有“傳位十四皇子”竄改為“傳位於四皇子”之傳說，但按清宮秘檔分析，遺詔是由滿、漢、蒙三種語言並列寫成，“傳位十四皇子”改為“傳位於四皇子”之傳說符合漢字書寫邏輯，卻無法符合滿文及蒙文書寫邏輯。繁體漢字十和於大相徑庭。此為誤解
康熙共有35子、20女。其中衹有24個兒子、7個女兒活到成年。
傢族列表
父親順治皇帝
長兄愛新覺羅•牛鈕，早殤
二兄愛新覺羅•福全，裕親王
五弟愛新覺羅•常寧，恭親王
母親孝康章皇太後佟佳氏 （佟佳氏為漢軍旗人，佟佳氏的弟弟為佟國維，佟佳氏的父親是佟圖賴，佟圖賴的父親是佟養正，佟養正是明末抗倭援朝的副總兵，後來在抗金的時候，戰鬥失敗投降後金。）
康熙後妃一覽
孝誠仁皇后赫捨裏氏（1654——1674）滿洲正黃旗人，領侍衛內大臣咯布拉之女，輔政大臣索尼的孫女，康熙四年册封為皇后，時年13歲。康熙八年生皇二子（即廢太子）；康熙十三年生皇六子後因難産去世，享年22歲。謚號為：孝誠恭肅正惠安和淑懿恪敏儷天襄聖仁皇后。
孝昭仁皇后鈕祜祿氏 （？——1678），滿洲鑲黃旗人，輔政大臣一等公遏必隆女。康熙十六年八月册封為皇后，僅半年，於康熙十七年二月二十六日去世，謚號為：孝昭靜淑明惠正和安裕端穆欽天順聖仁皇后。
孝懿仁皇后佟佳氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，領侍衛內大臣佟國維之女，本是康熙帝生母的嫡親侄女，是康熙的表姐妹。康熙十六年八月册封為貴妃，二十年十二月二十日晉升為皇貴妃。二十二年生皇八女。康熙二十八年七月初九日册為皇后，次日即去世。謚號為：孝懿溫誠端仁憲穆和恪慈惠奉天佐聖仁皇后。
孝恭仁皇后烏雅氏（德妃，雍正帝生母，1660——1723），滿洲正黃旗人，護軍參領威武之女，康熙十七年十月三十日生皇四子，即雍正帝。十八年封為德嬪。次年生皇六子；三十年十二月二十日為德妃。二十一年生皇七女，二十二年生皇九女，二十五年生皇十二女，二十七年生皇十四子。康熙去世後，德妃被尊為皇太後，雍正五年五月二十三日去世，享年64歲。謚號為：孝恭宣惠溫肅定裕慈純欽穆贊天承聖仁皇后。
敬敏皇貴妃，章佳氏（？——1699），滿洲鑲黃旗人，參領海寬之女。康熙二十五年生皇十三子允祥，康熙三十八年七月二十五日薨，襯葬康熙帝之景陵。生二女，下嫁倉津，多爾濟。
定妃（1661——1757），萬琉哈氏,滿洲正黃旗人，郎中拖爾弼之女。康熙在時為嬪，雍正時尊為皇考定妃，後來隨兒子履親王允裪住，輪到自己的生日的時候，還會被迎進宮去祝賀，但再未進尊封，薨時九十七歲。
通嬪，納喇氏（？——1744），監生常保素之女。侍奉聖祖康熙時為貴人。雍正二年，因其女婿有功，受到尊封。乾隆九年六月二十三日薨，享年在80歲以上。二子皆殤（是康熙實際上第9和第12個兒子），一女。
敦怡皇貴妃（1683——1768），三品協領祜滿之女。瓜爾佳氏。侍奉康熙時為和妃，世宗雍正帝尊為皇考貴妃，高宗乾隆尊為皇祖溫惠皇貴太妃，乾隆三十三年薨，年八十六。生一女，殤。她也時康熙諸妃中最長壽的。
愨惠皇貴妃（1668——1743），佟佳氏，孝懿皇后的妹妹。康熙三十九年册為貴妃，雍正時尊為皇考皇貴妃，乾隆時尊為皇祖壽祺皇貴太妃。乾隆八年薨，享年七十六歲。死後，謚為愨惠皇貴妃。
順懿密太妃，王氏。初為密嬪，後尊封為密妃。三子，允禑、允祿、允衸，允衸八歲夭折。
純裕勤太妃，陳氏。初為勤嬪，被雍正尊封為勤妃。一子，允禮。
襄嬪（？——1746），高氏，高廷秀之女。乾隆十一年六月二十八日薨，享年在40歲以上。一子，允禝，一女，未成年即夭折。
謹嬪，色赫圖氏（1698——1739），員外郎多爾濟之女。乾隆四年三月十六日薨，享年在41歲。一子，允祜。
靜嬪，石氏（？——1758）。一子，允祁。
熙嬪，陳氏（？——1737）陳玉卿之女，乾隆二年正月處二日薨（劉心武認為她是《紅樓夢》中去世的老太妃的原型），享年在40歲以上。一子，允禧。
穆嬪，陳氏（？——1727前），陳歧山之女，享年在30歲以上。一子，允禰。
溫僖貴妃，鈕祜祿氏（？——1694）， 滿洲鑲黃旗人，孝昭皇后的妹妹，康熙二十年册為貴妃，三十三年十一月初三去世。一子，允礻我，一女，夭折。
惠妃，納喇氏（？——1732），郎中索爾和之女，初為庶妃。康熙十六年册為惠嬪；二十年為惠妃。雍正十年四月初七日薨。享年在70歲以上。二子，承慶、允褆。
宜妃，郭絡羅氏（？——1733），滿洲鑲黃旗人，佐領三官保之女。康熙十六年册為宜嬪；二十年為宜妃。雍正十一年八月二十五日薨。享年在70歲以上。三子，允祺、允禟、允禌。
榮妃，馬佳氏（？——1727），員外郎蓋山之女。康熙十六年册為榮嬪；二十年為榮妃。雍正五年閏三月初六去世。享年在70歲以上。生有五子一女，其中衹有允祉成人，一女下嫁烏爾袞。
貴人郭絡羅氏，宜妃的妹妹，滿洲鑲黃旗人，生皇六女、皇十九子允(礻禹)。卒年不詳。
慧妃，博爾錦吉特氏（？——1670），科爾沁三等公吉阿鬱錫之女，幼年被選進宮，尚未册封，於康熙九年四月十二日薨。五月初九追封為慧妃。
平妃，赫捨裏氏（？——1696），孝誠仁皇后的妹妹，滿洲正黃旗人，領侍衛內大臣承恩公噶布拉之女，幼年時待年宮中，康熙三十年生下允璣（示字旁），三十五年六月二十日卒，當月追封為平妃。
良妃，衛氏（？——1711），滿洲正黃旗包衣人，內管領阿布鼐之女。一廢太子之時，皇八子曾被衆大臣保舉為皇太子，深受父皇厭惡。康熙曾說：“（皇八子）係辛者庫賤婦所生。”（《清聖祖實錄》第261捲）辛者庫的意思是“管領下食口糧人”，也就是內務府管轄下的奴僕。清朝八旗官員獲罪後，本人以及傢屬被編入辛者庫，成為戴罪奴僕，以示懲戒。衛氏本人的祖先當有類似經歷，纔成為辛者庫罪籍。她大約是整個清朝妃嬪中母傢地位最卑下者。以此條件，她衹能充當宮女，從事一些粗活、重活。與皇帝接觸的機會也自然大大少於其他宮女。但她竟然被皇帝看中，生育皇子，說明她的自身條件十分優越，是一位美麗出衆的女子。燕北老人《清代十三朝宮闈秘史》裏說：“美豔冠一宮，寵幸無比，”而且“體有異香，洗之不去”，即使“唾液亦含芬芳氣”。這些傳說並不可信，但是起碼反映出衛氏的確是位美麗出衆的女子，不僅在宮中聞名，在民間也有所耳聞。康熙三十九年，她和瓜爾佳氏（敦怡皇貴妃）一同册封為嬪。康熙五十年十一月二十日去世，享年當在40歲以上。
宣妃，博爾錦吉特氏（？——1736），科爾沁達爾汗親王和塔之女，順治皇帝悼妃的侄女。康熙的表姐妹。康熙五十七年十二月册封為宣妃。乾隆元年八月初八薨，二年九月二十一日奉安。
成妃，戴佳氏（？——1740），滿洲鑲黃旗人，司庫卓奇之女，處進宮為嬪。康熙十九年生皇七子。康熙五十七年十二月册封為成妃。乾隆五年十月三十日薨，享年當在70歲以上。乾隆六年三月二十四日奉安。皇七子允佑（示字旁），生有殘疾（腳跛），康熙三十七年封為貝勒，四十八年晉升為淳郡王，雍正元年四月晉升為親王，八年四月初二卒，享年51歲，謚曰“度”。
順懿密妃，王氏（？——1744），知縣王國正之女，母黃氏（1640——1709），為蘇州籍人氏，可能是康熙二十八年第二次南巡時帶回宮中的女子。康熙二十餘年進宮，時年大約十六七歲，三十二年生皇十五子，三十四年生皇十六子，四十年生皇十八子（八歲夭折）。康熙五十七年十二月册封為密嬪，雍正二年六月尊為皇考太嬪，乾隆元年十一月尊為皇祖順懿太妃，九年十月十六日薨，享年70多歲。次年同日奉安。
純裕勤妃，陳氏（？——1754），滿洲鑲黃旗人，二等侍衛陳希閔之女。康熙三十六年生皇十七子果毅親王允禮，康熙五十七年十二月册封為勤嬪。雍正四年二月尊為皇考勤妃。乾隆元年十一月尊為皇祖純裕勤太妃。乾隆十八年十二月二十日薨，享年當在60 歲以上。乾隆下旨寇摘纓緯，祭酒行禮；十九年四月二十日奉安。
僖嬪，赫捨裏氏 （？——1702），來貝（一個字，上面是來，下面是貝）山之女。康熙十六年八月二十二日册為僖嬪，康熙四十一年九月薨，四十四年二月初九日奉安。享年當在40以上。
端嬪，董氏，員外郎董達齊女。康熙十年生皇二女，十六年八月二十二日册為端嬪。卒年不詳，享年在60歲以上。康熙五十九年九月初九日奉安。
靜嬪，石氏（？——1758），石懷玉之女。康熙五十二年十一月二十八日生皇二十三子，六十一年十二月被雍正帝尊為皇考貴人。乾隆元年被乾隆尊為皇祖靜嬪，二十三年六月初八薨，享年當在60歲以上。次年三月二十二日奉安。
安嬪，李氏，漢軍正藍旗，康熙十六年八月册封。大約在雍正年間去世，享年當在60歲以上。
敬嬪，王佳氏，康熙十六年八月册封。大約在雍正年間去世，享年當在60歲以上。
貴人，兆佳氏（即布貴人，？——1717），康熙十三年五月初六生皇五女和碩端靜公主，康熙五十六年正月十一日去世，享年當在60歲以上。
貴人，袁氏，康熙二十八年五月二十七日生皇六女和碩恪靖公主，二十二年七月二十三日生允禹（示字旁），卒年不詳。
貴人，那拉氏。
貴人，陳氏，康熙五十七年二月初一生皇三十五子允援（示字旁），卒年不詳。
貴人，易氏（？——1728），雍正六年四月卒，享年約70多歲。
庶妃，鈕祜祿氏，滿族。康熙四十七年十一月十九日生皇二十女。卒年不詳。
庶妃，張氏，漢族。康熙七年十一月二十六日生皇長女，十三年二月初十日生皇四女。卒年不詳。
庶妃，王氏，漢族。康熙三十四年十月二十一日生皇十六女。卒年不詳。
庶妃，劉氏，漢族。康熙三十七年十二月十二日生皇十七女，卒年不詳。
子女
兒子（按出生順序）
愛新覺羅•承祜
愛新覺羅•承瑞
愛新覺羅•承慶
愛新覺羅•賽音察渾
愛新覺羅•長華
愛新覺羅•長生
愛新覺羅•萬黼
愛新覺羅•允禶
以上各子幼殤，未序齒
皇長子愛新覺羅•胤禔，固山貝子，原名愛新覺羅保清
皇次子愛新覺羅•胤礽，（廢）皇太子，後封理密親王(是在雍正時期封的，跟康熙皇帝沒關)，原名愛新覺羅保成
皇三子愛新覺羅•胤祉，誠隱親王
皇四子愛新覺羅•胤禛，雍正皇帝
皇五子愛新覺羅•胤祺，恆溫親王
皇六子愛新覺羅•胤祚，幼殤
皇七子愛新覺羅•胤佑，淳度親王
皇八子愛新覺羅•胤禩，原封廉親王，後廢
皇九子愛新覺羅•胤禟，雍正四年八月二十七歿
皇十子愛新覺羅•胤礻我，輔國公
皇十一子愛新覺羅•胤禌，幼殤
皇十二子愛新覺羅•胤祹，履懿親王
皇十三子愛新覺羅•胤祥，怡賢親王
皇十四子愛新覺羅•胤禵，恂勤郡王
皇十五子愛新覺羅•胤禑，愉恪郡王
皇十六子愛新覺羅•胤祿，出繼承澤親王碩塞之後
皇十七子愛新覺羅•胤禮，果毅親王
皇十八子愛新覺羅•胤祄，幼殤
皇十九子愛新覺羅•胤禝，幼殤
皇二十子愛新覺羅•胤禕，簡靖貝勒
皇二十一子愛新覺羅•胤禧，慎靖郡王
皇二十二子愛新覺羅•胤祜，恭勤貝勒
皇二十三子愛新覺羅•胤祈，誠貝勒
皇二十四子愛新覺羅•胤秘，誠恪親王
雍正帝愛新覺羅胤禛即位後為避諱，諸皇子名中“胤”字輩的，改為“允”字（單單十三子胤祥死後雍正將“胤”字還給了他這個終生對他忠心耿耿的弟弟）。
女兒
皇長女（1668年—1671年），康熙七年十一月二十生；十年十月殤，時年三歲。母庶妃張氏。
皇二女（1671年—1673年），康熙十年三月初九生；十二年二月殤，時年三歲。母庶妃董氏。
皇三女，固倫榮憲公主，母庶妃馬佳氏。
皇四女（1674年—1678年），康熙十三年二月初十生，康熙十七年殤，時年五歲。母庶妃張氏。
皇五女，和碩端靜公主，母貴人兆佳氏。
皇六女，固倫恪靖公主，母貴人郭絡羅氏。
皇七女（1682年），康熙二十一年六月初一生，八月即殤。母德妃烏雅氏。
皇八女（1683年），康熙二十二年六月十九生，閏六月殤。母皇貴妃佟佳氏。
皇九女，固倫溫憲公主，母德妃烏雅氏。
皇十女，固倫純愨公主，母庶妃那拉氏。
皇十一女（1685年—1686年），康熙二十四年九月二十七生；二十五年五月殤。母溫僖貴妃鈕祜祿氏。
皇十二女（1686年—1697年），康熙二十五年閏四月二十四生，康熙三十六年二月卒，時年十二歲。母德妃烏雅氏。
皇十三女，和碩溫恪公主，母敬嬪章佳氏。
皇十四女，和碩愨靖公主，母貴人袁氏。
皇十五女，和碩敦恪公主，母敬嬪章佳氏。
皇十六女（1695年—1707年），康熙三十四年十月二十一生；四十六年十月殤，時年十三歲。母庶妃王氏。
皇十七女（1698年—1700年），康熙三十七年十二月十二生；三十九年十一月殤，時年三歲。母庶妃劉氏。
皇十八女（1701年），康熙四十年十月十八生，不久即殤。母和嬪瓜爾佳氏。
皇十九女（1703年—1705年），康熙四十二年二月十四生；四十四年二月殤，時年三歲。母襄嬪高氏。
皇二十女（1708年），康熙四十七年十月初九生，十二月殤。母庶妃鈕祜祿氏。
養女，固倫純禧公主，聖祖弟恭親王常寧長女，母庶福晉晉氏。
康熙朝宮廷大事年表
順治十八年 （1661年 辛醜）
[康熙]
康熙
正月初二日，順治帝患痘，病危。召原任大學士麻勒吉、學士王熙起草遺詔。初七日，逝於養心殿。遺詔中對十八年的朝政進行檢討，共有十四項罪責。遺詔立第三子玄燁為太子，特命內大臣索尼、蘇剋薩哈、遏必隆、鰲拜四大臣輔政，輔佐年僅八歲的幼帝。初八日，遣官頒行遺詔於全國。初九日，玄燁即皇帝位。
二月 移順治帝梓宮於景山壽皇殿。裁撤十三衙門。誅殺內監吳良輔。設立武備院，專門製作收藏宮中所用軍械及陳設器物。詔令江寧、蘇州、杭州三織造隸內務府。
三月 為順治帝上尊謚“章皇帝”，廟號“世祖”。
四月 以一等阿達哈哈番侍衛傅達理隨葬順治帝，予祭葬，謚忠烈。 鄭成功收復臺灣。江南蘇、鬆、常、鎮四府發生奏銷案。
六月 罷內閣，復內三院。
十一月 康熙帝親祀於圜丘。世祖章皇帝升祔太廟。
十二月 平西王吳三桂率大軍入緬，緬甸人執明永歷帝朱由榔以獻。宗人府進《玉牒》。
是年 為防內地民衆與鄭成功抗清勢力聯繫，實行海禁，勒令江南、浙江、福建、廣東沿海居民分別內遷三十裏至五十裏，並盡燒船衹，片板不準下海，此即“遷海令”。
康熙元年（1662年 壬寅）
二月 鄭成功接受荷蘭侵略者揆一投降。
三月 以滇南平，告廟祭陵，大赦天下。尊世祖山陵為孝陵。
四月 加上太祖、太宗尊謚。吳三桂殺南明永歷帝父子於昆明。鄭成功逝。
五月 夏至，康熙帝親祭地於方澤。
八月 宗人府、禮部遵諭議王、貝勒、貝子等有願撫養女者，奏準撫養，隨養父母升降。
十月 尊皇太後為太皇太後，尊皇后為仁憲皇太後，母後為慈和皇太後。
十一月 吳之榮告發莊廷鑨私修《明史》。
康熙二年（1663年 癸卯）
二月 慈和皇太後佟佳氏逝。
三月 莊廷鑨《明史》案發生。
五月 詔天下錢糧統歸戶部，部寺應用，俱嚮戶部領取，著為令。為慈和皇太後上尊謚孝康熙慈和莊懿恭惠崇天育聖皇后。奉移世祖梓宮往孝陵，奉安地宮。
六月 葬世祖章皇帝於孝陵，孝康皇后、端敬皇后與之合葬。
十一月 改造福陵、昭陵地宮成，奉安太祖、太宗寶宮。
康熙三年（1664年 甲辰）
四月 鰲拜奏內大臣費揚古之子侍衛倭赫擅騎御馬，費揚古怨，被籍傢棄市。詔令工部織染局歸內務府。
康熙四年（1665年 己巳）
二月 御史董文驥疏言大臣更易先皇帝制度，非是，宜一切復舊。
三月 修繕歷代帝王廟。輔政大臣議欽天監官德國傳教士湯若望罪。
七月 以太皇太後懿旨，聘輔臣索尼孫女、內大臣噶布喇之女赫捨裏氏為皇后，行納采禮。
九月 册立輔臣索尼之孫女赫捨裏氏為皇后。
十月 康熙帝首至南苑校射行圍。
康熙五年（1666年 丙午）
正月 輔臣鰲拜與蘇剋薩哈因換地相爭，自此鰲拜專權。
三月 輔臣索尼請皇帝親政，留中未發。
十一月 輔臣鰲拜以改撥圈地，誣告大學士戶部尚書蘇納海、直隸總督朱昌祚、巡撫王登連等罪，逮捕下獄。而輔臣中的索尼年老，遏必隆軟弱，蘇剋薩哈望淺，俱不能抗拒鰲拜。
十二月 鰲拜矯旨殺蘇納海、朱昌祚、王登連。
康熙六年（1667年 丁未）
正月 封世祖第二子皇兄福全為裕親王。
四月 加索尼一等公。
六月 內弘文院侍讀熊賜履上疏，陳述當朝滿漢矛盾尖銳、制度廢弛。
七月 康熙帝親政，禦太和殿受賀，加恩中外，大赦。始禦乾清宮聽政。命武職官一體引見。鰲拜殺蘇剋薩哈及其子。賜遏必隆、鰲拜加一等公。
九月 命修《世祖實錄》。康親王傑書議蘇剋薩哈罪。
十一月 鼕至，祀天於圜丘，奉世祖章皇帝配享。
康熙七年（1668年 戊申）
正月 建孝陵神功聖德碑。加鰲拜、遏必隆太師。
九月 康熙帝將巡邊，侍讀學士熊賜履、給事中趙之符疏諫。康熙帝止行，仍令遇事直陳。
十二月 治歷法的比利時傳教士南懷仁劾奏欽天監監副吳明烜。
康熙八年（1669年 己酉）
正月 修乾清宮，康熙帝移禦武英殿。此係太皇太後懿旨：“皇帝現居清寧宮，即保和殿也。以殿為宮，於心不安。可將乾清宮、交泰殿修理，皇帝移居彼處。”
二月 行南懷仁推算歷法。巡視近畿。
三月 結束清初的歷法之爭，授南懷仁為欽天監監副。
四月 幸太學，釋奠孔子，講《周易》、《尚書》。給事中劉如漢請舉行經筵，嘉納之。
五月 詔逮捕鰲拜交廷鞫。是日，在鰲拜入見時，侍衛以撲擊之戲抓捕之。自此，設善撲營，以近臣領之。王大臣議鰲拜三十大罪，當誅族。康熙帝詔令以其屢立戰功，免死拘禁，其黨班布爾善等伏誅。奪遏必隆太師、一等公。詔永停圈地，今年已圈者給還。
六月 詔宗人有罪，不忍開除宗籍，自順治十八年以來被削宗籍者，由宗人府詳察以聞。
七月 詔復被鰲拜誣罪的蘇納海、朱昌祚、王登連原官，並予謚。
十月 盧溝橋成，上為文勒石。
十一月 太和殿、乾清宮成，上禦太和殿受賀，入居乾清宮。
康熙九年（1670年 庚戌）
正月 祈𠔌於上帝，奉太祖高皇帝、太宗文皇帝、世祖章皇帝配享。起遏必隆公爵，宿衛內廷。
五月 加上孝康章皇后尊謚，升祔太廟。
七月 奉祀孝康章皇后於奉先殿。
八月 詔都察院糾察陪祀王大臣班行不肅者。康熙帝奉太皇太後、皇太後首謁孝陵。
十月 頒《聖諭》十六條。改內三院為內閣，復設中和殿、保和殿、文華殿大學士。諭禮部舉行經筵。
康熙十年（1671年 辛亥）
正月 封世祖第五子常寧為恭親王。
二月 命編纂《孝經衍義》。
三月 告誡年幼諸王讀書習騎射，勿恃貴縱恣。設置日講官。
四月 命續修《太祖聖訓》、《太宗聖訓》。詔宗人閑散及幼孤者，量予養贍，著為令。始行日講。
九月 以寰宇統一，告成於太祖太宗陵。奉太皇太後、皇太後啓鑾。謁福陵、昭陵。幸盛京，禦清寧宮，賜百官宴。遣官祭諸王諸大臣墓。
康熙十一年（1672年 壬子）
二月 康熙帝至先農壇首次行耕耤禮。朝日於東郊。
五月 《世祖實錄》編纂完成。
十一月 康熙帝幸南苑，建行宮。
十二月 裕親王福全、莊親王博果鐸、惠郡王博翁果諾、溫郡王孟峨疏辭議政，允之。康親王傑書、安親王嶽樂疏辭議政，不許。
康熙十二年（1673年 癸醜）
正月 幸南苑，大閱八旗將士。此後或行大閱於盧溝橋，或玉泉山，或多倫諾爾；地無一定，時間亦不以三年為限。
二月 上禦經筵，命講官日值。賜八旗官學翻譯《大學衍義》。
三月 平南王尚可喜請老，許之，以其子之信嗣封鎮粵，不許，令其撤藩還駐遼東。
六月 禁止八旗以奴僕殉葬。
七月 命重修《太宗實錄》。吳三桂、耿精忠佯請撤藩，以揆朝旨。
八月 試漢科道官於保和殿，不稱職者罷。遣官分至雲南、廣東、福建，進行撤藩。諭禮部：祭祀大典，必儀文詳備，乃可昭格。命其考察古禮斟酌議定。
九月 諭總管太監考察各宮太監勤惰情況。
十一月 吳三桂殺巡撫朱國治，舉兵反叛。
十二月 吳三桂反對撤藩叛亂，訊傳京師。執其子額駙吳應熊下獄。詔削吳三桂爵，宣示中外。京師民楊起隆偽稱朱三太子以圖起事，事發，楊起隆逃逸，其黨被誅。此為“朱三太子案”。罷漢官參與祭堂子之禮。
康熙十三年（1674年 甲寅）
正月 封世祖第七子隆禧為純親王。
二月 廣西將軍孫延齡叛。太皇太後頒內庫銀犒賞平三藩前綫將士。欽天監新造儀象成。
三月 耿精忠叛，執總督範承謨，並邀臺灣鄭經助攻。
五月 皇后赫捨氏因難産逝於坤寧宮。康熙帝為此輟朝五日，親送大行皇后梓宮於北沙河鞏華城殯宮。
六月 定以內務府大臣領三旗包衣護軍營負責宮門守衛及扈從、執燈、引導等事。
十二月 康熙帝擬前往親徵三藩叛亂，王大臣以京師為根本重地，且太皇太後年事已高，力諫乃止。提督王輔臣在陝西策應三藩叛亂，殺經略莫洛。
康熙十四年（1675年 乙卯）
四月 以上諭確立經筵的形式為侍臣進講，然後皇帝復講，互相討論以達到對經義有所闡發。
閏五月 幸玉泉山觀禾。
九月 康熙帝首謁明陵，緻奠長陵，遣官分祭諸陵。
十一月 復設詹事府官。
十二月 立皇子胤礽為太子，遣官告祭天地太廟社稷，頒詔中外，加恩肆赦。
康熙十五年（1676年 丙辰）
正月 以建儲上太皇太後、皇太後徽號。因軍需浩繁，民力唯艱，暫停仁孝皇后陵寢建造之工。
十月 康熙帝命講官進講《通鑒》。耿精忠勢窮而降，三藩叛域浙、閩、陝漸次平定。
康熙十六年（1677年 丁巳）
二月 幸南苑行圍。大閱於南苑，命內大臣、大學士、學士諸文臣亦俱披甲。
三月改順治年間十三衙門的相關機構分別為內務府的廣儲司、都虞司、掌儀司、會計司、營造司、慎刑司、慶豐司、上駟院，並於其下設立敬事房。詔令內務府三旗每旗編為五佐領，設驍旗、護軍參領，由驍旗參領兼管旗務。命翰林長於辭賦書法者，以所業進呈。任命靳輔為河督，整治河務。
七月 康熙帝禦便殿，召大學士等賜坐，論經史，間及前代朋黨之弊端，諭嚴加警戒。封世祖乳母樸氏為奉聖夫人，頂帽服色照公夫人品級。
八月册立內大臣遏必隆之女貴妃鈕祜祿氏為皇后，佟佳氏為貴妃，赫捨裏氏為僖嬪，李氏為安嬪，章佳氏為敬嬪，董氏為端嬪。內務府總管大臣嚮二十傢內管佐領傳諭：宮內一應服役行走女人，凡有事進宮，公事畢即應出外，不許久停閑坐，將外間事嚮內傳說，並竊聽宮內事往外傳說。
九月 上發京師，謁孝陵，巡近邊。
十月 始設南書房，命侍講學士張英、中書高士奇入值。
十一月 封長白山神，遣官望祭。
康熙二十三年（1684年 甲子） 正月 命整肅朝會禮儀。首次纂修《大清會典》，自崇德元年至康熙二十五年。
二月 以薩剋素兵臨雅剋薩。
四月 諭講官，講章以精切明晰為尚，毋取繁衍。
九月 康熙帝初次南巡啓鑾。
十月 開放海禁。南巡途徑黃河，視察北岸諸險。
十一月 南巡至江寧，謁明孝陵。回鑾時次麯阜，詣孔廟，瞻先聖像，講《日經》，詣孔林酹酒，書“萬世師表”，留麯柄黃蓋。是年，用施琅議，於臺灣設府、縣等，隸福建行省。康熙三十五年（1696年 丙子）
正月 下詔親徵噶爾丹。於西苑蕉園設內監官學，以敕授太監讀書。
二月 康熙帝親統六師啓行，徵噶爾丹。命皇太子留守，凡部院章奏聽皇太子處理。妃赫捨裏氏逝，追贈平妃。
五月偵知噶爾丹所在，康熙帝率前鋒先發，諸軍張兩翼而進。前哨中書阿必達探報噶爾丹聞知皇上親率大軍而來，驚懼逃遁。康熙帝率輕騎追擊。上書皇太後，備陳軍況，並約期回京。康熙帝追至拖納阿林而還，命內大臣馬思喀追之。康熙帝班師。撫遠大將軍費揚古大敗噶爾丹於昭莫多（今蒙古人民共和國烏蘭巴托東南），斬首三千，陣斬其妻阿奴。噶爾丹以數騎逃遁。
七月 以平定朔漠勒石於太學。
十月 大將軍費揚古獻俘至。
十一月 噶爾丹遣使乞降，其使格壘沽英至，蓋微探康熙帝的旨意。康熙帝告之說：“俟爾七十日，過此即進兵。”
康熙三十六年（1697年 丁醜）
正月 上諭：“朕觀《明史》，一代並無女後預政，以臣凌君之事。我朝事例，因之者多。朕不似前人輒譏亡國也。現修《明史》，其以此諭增入敕書。”
二月 康熙帝再次親徵噶爾丹於寧夏，命皇太子留守京師。遣官祭黃河之神。
三月 康熙帝駐蹕寧夏，察恤昭莫多、翁金陣亡兵士。祭賀蘭山。上閱兵。命侍衛以御用食物均賜戰士。
四月 康熙帝回鑾。費揚古疏報閏三月十三日噶爾丹仰藥死。康熙帝率百官行拜天禮。敕諸路班師。
七月 以朔漠平定，遣官告祭郊廟、陵寢、先師。
十月 始令宗室及滿洲諸生應鄉試、會試。
十一月 和碩恪靖公主下嫁喀爾喀郡王敦布多爾濟。
康熙三十七年（1698年 戊寅）
正月 康熙帝巡幸五臺山。命皇長子允禔、大學士伊桑阿祭金太祖、世宗陵。
三月 封皇長子允禔為直郡王、皇三子胤祉為誠郡王，皇四子允禛、皇五子允祺、皇七子允祐、皇八子允禩俱為貝勒。
五月 裁上林苑。
七月 命吏部月選同、通、州、縣官引見。霸州新河成，賜名永定河，建河神廟。奉皇太後東巡，取道塞外。
八月 巡幸塞外，奉皇太後臨幸喀拉沁端敬公主府邸，賜金幣及其額駙噶爾臧。皇太後望祭父母於發庫山。賜端敏公主及其額駙達爾漢親王班第金幣。
九月 康熙帝次剋爾蘇，臨科爾沁親王孝莊文皇后之父滿珠習禮墓前酹酒行禮。
十月 康熙帝行圍於輝發。駐蹕興京，謁永陵，遣官賜奠武功郡王禮敦墓。謁福陵、昭陵，臨奠武勳王揚古利、直義公費英東、弘毅公額宜都墓。
十二月 諭宗人府：“閑散宗室，才力幹濟，精於騎射，及貧無生計者，各察實以聞。”
康熙三十八年（1699年 己卯） 正月 發佈南巡詔旨：一切供給，由京備辦，勿擾民間。
二月 第三次南巡啓鑾。
三月 康熙帝閱黃河堤。駐杭州，閱兵較射。
四月 車駕駐江寧，閱兵。
五月 車駕次仲傢閘，書“聖門之哲”額，懸先賢子路祠。
閏七月 妃張佳氏逝，謚為敏妃。誠郡王胤祉為其所生，不及百日剃發，降為貝勒。
十月 視永定河工程，命直郡王胤禔率領八旗兵丁協助修永定河堤。
康熙三十九年（1700年 庚辰）
正月 閱視永定河工程。
二月 親自指示修永定河方略。命費揚古、伊桑阿考試宗室子弟騎射。
六月 建海神廟。停宗室科舉。
十月 皇太後六旬萬壽節，康熙帝製《萬壽無疆賦》，親書圍屏進獻。巡閱永定河。
十一月 命卓異官如行取例引見。
康熙四十年（1701年 辛巳）
正月 以河伯效靈，封為金竜四大王。
五月 御史張瑗請毀前明內監魏忠賢墓，從之。
康熙四十一年（1702年 壬午）
正月 詔修國子監。
六月 康熙帝製《訓飭士子文》，頒發直省，勒石學宮。
九月 第四次南巡。
十月 行至德州，皇太子病，中途回鑾。
十一月 命修禹陵。
是年 限製外官隨帶傢口人數。
康熙四十二年（1703年 癸未）
正月 大學士諸臣祝賀康熙帝五旬萬壽，進“萬壽無疆”屏風，卻之，僅收其寫册。南巡，閱視黃河。
三月 萬壽節，朝皇太後宮，免廷臣朝賀，頒恩詔、蠲額賦、察孝義、恤貧窮、舉遺逸，頒賜親王、郡王以下文武百官有差。賜內廷修書舉人汪灝、何焯、蔣廷錫進士，一體殿試。
五月 裕親王福全有疾，康熙帝連日視之。內大臣索額圖挑唆皇太子，被宣佈為“天下第一罪人”，拘禁於宗人府。
六月 巡幸塞外。
十月 西巡山陝諸省，命皇三子胤祉勘察三門砥柱。
十一月 次洪桐，遣官祭女媧陵。遣官祭西嶽。駐西安，閱駐防官兵較射。
十二月 次磁州，御書“賢哲遺休”額懸先賢子貢墓。
康熙四十三年（1704年 甲申）
二月 封淮神為長源佑順大淮之神，御書“靈瀆安瀾”額懸之。
四月 命侍衛拉錫察視黃河河源。
六月 賜四品典儀凌柱女鈕祜祿氏於皇四子胤禛於藩邸。於武英殿開局修《佩文韻府》
十月 頒內製銅鬥銅升於戶部，命以鐵製頒行。
十一月 告誡修《明史》史臣核公論，明是非，以成信史。
十二月 以御制詩集賜廷臣。
康熙四十四年（1705年 乙酉）
正月 《古文淵鑒》成，頒賜廷臣，及於學宮。
二月 康熙帝第五次南巡閱河。嚴禁太監與各宮女子認親戚、叔伯、姐妹，違者置於重典。
三月 駐蹕蘇州，命選江南、浙江舉、貢、生、監善書者入京修書。江寧織造曹寅校刊《全唐詩》成。賜大學士馬齊等《皇輿表》。
十月 重修華陰西嶽廟成，上製碑文。
十一月 國子監落成，御書“彝倫堂”額。
是年 康熙帝與羅馬教廷發生衝突，傾嚮禁教。
康熙四十五年（1706年 丙戌）
五月 巡幸塞外。建避暑山莊於熱河，為每年秋獮駐蹕行宮。
六月 詔修《功臣傳》。
七月 上駐蹕熱河。
十月 行武殿試。
十一月 達賴喇嘛圓寂，其下第巴隱匿，又立假達賴，拉藏汗殺第巴而獻偽達賴。
康熙四十六年（1707年 丁亥）
正月 康熙帝第六次南巡。
六月 巡幸塞外。皇三子胤祉迎康熙帝於自己邸園，侍宴，嗣是歲以為常。南書房翰林陳邦彥輯唐宋元明題畫諸詩成，康熙帝親為閱定成《歷代題畫詩類》一部。
七月 駐蹕熱河。巡幸諸蒙古部落。
康熙四十七年（1708年 戊子）
正月 重修南嶽廟成，御制碑文。
四月 捕獲明崇禎帝後裔，年已七旬的朱三及其子，斬於市。重修北鎮廟成，御制碑文。
六月 駐蹕熱河。《清文鑒》成，上製序文。
七月 《平定朔漠方略》成，上製序文。
九月 召集廷臣於行宮，宣示皇太子胤礽罪狀，命拘執之，送京幽禁。還京。廢皇太子胤礽，頒示天下。
十月 議政大臣會議，議皇八子胤禩謀求儲位罪，削其貝勒爵。
十一月 皇三子胤祉告皇長子胤禔咒魘皇太子，削其直郡王爵，幽之。副都御史勞之辨奏保廢太子，奪職杖之。召廷臣議建儲之事，阿靈阿、鄂倫岱、王鴻緒及諸大臣以皇八子胤禩請，康熙帝不允。釋廢太子胤礽。王大臣請復立胤礽為太子。復胤禩貝勒。
十二月 設局校刊《平定朔漠方略》，自是每次大戰後均修方略。
康熙四十八年（1709年 己醜）
正月 召集廷臣，審問誰為首倡立胤禩者，群臣惶恐。乃問張廷玉，對曰“聞之馬齊”，次日，列馬齊罪狀，宥死拘禁。後察其有誣，釋放馬齊。
三月 復立胤礽為太子，昭告宗廟，頒詔天下。
四月 移禁胤禔於公所，遣官率兵監守。
十月 册封皇三子胤祉誠親王，皇四子胤禛雍親王，皇五子胤祺恆親王，皇七子胤祐淳郡王，皇十子胤（示我）敦郡王，皇九子胤禟、皇十二子胤祹、皇十四子胤禵俱為貝勒。於京西暢春園之北建圓明園，賜予皇四子胤禛居住。
康熙四十九年（1710年 庚寅）
正月 皇太後七旬萬壽，諭禮部：“瑪剋式舞，乃滿洲筵宴大禮，典至隆重。今歲皇太後七旬大慶，朕亦五十有七，欲親舞稱觴。”命刊刻《淵鑒類函》四十四部。命修《滿漢合壁清文鑒》。
二月 巡幸五臺山。
三月 命編纂《字典》，即後來所稱的《康熙字典》。
十月 下詔，自康熙五十年開始，普免天下錢糧，三年而遍。直隸、奉天、浙江、福建、廣東、廣西、四川、雲南、貴州九省地丁錢糧，察明全免。
康熙五十年（1711年 辛卯）
正月 視察通州河堤。
二月 閱筐兒港，命建挑水壩，次河西務，康熙帝登岸行兩裏許，親置儀器，定方向，鼎椿木，以紀丈量之處。
三月 尚書耿額等數名大臣以“為太子結黨會飲”罪受罰。
七月 秋獮木蘭。
八月 皇四子胤禛第四子弘歷（即後來的乾隆皇帝）出生，母為四品典儀凌柱女鈕祜祿氏；第五子弘晝生，母為管領耿德之女格格耿氏。
十月 命張鵬翮置獄揚州，處置江南科場案。
康熙五十一年（1712年 壬辰）
正月 命內外大臣具折陳事。奏摺自此始。
二月 命卓異武官照文官引見。詔曰：“承平日久，生齒日繁。嗣後滋生戶口，毋庸更出丁錢，即以本年丁數為定額，著為令。”此為“滋生人丁永不加賦”政策。
四月 詔明年六旬萬壽，二月特行鄉試，八月會試。
九月 皇太子胤礽復以罪廢，禁錮於鹹安宮。
十一月 以復廢太子告廟，宣示天下。
康熙五十二年（1713年 癸巳）
二月 大臣趙申喬疏言太子國本，應行册立。上以建儲大事，未可輕定，宣諭廷臣，以原疏還之予以否决。
三月 六旬萬壽節，舉行千叟宴，此為千叟宴之創始。皇二十二子胤祜生，母為庶妃赫圖氏。
七月 詔宗人削屬籍者，子孫分別係紅帶、紫帶，載名《玉牒》。
是年 詔修《律呂》諸書，於暢春園蒙養齋立館，求海內暢曉樂律者。
康熙五十三年（1714年 甲午）
正月 命修壇廟殿廷樂器。
二月 前尚書王鴻緒進《明史列傳》二百八十捲，命付史館。
十月 命大學士、南書房翰林考定樂章。
十一月 誠親王胤祉等以御制《律呂正義》進呈，得旨：“律呂、歷法、算法三書共為一部，名《律歷淵源》。”鼕至，祀天於圜丘，奏新樂。
康熙五十四年（1715年 乙未）
正月 詔貝勒胤禩、延壽溺職，停食俸。
十月 諭大學士：“朕右手病不能寫字，用左手執筆批答奏摺，期於不泄漏也。”
十一月 廢太子胤礽以礬水作書，囑大臣普奇舉己為大將軍，事發，普奇獲罪。
是年 停給皇八子胤禩爵俸。於京畿小湯山建湯山行宮。
康熙五十五年（1716年 丙申）
十一月 準噶爾部策旺阿拉布坦禍亂西藏。
是年 校刊《康熙字典》，康熙帝自為序。
康熙五十六年（1717年 丁酉）
正月 修《周易折中》成，頒行學宮。
五月 九卿議王貝勒差人出外，查無勘合，即行參究。
七月 策旺阿拉布坦遣將侵擾西藏，殺拉藏汗，囚其所立達賴。
十一月 皇太後不豫，上省疾慈寧宮。發佈詔書，回顧一生，闡述為君之難；並言自今春開始有頭暈之癥，形漸消瘦；特召諸子諸卿詳議立儲大事。
十二月 皇太後逝。康熙帝亦病七十餘日，腳面浮腫。
是年 禁赴南洋貿易，赴東洋者照舊。
康熙五十七年（1718年 戊戌）
二月 翰林院檢討朱天保上疏請復立胤礽為皇太子，康熙帝於行宮訓斥之，以其知而違旨上奏，實乃不忠不孝之人，命誅之。
三月 上大行皇后謚號為孝惠仁憲端懿純德順天翊聖章皇后。裁起居註官。
四月 葬孝惠章皇后於孝東陵。
七月 修《省方盛典》。
十月 命皇十四子胤禵為撫遠大將軍，進軍青海。命翰林、科道官入值。命皇七子胤祐、皇十子胤、皇十二子胤祹分理正黃、正白、正藍滿蒙漢三旗事務。
十二月 孝惠章皇后升祔太廟，位於孝康章皇后之左，頒詔天下。晉和嬪為和妃，册封庶妃王氏為密嬪，陳氏為勤嬪，封世祖悼妃之侄女博爾濟吉特氏為宣妃，册封戴佳氏為成妃，哈琉哈氏為定嬪。
康熙五十八年（1719年 己亥）
正月 詔立功之臣退閑，世職準子弟承襲，若無承襲之人，給俸終其身。
二月 學士蔣廷錫表進《皇輿全覽圖》，頒賜廷臣。
四月 命撫遠大將軍胤禵駐師西寧。
十月 命蒙養齋舉人王闌生修《正音韻圖》
康熙五十九年（1720年 庚子）
二月 册封新鬍畢勒罕為六世達賴喇嘛，結束了五世達賴喇嘛之後的西藏宗教領袖不定的局面。
十月 詔撫遠大將軍胤禵會議明年師期。皇三子胤祉之子弘晟被封為世子，皇五子胤祺之子弘升為世子，班俸均視貝子。定外藩朝覲年例。
康熙六十年（1721年 辛醜）
正月 康熙帝以禦極六十年，遣皇四子胤禛、皇十二子胤祹、世子弘晟祭永陵、福陵、昭陵。
三月 大學士王掞先密疏復儲，後御史陶彝等十三人疏請建儲，康熙帝不許，王掞、陶彝等被治罪，遣往軍前效力。
四月 詔釐定歷代帝王廟崇祀祀典。
九月 上製平定西藏碑文。
十月 召撫遠大將軍胤禵來京。
康熙六十一年（1722年 壬寅）
正月 舉行千叟宴，康熙帝賦詩，諸臣屬和，題曰《千叟宴詩》。
三月 至皇四子胤禛邸園飲酒賞花，命將其子弘歷養育宮中。
十月 命雍親王胤禛等視察倉儲。
十正月康熙帝不豫，還駐暢春園。命皇四子胤禛恭代祀天。病逝。即夕移入大內發喪。遺詔皇四子胤禛繼位，是謂雍正帝。遺詔真偽，引發繼位之謎。以貝勒胤禩、皇十三子胤祥，大學士馬齊、尚書隆科多為總理事務王大臣。召撫遠大將軍胤禵回京奔喪。誠親王允祉上疏，援例陳請將諸皇子名中胤字改為允字。
十二月封允禩為廉親王，授理藩院尚書，允祥為怡親王，允祹為履郡王，已廢太子允礽之子弘皙為理郡王，以隆科多為吏部尚書。宜太妃稱病坐四人軟榻見雍正帝而受訓斥。始授太監官級，定五品總管一人，五品太監三人，六品太監二人。更定歷代帝王廟祀典，詔《古今圖書集成》一書尚為竣事，宜速舉淵通之士編輯成書。
註：此表按年號紀年排定，公元紀年衹括註到年
康熙身邊的大臣
前期的四大輔政大臣
索尼，蘇剋薩哈，鰲拜，遏秘隆。
中期
姚啓聖
施琅：原是明朝將軍，後歸清。精通水戰。
魏東亭：康熙身邊親信，大忠臣。是作傢二月河小說裏創造的人物，原型貌是曹寅
明珠
於成竜
李光地......
周培公：幫助康熙出謀劃策
康熙後期：
郎世寧
張廷玉
評價
有專傢指出，清朝中後期國力開始遠遠落後於西方，這跟康熙晚年的墨守陳規，缺乏創新，有着不可推卸的責任。史學家史景遷批評康熙有三：一是皇位繼位的糾葛有點進退失據；二是康熙雖喜愛西學，任用耶穌會士，並允傳教，但對西方並不信任，因而有禮儀之爭以及導致雍正的禁教；三是康熙以輕徭薄賦自豪，以此彰顯盛世，但其永不加賦的政策按耕地面積繳固定稅金，與人口無關，於是人口雖增，亦不加賦，為康熙的繼承者造成財政睏難。
另外，梁啓超、邵力子等人認為，康熙在位時對西方科技很感興趣並且還掌握了很多，但他卻嚴禁自己之外的人學習，因為他擔心先進的西方科技一旦傳開，將會極大的動搖以騎射起傢的滿清的統治，據傳教士張誠（J. F. Gerbillon）的日記，康熙不準傳教士在有漢人和蒙人的衙門裏翻譯任何科學文獻。而此舉也一定程度上造成了以漢族為代表的中華文明的衰落。梁啓超說，康熙的科學是用來打擊他人的一個工具，“就算他不是有心窒塞民智，也不能不算他失策”。
歷史小說傢高陽則說康熙有兩大缺點，一是在傳位問題上，始終猶豫不决；二是“好名”，而且好與臣下爭名。
1^ 史景遷，《康熙自畫像》(Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang Hsi)
2^ 汪榮祖，〈史景遷論〉
3^ 席澤宗： “論康熙科學政策的失誤”，《古新星新表和科學史探索》，2002
Kangxi's reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Chinese emperor in history (although his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, had the longest period of de facto power) and one of the longest-reigning rulers in the world. However, having ascended the throne at the age of seven, he was not the effective ruler until later, with that role temporarily fulfilled for six years by four regents and his grandmother, the Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang.
Kangxi is considered one of China's greatest emperors. He suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan to submit to Qing rule, blocked Tzarist Russia on the Amur River and expanded the empire in the northwest. He also accomplished such literary feats as the compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary.
Kangxi's reign brought about long-term stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos. He initiated the period known as the "Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong", which lasted for generations after his own lifetime. By the end of his reign, the Qing Empire controlled all of China proper, Taiwan, Manchuria, part of the Russian Far East (Outer Manchuria), both Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet proper, and Joseon Korea as a protectorate.
Early reign
Portrait of Young Kangxi Emperor in Court DressBorn on 4 May 1654 to the Shunzhi Emperor and Empress Xiaokangzhang, Kangxi was originally given the personal name Xuanye (Chinese: 玄燁; Manchu language: ᡥᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ ᠶᡝᡳ; Möllendorff transliteration: hiowan yei). He was enthroned at the age of seven (or eight by East Asian age reckoning), on 7 February 1661, 12 days after his father's death, although his reign formally began on 18 February 1662, the first day of the following lunar year.
According to some accounts, Shunzhi gave up the throne to Kangxi and became a monk. Several alternative explanations are given for this: one is that it was due to the death of his favorite concubine; another is that he was under the influence of a Buddhist monk. The story goes that Shunzhi did indeed became a monk, but the empress dowager ordered the deletion of the incident from official history records, and replacement with the claim that he died from smallpox.
Before Kangxi came to the throne, Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang (in the name of Shunzhi Emperor) had appointed the powerful men Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as regents. Sonin died after his granddaughter became Empress Xiaochengren, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi in politics. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death and seized absolute power as sole regent. Kangxi and the rest of the imperial court acquiesced in this arrangement.
In 1669, Kangxi had Oboi arrested with the help of Grand Dowager Empress Xiaozhuang, who had raised him and began taking personal control of the empire. He listed three issues of concern: flood control of the Yellow River; repair of the Grand Canal; the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in south China. The Grand Empress Dowager influenced him greatly and he took care of her himself in the months leading up to her death in 1688.
Military achievement
Army
The Emperor mounted on his horse and guarded by his bodyguards.The main army of the Qing Empire, the Eight Banners Army, was in decline under Kangxi. It was smaller than it had been at its peak under Hong Taiji and in the early reign of the Shunzhi Emperor; however, it was larger than in the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors' reigns. In addition, the Green Standard Army was still powerful with generals such as Tuhai, Fei Yanggu, Zhang Yong, Zhou Peigong, Shi Lang, Mu Zhan, Shun Shike and Wang Jingbao.
The Kangxi Emperor in ceremonial armor, armed with bow and arrows, and surrounded by bodyguardsThe main reason for this decline was a change in system between Kangxi and Qianlong's reigns. Kangxi continued using the traditional military system implemented by his predecessors, which was more efficient and stricter. According to the system, a commander who returned from a battle alone (with all his men dead) would be put to death, and likewise for a foot soldier. This was meant to motivate both commanders and soldiers alike to fight valiantly in war because there was no benefit for the sole survivor in a battle.
By Qianlong's reign, military commanders had become lax and the training of the army was deemed less important as compared to during the previous emperors' reigns. This was because commanders' statuses had become hereditary; a general gained his position based on the contributions of his forefathers.
Revolt of the Three FeudatoriesFurther information: Revolt of the Three Feudatorie
In the spring of 1662, the regents ordered a Great Clearance in southern China to counter a resistance movement started by Ming loyalists under the leadership of Koxinga. This involved the forced migration of entire populations in the coastal regions of inland southern China.
In 1673, the Revolt of the Three Feudatories broke out. Wu Sangui's forces overran most of southwest China and he tried to ally himself with local generals such as Wang Fuchen. Kangxi employed generals such as Zhou Peigong and Tuhai to suppress the rebellion, and also granted clemency to the common people who were caught up in the war. He intended to personally lead the armies to crush the rebels but his subjects advised him against it. The revolt ended with victory for Qing forces in 1681.
Kingdom of TungningIn 1683, the Kingdom of Tungning was defeated by Qing naval forces under the command of admiral Shi Lang at the Battle of Penghu. Zheng Keshuang, ruler of Tungning, surrendered a few days later, and Taiwan was annexed by the Qing Empire. Soon afterwards, the coastal regions of southern China were ordered to be repopulated. In addition, to encourage settlers, the Qing government granted financial incentives to families that settled there.
VietnamIn 1673, Kangxi's government helped to mediate a truce in the Trịnh–Nguyễn War in Vietnam, which had been ongoing for 45 years since 1627. The peace treaty that was signed between the conflicting parties lasted for 101 years until 1774.
RussiaMain article: Russian–Manchu border conflict
European couple, Kangxi periodIn the 1650s, the Qing Empire engaged the Russian Empire in a series of border conflicts along the Amur River region, which concluded with victory for the Qing side. After the Siege of Albazin, he gained control of the area.
The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in the 1680s. After a series of battles and negotiations, both sides signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, in which a border was fixed, and the Amur River valley given to the Qing Empire.
MongolsIn 1675, Burni of the Chahar Mongols started a rebellion against the Qing Empire. The revolt was crushed within two months and the Chahars were incorporated in the Manchu Eight Banners.
The Khalkha Mongols had preserved their independence, and only paid tribute to the Qing Empire. However, a conflict between the houses of Tümen Jasagtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led to a dispute between the Khalkha and the Dzungars over the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. In 1688, as the Khalkhas were fighting wars with Russian Cossacks in the north of their territory, the Dzungar chief, Galdan Boshugtu Khan, attacked the Khalkha from the west and invaded their territory. The Khalkha royal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu crossed the Gobi Desert and sought help from the Qing Empire in return for submission to Qing authority. In 1690, the Dzungars and Qing forces clashed at the Battle of Ulaan Butun in Inner Mongolia, in which the Qing eventually emerged as the victor.
The Kangxi Emperor at the age of 45, painted in 1699In 1696, Kangxi personally led three armies, totaling 80,000 in strength, in a campaign against the Dzungars. The western section of the Qing army defeated Galdan's forces at the Battle of Jao Modo and Galdan died in the following year.
The Dzungars continued to threaten the Qing Empire and invaded Tibet in 1717. In response to the deposition of the Dalai Lama and his replacement with Lha-bzang Khan in 1706, they took control of Lhasa with a 6,000 strong army and removed Lha-bzang from power. They held on to the city for two years and defeated a Qing army sent to the region in 1718. The Qing did not take control of Lhasa until 1720, when Kangxi sent a larger force there to defeat the Dzungars.
Economic achievement
The contents of the national treasury during Kangxi's reign were:
1668 (7th year of Kangxi): 14,930,000 tael
1692: 27,385,631 tael
1702–1709: approximately 50,000,000 taels with little variation during this period
1710: 45,880,000 tael
1718: 44,319,033 tael
1720: 39,317,103 tael
1721 (60th year of Kangxi, second last of his reign): 32,622,421 tael
The reasons for the declining trend in the later years of Kangxi's reign were a huge expenditure on military campaigns and an increase in corruption.
To fix the problem, Kangxi gave Prince Yong (the future Yongzheng Emperor) advice on how to make the economy more efficient.
Cultural achievements
A vase from the early Kangxi period (Musée Guimet)During his reign, Kangxi ordered the compilation of a dictionary of Chinese characters, which became known as the Kangxi Dictionary. This was seen as an attempt by Kangxi to gain support from the Han Chinese scholar-bureaucrats, as many of them initially refused to serve him and remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty. However, by persuading the scholars to work on the dictionary without asking them to formally serve the Qing imperial court, Kangxi led them to gradually taking on greater responsibilities until they were assuming the duties of state officials.
In 1705, on Kangxi's order, a compilation of Tang poetry, the Quantangshi, was produced.
Kangxi also was interested in Western technology and wanted to import them to China. This was done through Jesuit missionaries, such as Ferdinand Verbiest, whom Kangxi frequently summoned for meetings, or Karel Slavíček, who made the first precise map of Beijing on Kangxi's order.
From 1711 to 1723, Matteo Ripa, an Italian priest sent to China by the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, worked as a painter and copper-engraver at the Qing court. In 1723, he returned to Naples from China with four young Chinese Christians, in order to groom them to become priests and send them back to China as missionaries. This marked the beginning of the Collegio dei Cinesi, sanctioned by Pope Clement XII to help the propagation of Christianity in China. This Chinese Institute was the first school of Sinology in Europe, which would later develop to become the Instituto Orientale and the present day Naples Eastern University.
Kangxi was also the first Chinese emperor to play a western musical instrument. He employed Karel Slavíček as court musician. Slavíček was playing Spinet; later Kangxi would play on it himself. He also invented a Chinese calendar.
ChristianityMain article: Chinese Rites controversy
Jesuit astronomers of the Jesuit China missions, with the Kangxi Emperor (Beauvais, 1690–1705)In the early decades of Kangxi's reign, Jesuits played a large role in the imperial court. With their knowledge of astronomy, they ran the imperial observatory. Jean-François Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira served as translators for the negotiations of the Treaty of Nerchinsk. Kangxi was grateful to the Jesuits for their contributions, the many languages they could interpret, and the innovations they offered his military in gun manufacturing and artillery, the latter of which enabled the Qing Empire to conquer the Kingdom of Tungning.
Kangxi was also fond of the Jesuits' respectful and unobtrusive manner; they spoke the Chinese language well, and wore the silk robes of the elite. In 1692, when Fr. Thomas Pereira requested tolerance for Christianity, Kangxi was willing to oblige, and issued the Edict of Toleration, which recognized Catholicism, barred attacks on their churches, and legalized their missions and the practice of Christianity by the Chinese people.
However, controversy arose over whether Chinese Christians could still take part in traditional Confucian ceremonies and ancestor worship, with the Jesuits arguing for tolerance and the Dominicans taking a hard-line against foreign "idolatry". The Dominican position won the support of Pope Clement XI, who in 1705 sent Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon as his representative to Kangxi, to communicate the ban on Chinese rites. On 19 March 1715, Pope Clement XI issued the papal bull Ex illa die, which officially condemned Chinese rites.
In response, Kangxi officially forbade Christian missions in China, as they were "causing trouble".
Disputed succession
The Kangxi Emperor on a tour, seated prominently on the deck of a junkThe matter of Kangxi's will is one of the "Four Greatest Mysteries of the Qing Dynasty". To this day, whom Kangxi chose as his successor is still a topic of debate amongst historians: on the face of things, he chose Yinzhen, the fourth prince, who later became the Yongzheng Emperor, and indeed there is strong evidence that this is correct.
However many have claimed that Yinzhen forged the will, and that in reality the 14th prince Yinti, had been chosen as the successor.
Kangxi's first spouse, Empress Xiaochengren, gave birth to his second surviving son Yinreng, who at the age of two was named crown prince, a Han Chinese custom, to ensure stability during a time of chaos in the south. Although Kangxi left the education of several of his sons to others, he personally oversaw the upbringing of Yinreng, intending to groom him into a perfect heir. Yinreng was tutored by the mandarin Wang Shan, who remained devoted to him, and spent the later years of his life trying to persuade Kangxi to restore Yinreng as the crown prince.
Yinreng did not prove himself to be worthy of the succession despite his father showing favoritism towards him. He was said to have beaten and killed his subordinates, and was alleged to have had sexual relations with one of his father's concubines, which was deemed as incest and a capital offence. Yinreng also purchased young children from Jiangsu to satisfy his pedophiliac pleasure. In addition, Yinreng's supporters, led by Songgotu, gradually formed a "Crown Prince Party" (太子黨), that aimed to help Yinreng get the throne as soon as possible, even if it meant using unlawful methods.
The seated Kangxi EmperorOver the years, Kangxi kept constant watch over Yinreng and became aware of his son's many flaws, while their relationship gradually deteriorated. In 1707, Kangxi decided that he could no longer tolerate Yinreng's behavior, which he partially mentioned in the imperial edict as "too embarrassing to be spoken of",
and decided to strip Yinreng off his position as crown prince. Kangxi placed his oldest surviving son, Yinzhi, in charge of overseeing Yinreng's house arrest. However, Yinzhi attempted to sabotage Yinreng numerous times and requested for his father to order Yinreng's execution. Kangxi was enraged and stripped Yinzhi of his titles. Kangxi advised his subjects to stop debating about the succession issue, and despite attempts to reduce rumours and speculation as to who the new crown prince might be, the imperial court's daily activities were disrupted. Apart from that, Yinzhi's actions also caused Kangxi to suspect that Yinreng might have been framed, hence Kangxi restored Yinreng as crown prince in 1709, with the support of the 4th and 13th princes, and on the excuse that Yinreng had previously acted under the influence of mental illness.
A turtle-based stele with the Kangxi Emperor's inscription, erected in 1699 at the Nanjing mausoleum of the Hongwu Emperor, honouring the founder of the preceding Ming Dynasty as surpassing the founders of the Tang and Song dynasties.In 1712, during Kangxi's last inspection tour to the south, Yinreng, who was put in charge of state affairs during his father's absence, tried to vie for power again with his supporters. He allowed an attempt at forcing Kangxi to abdicate when his father returned to Beijing. However, Kangxi received news of the planned coup d'etat, and was so angry that he deposed Yinreng and placed him under house arrest again. After the incident, Kangxi announced that he would not appoint any of his sons as crown prince for the remainder of his reign. He stated that he would place his Imperial Valedictory Will inside a box in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, which will only be opened after his death.
Death and successionFollowing the deposition of the crown prince, Kangxi implemented groundbreaking changes in the political landscape. The 13th prince, Yinxiang, was placed under house arrest as well for cooperating with Yinreng. The eighth prince Yinsi was stripped off all his titles and only had them restored years later. The 14th prince Yinti, whom many considered to be the most likely candidate to succeed Kangxi, was sent on a military campaign during the political conflict. Yinsi, along with the ninth and tenth princes, Yintang and Yin'e, pledged their support to Yinti.
In the evening of 20 December 1722 before his death, Kangxi called seven of his sons to assemble at his bedside. They were the third, fourth, eight, ninth, tenth, 16th and 17th princes. After Kangxi died, Longkodo announced that Kangxi had selected the fourth prince, Yinzhen, as the new emperor. Yinzhen ascended to the throne and became known as the Yongzheng Emperor. Kangxi was entombed at the Eastern Tombs in Zunhua, Hebei.
Personality and achievementsKangxi was the great consolidator of the Qing Dynasty. The transition from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing was a cataclysm whose central event was the fall of the capital Beijing to the invading Manchus in 1644, and the installation of the five-year-old Shunzhi Emperor on their throne. By 1661, when Shunzhi died and was succeeded by Kangxi, the Qing conquest was almost complete and the leading Manchus were already adopting Chinese ways including Confucian ideology. Kangxi completed the conquest, suppressed all significant military threats and revived the ancient central government system with important modifications.
Kangxi was an inveterate workaholic, rising early and retiring late, reading and responding to numerous memorials every day, conferring with his councillors and giving audiences – and this was in normal times; in wartime, he might be reading memorials from the warfront until after midnight or even, as with the Dzungar conflict, away on campaign in person.
Kangxi devised a system of communication that circumvented the scholar-bureaucrats, who had a tendency to usurp the power of the emperor. This Palace Memorial System involved the transfer of secret messages between him and trusted officials in the provinces, where the messages were contained in locked boxes that only he and the official had access to. This started as a system for receiving uncensored extreme-weather reports, which the emperor regarded as divine comments on his rule. However, it soon evolved into a general-purpose secret "news channel". Out of this emerged a Grand Council, which dealt with extraordinary, especially military, events. The council was chaired by the emperor and manned by his more elevated Han Chinese household staff. From this council, the mandarin civil servants were excluded – they were left only with routine administration.
Kangxi managed to seduce the Confucian intelligentsia into co-operating with the Qing government, despite their deep reservations about Manchu rule, by encouraging them to sit the traditional civil service examinations, become mandarins and subsequently to compose lavishly conceived works of literature such the History of Ming, the Kangxi Dictionary, a phrase-dictionary, a vast encyclopedia and an even vaster compilation of Chinese literature. On a personal level, Kangxi was a cultivated man, steeped in Confucian learning.
In the one military campaign in which he actively participated, against the Dzungar Mongols, Kangxi showed himself an effective military commander. According to Finer, Kangxi's own written reflections allow one to experience "how intimate and caring was his communion with the rank-and-file, how discriminating and yet masterful his relationship with his generals".
As a result of the scaling down of hostilities as peace returned to China after the Manchu conquest, and also as a result of the ensuing rapid increase of population, land cultivation and therefore tax revenues based on agriculture, Kangxi was able first to make tax remissions, then in 1712 to freeze the land tax and corvée altogether, without embarrassing the state treasury.
FamilyFather: Shunzhi Emperor
Mother: Empress Xiaokangzhang (1640–1663). Her family was of Jurchen origin but had lived among the Chinese for generations. It had a Chinese family name, Tong (佟), but converted to the Manchu clan name Tongiya later. She was instated as the Empress Dowager Cihe (慈和皇太后) in 1661 when Kangxi became emperor. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaokangzhang (Chinese: 孝康章皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Nesuken Eldembuhe Hūwanghu).
ConsortsThe total number is approximately 64.
1.Empress Xiaochengren (died 1674) from the Heseri clan – married in 1665.
2.Empress Xiaozhaoren (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Genggiyen Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Niohuru clan.
3.Empress Xiaoyiren (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Fujurangga Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Tunggiya clan.
4.Empress Xiaogongren (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Gungnecuke Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Wuya clan.
5.Imperial Noble Consort Que Hui (1668–1743) from the Tunggiya clan, Empress Xiaoyiren's younger sister.
6.Imperial Noble Consort Dun Yi (1683–1768) from the Guwalgiya clan
7.Honored Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min (died 1699) from the Janggiya clan
8.Noble Consort Wen Xi (died 1695) from the Niuhuru clan, Empress Xiaozhaoren's younger sister.
9.Consort Shun Yi Mi (1668–1744) from the Wang clan was Han Chinese from origin.
10.Consort Chun Yu Qin (died 1754) from the Han Chinese Chen clan.
11.Consort Rong (died 1727) from the Magiya clan.
12.Consort Yi (died 1733) from the Gobulo clan.
13.Consort Hui (died 1732) from the Nala clan.
14.Consort Liang (died 1711) from the Wei clan.
15.Consort Cheng (died 1740) from the Daigiya clan.
16.Consort Xuan (died 1736) from the Mongol Borjigit clan.
17.Consort Ding (1661–1757) from the Wanliuha clan.
18.Consort Ping (died 1696) from the Heseri clan, Empress Xiaochengren's younger sister.
19.Consort Hui (died 1670) from the Borjigit clan.
SonsHaving the longest reign in Chinese history, Kangxi also has the most children of all Qing emperors. He had officially 24 sons and 12 daughters. The actual number is higher, as most of his children died from illness.
#1 Name2 Born Died Mother Notes
Chengrui
承瑞 5 November 1667 10 July 1670 Consort Rong Died young
Chenghu
承祜 4 January 1670 3 March 1672 Empress Xiaochengren Died young
Chengqing
承慶 21 March 1670 26 May 1671 Consort Hui Died young
Sayinchahun
賽音察渾 24 January 1672 6 March 1674 Consort Rong Died young
1 Yinzhi
胤禔 12 March 1672 7 January 1735 Consort Hui Created Prince Zhi of the Second Rank (直郡王) in 1698;
Stripped of his title in 1708;
Buried with honors due a Beizi
Changhua
長華 11 May 1674 12 May 1674 Consort Rong Died young
2 Yinreng
胤礽 6 June 1674 27 January 1725 Empress Xiaochengren Original name Baocheng (保成);
Created Crown Prince in 1675;
Stripped of his position in 1708;
Re-created Crown Prince in 1709;
Stripped of his position in 1712;
Posthumously created Prince Li of the First Rank
Changsheng
長生 12 August 1675 27 April 1677 Consort Rong Died young
Wanpu
萬黼 4 December 1675 11 March 1679 Imperial Concubine Tong Died young
3 Yinzhi
胤祉 23 March 1677 10 July 1732 Imperial Consort Rong Created Prince Cheng of the Second Rank (誠郡王) in 1698;
Demoted to a Beizi in 1730;
Original title posthumously restored;
Granted the posthumous name Yin (隱)
4 Yinzhen
胤禛 13 December 1678 8 October 1735 Empress Xiaogongren Created Prince Yong of the First Rank (雍親王) in 1709;
Ascended the throne as the Yongzheng Emperor on 27 December 1722
Yinzan
胤禶 10 April 1679 30 April 1680 Imperial Concubine Tong Died young
5 Yinqi
胤祺 5 January 1680 10 July 1732 Consort Yi Created Prince Heng of the First Rank (恆親王) in 1698;
Granted the posthumous name Wen (溫)
6 Yinzuo
胤祚 5 March 1680 15 June 1685 Empress Xiaogongren Died young
7 Yinyou
胤祐 19 August 1680 18 May 1730 Consort Cheng Created a Beile in 1698;
Elevated to Prince Chun of the Second Rank (淳郡王) in 1709;
Elevated further to Prince Chun of the First Rank (淳親王) in May 1723;
Granted the posthumous name Du (度)
8 Yinsi
胤禩 29 March 1681 5 October 1726 Consort Liang Created Prince Lian of the First Rank (廉親王) in 1723;
Stripped of his title and expelled from the imperial house in 1726;
Forced to rename himself Akina (阿其那) ("pig")
Posthumously restored in 1778
Yinju
胤䄔 13 September 1683 17 July 1684 Honored Lady Gorolo Died young
9 Yintang
胤禟 17 October 1683 22 September 1726 Consort Yi Created a Beizi in 1709;
Stripped of his title and expelled from the imperial house in 1725;
Forced to rename himself Sesihei (塞思黑) ("dog")
Posthumously restored in 1778
10 Yin’e
胤䄉 28 November 1683 18 October 1741 Noble Consort Wen Xi Created Prince Dun of the Second Rank (敦郡王) in 1709;
Stripped of his title in 1724;
Granted the title “Duke Who Assists the State" (輔國公) in 1737
11 Yinzi
胤禌 8 June 1685 22 August 1696 Consort Yi Died young
12 Yintao
胤祹 8 June 1685 2 September 1763 Consort Ding Created Prince Lü of the First Rank (履親王) in 1709;
Granted the posthumous name Yi (懿)
13 Yinxiang
胤祥 16 November 1686 18 June 1730 Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min Created Prince Yi of the First Rank (怡親王) in 1722;
Was one of the Qing Dynasty’s 12 iron-cap princes
14 Yinti
胤禵 16 January 1688 13 January 1756 Empress Xiaogongren Born Yinzhen (胤禎);
Created Prince Xun of the Second Rank (恂郡王) in 1723;
Granted the posthumous name Qin (勤)
Yinji
胤禨 23 February 1691 30 March 1691 Consort Ping Died young
15 Yinwu
胤禑 24 December 1693 8 March 1731 Consort Shun Yi Mi Created Prince Yu of the Second Rank (愉郡王) in 1726;
Granted the posthumous name Ke (恪)
16 Yinlu
胤祿 28 July 1695 20 March 1767 Consort Shun Yi Mi Adopted by Boguoduo, Prince Zhuang;
Inherited the title Prince Zhuang of the First Rank (莊親王) in 1723;
Granted the posthumous name Ke (恪)
17 Yinli
胤禮 24 March 1697 21 March 1738 Consort Chun Yu Qin Created Prince Guo of the Second Rank (果郡王) in 1723;
Granted the posthumous name Yi (毅)
18 Yinxie
胤祄 15 May 1701 17 October 1708 Consort Shun Yi Mi Died at the Chengde Mountain Resort from the mumps
19 Yinji
胤禝 25 October 1702 28 March 1704 Imperial Concubine Xiang Died young
20 Yinyi
胤禕 1 September 1706 30 June 1755 Imperial Concubine Xiang Created a Beile (貝勒) in 1726
21 Yinxi
胤禧 27 February 1711 26 June 1758 Imperial Concubine Xi Created Prince Shen of the Second Rank (慎郡王) in December 1735
22 Yinhu
胤祜 10 January 1712 12 February 1744 Imperial Concubine Jin Created a Beile in 1730;
Granted the posthumous name Gongqin (恭勤)
23 Yinqi
胤祁 14 January 1714 31 August 1785 Imperial Concubine Jing Created a Beile in 1730;
Granted the posthumous name Cheng (誠)
24 Yinmi
胤祕 5 July 1716 3 December 1773 Imperial Concubine Mu Created Prince Xian of the First Rank (諴親王) in 1733;
Granted the posthumous name Ke (恪)
Yinyuan
胤禐 2 March 1718 2/3 March 1718 Honored Lady Chen Died soon after birth
Notes: (1) The order by which the princes were referred to and recorded on official documents were dictated by the number they were assigned by the order of birth. This order was unofficial until 1677, when Kangxi decreed that all of his male descendants must adhere to a "generation code" as their middle character (see Chinese name). As a result of the new system, the former order was abolished, with Yinzhi, Prince Zhi becoming the First Prince, thus the current numerical order. (2) All of Kangxi's sons changed their names upon Yongzheng's accession in 1722 by modifying the first character from "胤" (yin) to "允" (yun) to avoid the nominal taboo of the emperor. Yinxiang was posthumously allowed to change his name back to Yinxiang. Yongzheng forced his two brothers to rename themselves, but his successor restored their names. There have been many studies on their meanings.
Daughters# Title Born Died Married Spouse Issue Mother
1 unnamed 23 December 1668 November 1671 Ordinary Consort Zhang
2 unnamed 17 April 1671 8 January 1674 Ordinary Consort Dong
3 State Princess Rongxian
固倫榮憲公主 20 June 1673 29 May 1728 July 1691 Borjigit Urgun, Prince of Baarin
博爾濟吉特烏爾袞 Consort Rong
4 unnamed 16 March 1674 1678 Ordinary Consort Zhang
5 Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank
和碩端靜公主 9 June 1674 April 1710 November or December 1692 Ulanghan Garzang
烏梁罕噶爾臧 Honored Lady Bu
6 State Princess Kejing
固倫恪靖公主 4 July 1679 1735 1697 Borjigit Dunduobudorji, Prince of the Khalkha Mongols Honored Lady Gorolo
7 unnamed 5 July 1682 September 1682 Empress Xiaogongren
8 unnamed 13 July 1683 late July or August 1683 Empress Xiaoyiren
9 State Princess Wenxian
固倫溫憲公主 10 November 1683 August or September 1702 October or November 1700 Tunggiya Shun’anyan
佟佳舜安顏 Empress Xiaogongren
10 State Princess Chunque
固倫純愨公主 20 March 1685 1710 1706 Borjigit Celeng
博爾濟吉特策棱 Borjigit Chenggunzhabu
博爾濟吉特成袞札布 Imperial Concubine Tong
11 unnamed 24 October 1685 June or July 1686 Noble Consort Wen Xi
12 unnamed 14 June 1686 late February or March 1697 Empress Xiaogongren
13 Princess Wenke of the Second Rank
和碩溫恪公主 1 January 1688 July or August 1709 1706 Borjigit Cangjin
博爾濟吉特倉津 Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min
14 Princess Quejing of the Second Rank
和碩愨靖公主 16 January 1690 1736 1706 Sun Chengyun, Baron of the First Rank
一等男孫承運 Honored Lady Yuan
15 Princess Dunke of the Second Rank
和碩敦恪公主 3 February 1691 January 1710 January or February 1709 ‘’Taiji’’ Borjigit Dorji
博爾濟吉特台吉多爾濟 Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min
16 unnamed 27 November 1695 October or November 1707 Ordinary Consort Wang
17 unnamed 12 January 1699 December 1700 Ordinary Consort Liu
18 unnamed 17 November 1701 Imperial Noble Consort Dun Yi
19 unnamed 30 March 1703 late February or March 1705 Imperial Concubine Xiang
20 unnamed 20 November 1708 January or early February 1709 Ordinary Consort Niuhuru
Popular culture
FictionKangxi Dadi (康熙大帝; literally: The Great Kangxi Emperor): a historical fiction novel by Er Yuehe, featuring a romanticized version of Kangxi's biography
The Deer and the Cauldron (鹿鼎記): a wuxia novel by Louis Cha. In the story, by coincidence, Kangxi and the protagonist, Wei Xiaobao, become close friends since childhood. Wei helps the emperor consolidate power and strengthen his rule over the empire, playing an important role in affecting how the historical events during Kangxi's reign unfold.
Qijian Xia Tianshan (七劍下天山; literally: Seven Swords Descend from Mount Heaven): a wuxia novel by Liang Yusheng. In the story, Kangxi discovers that his father, the Shunzhi Emperor, has become a monk in a monastery on Mount Wutai. He orders a close aide to kill his father in order to consolidate power, and attempts to erase evidence of the murder later.
Film and televisionKangxi Dynasty (康熙王朝): a 2001 television series adaption of the above mentioned novel by Er Yuehe. Chen Daoming starred as Kangxi.
Secret History of Kangxi (康熙秘史): fourth installment in a series of four television dramas about the early history of the Qing Dynasty. Xia Yu starred as Kangxi.
Kangxi Weifu Sifang Ji (康熙微服私訪記; literally: Kangxi's Inspection Tours in Civilian Attire): a long-running television drama about Kangxi's inspection tours. During some of his tours, Kangxi dressed like an ordinary civilian to conceal his identity so that he can blend in with the commoners and understand their daily lives better. Zhang Guoli starred as Kangxi.
The Life and Times of a Sentinel (紫禁驚雷): TVB series about Kangxi's brother's attempt to overthrow him.
Palace (宫): a 2011 television drama set during Kangxi's rule. A girl from the 21st century accidentally travels through time and ends up in the 1700s, in the Forbidden City, shortly before Kangxi strips the crown prince Yinreng of his position.
Scarlet Heart (步步惊心): another 2011 television drama set during Kangxi's rule. A girl from the 21st century accidentally travels through time and ends up in the 1700s, in the Forbidden City, way before Kangxi strips the crown prince Yinreng of his position. Damian Lau starred as Kangxi.
Video gamesAge of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties: Kangxi is featured as the Chinese leader in this real-time strategy game.